Architecture And The Landscape Of Modernity In China Before 1949

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Architecture and the Landscape of Modernity in China before 1949

Author : Edward Denison
Publisher : Taylor & Francis
ISBN 13 : 1317179293
Total Pages : 340 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (171 download)

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Book Synopsis Architecture and the Landscape of Modernity in China before 1949 by : Edward Denison

Download or read book Architecture and the Landscape of Modernity in China before 1949 written by Edward Denison and published by Taylor & Francis. This book was released on 2017-02-17 with total page 340 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book explores China’s encounter with architecture and modernity in the tumultuous epoch before Communism – an encounter that was mediated not by a singular notion of modernism emanating from the west, but that was uniquely multifarious, deriving from a variety of sources both from the west and, importantly, from the east. The heterogeneous origins of modernity in China are what make its experience distinctive and its architectural encounters exceptional. These experiences are investigated through a re-evaluation of established knowledge of the subject within the wider landscape of modern art practices in China. The study draws on original archival and photographic material from different artistic genres and, architecturally, concentrates on China’s engagement with the west through the treaty ports and leased territories, the emergence of architecture as a profession in China, and Japan’s omnipresence, not least in Manchuria, which reached its apogee in the puppet state of Manchukuo. The study’s geographically, temporally, and architecturally inclusive approach framed by the concept of multiple modernities questions the application of conventional theories of modernity or post-colonialism to the Chinese situation. By challenging conventional modernist historiography that has marginalised the experiences of the west’s other for much of the last century, this book proposes different ways of grappling with and comprehending the distinction and complexity of China’s experiences and its encounter with architectural modernity.

Architecture and the Landscape of Modernity in China before 1949

Author : Edward Denison
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1317179285
Total Pages : 517 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (171 download)

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Book Synopsis Architecture and the Landscape of Modernity in China before 1949 by : Edward Denison

Download or read book Architecture and the Landscape of Modernity in China before 1949 written by Edward Denison and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2017-02-17 with total page 517 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book explores China’s encounter with architecture and modernity in the tumultuous epoch before Communism – an encounter that was mediated not by a singular notion of modernism emanating from the west, but that was uniquely multifarious, deriving from a variety of sources both from the west and, importantly, from the east. The heterogeneous origins of modernity in China are what make its experience distinctive and its architectural encounters exceptional. These experiences are investigated through a re-evaluation of established knowledge of the subject within the wider landscape of modern art practices in China. The study draws on original archival and photographic material from different artistic genres and, architecturally, concentrates on China’s engagement with the west through the treaty ports and leased territories, the emergence of architecture as a profession in China, and Japan’s omnipresence, not least in Manchuria, which reached its apogee in the puppet state of Manchukuo. The study’s geographically, temporally, and architecturally inclusive approach framed by the concept of multiple modernities questions the application of conventional theories of modernity or post-colonialism to the Chinese situation. By challenging conventional modernist historiography that has marginalised the experiences of the west’s other for much of the last century, this book proposes different ways of grappling with and comprehending the distinction and complexity of China’s experiences and its encounter with architectural modernity.

Remaking Chinese Urban Form

Author : Duanfang Lu
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1134326386
Total Pages : 217 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (343 download)

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Book Synopsis Remaking Chinese Urban Form by : Duanfang Lu

Download or read book Remaking Chinese Urban Form written by Duanfang Lu and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2006-09-27 with total page 217 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In this pioneering study of contemporary Chinese urban form, Duanfang Lu provides an analysis of how Chinese society constructed itself through the making and remaking of its built environment. She shows that as China’s quest for modernity created a perpetual scarcity as both a social reality and a national imagination, the realization of planning ideals was postponed. The work unit – the socialist enterprise or institute – gradually developed from workplace to social institution which integrated work, housing and social services. The Chinese city achieved a unique geography made up in large part of self-contained work units. Remaking Chinese Urban Form provides an important reference for academics and students conducting research on China. It will be a key source for courses on Asia in architecture, urban planning, geography, sociology and anthropology, at both the graduate and undergraduate level. The insightful yet accessible introduction to urban China will also be of interest to architects, urban designers and planners – as well as general audience who wish to learn about contemporary Chinese society.

SHANGHAI FROM MODERNISM TO MODERNITY (Deluxe Edition)

Author : Francesco Cosentino
Publisher : Lulu.com
ISBN 13 : 1312985674
Total Pages : 215 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (129 download)

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Book Synopsis SHANGHAI FROM MODERNISM TO MODERNITY (Deluxe Edition) by : Francesco Cosentino

Download or read book SHANGHAI FROM MODERNISM TO MODERNITY (Deluxe Edition) written by Francesco Cosentino and published by Lulu.com. This book was released on with total page 215 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Chinese Modern

Author : Peter G. Rowe
Publisher : Birkhäuser
ISBN 13 : 3035626332
Total Pages : 336 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (356 download)

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Book Synopsis Chinese Modern by : Peter G. Rowe

Download or read book Chinese Modern written by Peter G. Rowe and published by Birkhäuser. This book was released on 2022-11-07 with total page 336 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Rowe’s third volume on the architecture of the Far East deals with the development of modern architecture and planning in China, with a focus on this development within the broader framework of nation-building. Episodes and periods interrogated in the book range from the fall of the Qing Dynasty in 1912 to the proclamation of Xi Jinping’s ‘China Dream’ 100 years later. Episodes will be foregrounded by commentary about the general states of the nation and particularly by urban planning undertakings. Providing a wide-ranging survey of Chinese modern architecture that has a historic aspect to it, the book introduces the reader to a plethora of originative and influential buildings, momentous urban schemes as well as the architects and planners behind them.

Heritage and History in the China–Australia Migration Corridor

Author : Denis Byrne
Publisher : Hong Kong University Press
ISBN 13 : 9888805622
Total Pages : 291 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (888 download)

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Book Synopsis Heritage and History in the China–Australia Migration Corridor by : Denis Byrne

Download or read book Heritage and History in the China–Australia Migration Corridor written by Denis Byrne and published by Hong Kong University Press. This book was released on 2023-03-03 with total page 291 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Heritage and History in the China–Australia Migration Corridor traces the material and social legacy of migration from China to Australia from the 1840s until the present day. The volume offers a multidimensional examination of the material footprint of migration as it exists at either end of the migration corridor stretching between Zhongshan county in south China and Australia. Spanning the fields of heritage studies, migration studies, and Chinese diaspora history, Denis Byrne, Ien Ang, Phillip Mar, and the other contributors foreground a transnational approach to the history and heritage of migration, one that takes account of the flows of people, ideas, objects, and money that circulate through migration corridors, forming intricate ongoing bonds between those who migrated to Australia and their home villages in China. ‘This is an excellent new addition to the growing literature on the history, heritage, and archaeology of the Chinese diaspora and transnational Chinese migration. This book is poised to be a major contribution to the history and heritage of the Chinese diaspora.’ —Barbara L. Voss, Stanford University ‘The quality of the research and writing is very high, and the theoretical framing is sophisticated and original. This book makes a much-needed contribution to overseas Chinese heritage studies, Chinese Australian history, transnational theory, and migration history. It also provides a model for how to work respectfully and successfully with descendants and community.’ —Sophie Loy-Wilson, University of Sydney

Ultra-Modernism

Author : Edward Denison
Publisher : Hong Kong University Press
ISBN 13 : 9888390503
Total Pages : 160 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (883 download)

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Book Synopsis Ultra-Modernism by : Edward Denison

Download or read book Ultra-Modernism written by Edward Denison and published by Hong Kong University Press. This book was released on 2016-12-01 with total page 160 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The first half of the twentieth century was fraught with global tensions and political machinations. However, for all the destruction in that period, these geopolitical conditions in Manchuria cultivated an extraordinary variety of architecture and urban planning, which has completely escaped international attention until now. With over forty carefully chosen images, Ultra-Modernism: Architecture and Modernity in Manchuria is the first book in English that illustrates Manchuria’s encounter with modernity through its built environment. Edward Denison and Guangyu Ren take readers through Russia’s early territorial claims, Japan’s construction of the South Manchuria Railway (SMR), and the establishment of Manchukuo in 1932. The book examines in detail the creation of modern cities along the SMR and focuses on three of the most important modern urban centres in Manchuria: the Russian-dominated city of Harbin, the port of Dalian, and the new capital of Manchukuo, Hsinking (Changchun). Like so much of the world outside ‘the West’ during the twentieth century, Manchuria’s encounter with modernity is merely a faint whisper drowned out by the deafening master narrative of Western-centric modernism. This book attempts to redress an imbalance in the modern history of China by studying the impact of Japan on architecture and planning beyond the depredations of the Sino-Japanese War. ‘Ultra-Modernism: Architecture and Modernity in Manchuria is a concise, fascinating reminder of northeast China’s transformation a century ago, when it was known as Manchuria. Denison and Ren show how Dalian, Shenyang, Changchun, and Harbin went from a sleepy port, a decaying imperial seat, and small agricultural settlements to sleek, manicured metropolises linked by the world’s longest railway to Europe. This is an excellent addition to both syllabus and bookshelf.’ —Michael Meyer, author of In Manchuria: A Village Called Wasteland and the Transformation of Rural China and The Last Days of Old Beijing: Life in the Vanishing Backstreets of a City Transformed ‘Manchuria today conjures up images of rusting heavy industry and a hostile environment. But beneath the coal dust is a built environment that was once at the cutting edge of what was meant to be modern. This creative and comprehensive book takes readers back to a time when the region was an outdoor laboratory for modernity and cosmopolitanism.’ —James Carter, author of Creating a Chinese Harbin: Nationalism in an International City, 1916–1932

The Routledge Companion to Art Deco

Author : Bridget Elliott
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 0429627408
Total Pages : 475 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (296 download)

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Book Synopsis The Routledge Companion to Art Deco by : Bridget Elliott

Download or read book The Routledge Companion to Art Deco written by Bridget Elliott and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2019-06-25 with total page 475 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Scholarly interest in Art Deco has grown rapidly over the past fifty years, spanning different academic disciplines. This volume provides a guide to the current state of the field of Art Deco research by highlighting past accomplishments and promising new directions. Chapters are presented in five sections based on key concepts: migration, public culture, fashion, politics, and Art Deco’s afterlife in heritage restoration and new media. The book provides a range of perspectives on and approaches to these issues, as well as to the concept of Art Deco itself. It highlights the slipperiness of Art Deco yet points to its potential to shed new light on the complexities of modernity.

China’s Railway Transformation

Author : Junjie Xi
Publisher : Taylor & Francis
ISBN 13 : 0429663943
Total Pages : 186 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (296 download)

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Book Synopsis China’s Railway Transformation by : Junjie Xi

Download or read book China’s Railway Transformation written by Junjie Xi and published by Taylor & Francis. This book was released on 2022-12-30 with total page 186 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book investigates China’s railway transformation through history, along with culture changes and urban development. The book begins by looking at the background of China and the history and growth of railway development in China through five key phases, followed by assessing the cultural changes in the railway carriage and exploring how these are linked to social equality and national provisions. The core of this book aims to analyse the Chinese urban transformation through the development of the high-speed rail (HSR) infrastructure in China. Eleven important new HSR stations in mainland China, plus the new Hong Kong West Kowloon Station, have been selected to contextually explore how HSR infrastructures have affected the development of the Chinese urban context. The selected case studies are the stations of Beijing South, Wuhan, Shanghai Hongqiao, Guangzhou South, Xi’an North, Nanjing South, Chengdu East, Tianjin West, Zhengzhou East, Hangzhou East and Hong Kong West Kowloon. All of these were built between 2008 and 2018. In these case studies, the location and the intentions and success of promoting urban development are analysed and assessed. Following this, the book further investigates the peculiarities of the new HSR stations in China in comparison with stations in Europe. An assessment framework is established to evaluate the Chinese case studies comparatively with significant cases in Europe, attending to the urban structure of the area, the architectural quality, the functional diversity and the quality of the public space generated in the surrounding area.

A Brief History of Chinese Design Thought

Author : Qi Shao
Publisher : Springer Nature
ISBN 13 : 9811694087
Total Pages : 279 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (116 download)

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Book Synopsis A Brief History of Chinese Design Thought by : Qi Shao

Download or read book A Brief History of Chinese Design Thought written by Qi Shao and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2022-10-05 with total page 279 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book introduces readers to the history of design thinking in pre-modern China. The content is structured according to successive dynasties, covering the seven major periods of the pre-Qin, Qin and Han, Wei and Jin, Sui and Tang, Song and Yuan, Ming, and Qing dynasties. Each chapter introduces the most representative individuals of the period and discusses their work and ideas in order to reveal the national and cultural features of the respective periods. A distinctive feature of cultural identity running through the long course of China’s historical development is the argument that actions are determined by ideas: Such a view can be found in long-standing thinking on art, design, and creativity. The book demonstrates that conscious design is the vital link between the ideas that constitute human cultures and the physical objects that make up their resulting material cultures. It is the attribute of design that defines what it is to be human and also produces the physical evidence of the evolution of Chinese civilization. The book reveals the integrated characteristics of Chinese culture and art and shows how both changing and recurring ideologies have influenced Chinese design practice since the ancient Shang and Zhou dynasties and how these forces have shaped the spirit and materiality of Chinese civilization. Design is the cornerstone that has made China one of the major contributors to human civilization throughout the thousands of years of its history. Given its focus, the book largely appeals to two main audiences: an academic readership of students and researchers interested in cultural studies and, a more general one, consisting of those interested in international comparisons and wishing to learn more about Chinese history, society, and culture. In order to appeal to both, the book is written in a clear and accessible language.

Play Among Books

Author : Miro Roman
Publisher : Birkhäuser
ISBN 13 : 3035624054
Total Pages : 528 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (356 download)

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Book Synopsis Play Among Books by : Miro Roman

Download or read book Play Among Books written by Miro Roman and published by Birkhäuser. This book was released on 2021-12-06 with total page 528 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: How does coding change the way we think about architecture? This question opens up an important research perspective. In this book, Miro Roman and his AI Alice_ch3n81 develop a playful scenario in which they propose coding as the new literacy of information. They convey knowledge in the form of a project model that links the fields of architecture and information through two interwoven narrative strands in an “infinite flow” of real books. Focusing on the intersection of information technology and architectural formulation, the authors create an evolving intellectual reflection on digital architecture and computer science.

The Real Fake

Author : Maria Francesca Piazzoni
Publisher : Fordham Univ Press
ISBN 13 : 0823280896
Total Pages : 140 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (232 download)

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Book Synopsis The Real Fake by : Maria Francesca Piazzoni

Download or read book The Real Fake written by Maria Francesca Piazzoni and published by Fordham Univ Press. This book was released on 2018-10-30 with total page 140 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Thames Town—an English-like village built in Shanghai—is many places at once: a successful tourist destination, an affluent residential cluster, a city of migrant workers, and a ghost town. The Real Fake explores how the users of Thames Town transform a themed space into something more than a “fake place.” Piazzoni understands authenticity as a dynamic relationship between people, places, and meanings that enables urban transformations. She argues that authenticity underlies the social and physical production of space through both top-down and bottom-up dynamics. The systems of moral and aesthetic judgments that people associate with “the authentic” materialize in Thames Town. Authenticity excludes some users as it inhibits access and usage especially to the migrant poor. And yet, ideas of the authentic also encourage everyday spontaneous appropriations of space that break the village’s staged atmosphere. Most scholars criticize theming by arguing that it produces a “fake,” controlling city. Piazzoni complicates this view by demonstrating that although the exclusionary character of theming remains unquestionable, it is precisely the experience of “fakeness” that allows Thames Town’s users to develop a sense of place. Authenticity, the ways people construct and spatialize its meanings, intervenes holistically in the making and remaking of space.

Hybrid Modernity

Author : Mary G. Padua
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1317119282
Total Pages : 211 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (171 download)

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Book Synopsis Hybrid Modernity by : Mary G. Padua

Download or read book Hybrid Modernity written by Mary G. Padua and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2020-07-26 with total page 211 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book provides a detailed historical and design analysis of the development of parks and modern landscape architecture in late 20th century China. It questions whether the fusion of international influences with the local Chinese design vocabulary in late 20th century China has created a distinctive and novel approach to the design of public parks. Hybrid Modernity proposes a new theory for examining the design of public parks built in post-Mao China since the reforms and sets the various processes for China’s late 20th century socio-cultural context. Drawing on modernization theory, research on China’s modernity, local and global cultural trends, it illustrates through a range of case studies ways hybrid modernity defines a new design genre and language for the spatial forms of parks that emerged in China’s secondary cities. Featured case studies include the Living Water Park in Chengdu, Sichuan province, Zhongshan Shipyard Park in Guangdong Province, Jinji Lake Landscape Master Plan in Suzhou, Jiangsu province, and the West Lake Southern Scenic Area Master Plan in Hangzhou, Zhejiang province. This book argues that these forms represent a new stage in China’s history of landscape architecture. The work reveals that as a new profession, landscape architecture has greatly contributed to China’s massive urban experiment. This book is an ideal read for students enrolled in landscape architecture, architecture, fine arts and urban planning programs who are engaged in learning the arts and international design education.

Chinese Architecture and the Beaux-Arts

Author : Jeffrey W. Cody
Publisher : University of Hawaii Press
ISBN 13 : 0824861019
Total Pages : 410 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (248 download)

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Book Synopsis Chinese Architecture and the Beaux-Arts by : Jeffrey W. Cody

Download or read book Chinese Architecture and the Beaux-Arts written by Jeffrey W. Cody and published by University of Hawaii Press. This book was released on 2011-01-31 with total page 410 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In the early twentieth century, Chinese traditional architecture and the French-derived methods of the École des Beaux-Arts converged in the United States when Chinese students were given scholarships to train as architects at American universities whose design curricula were dominated by Beaux-Arts methods. Upon their return home in the 1920s and 1930s, these graduates began to practice architecture and create China’s first architectural schools, often transferring a version of what they had learned in the U.S. to Chinese situations. The resulting complex series of design-related transplantations had major implications for China between 1911 and 1949, as it simultaneously underwent cataclysmic social, economic, and political changes. After 1949 and the founding of the People’s Republic, China experienced a radically different wave of influence from the Beaux-Arts through advisors from the Soviet Union who, first under Stalin and later Khrushchev, brought Beaux-Arts ideals in the guise of socialist progress. In the early twenty-first century, China is still feeling the effects of these events. Chinese Architecture and the Beaux-Arts examines the coalescing of the two major architectural systems, placing significant shifts in architectural theory and practice in China within relevant, contemporary, cultural, and educational contexts. Fifteen major scholars from around the world analyze and synthesize these crucial events to shed light on the dramatic architectural and urban changes occurring in China today—many of which have global ramifications. This stimulating and generously illustrated work is divided into three sections, framed by an introduction and a postscript. The first focuses on the convergence of Chinese architecture and the École des Beaux-Arts, outlining the salient aspects of each and suggesting how and why the two "met" in the U.S. The second section centers on the question of how Chinese architects were influenced by the Beaux-Arts and how Chinese architecture was changed as a result. The third takes an even closer look at the Beaux-Arts influence, addressing how innovative practices, new schools of architecture, and buildings whose designs were linked to Beaux-Arts assumptions led to distinctive new paradigms that were rooted in a changing China. By virtue of its scope, scale, and scholarship, this volume promises to become a classic in the fields of Chinese and Western architectural history. Contributors: Tony Atkin, Peter J. Carroll, Yung Ho Chang,Jeffrey W. Cody, Kerry Sizheng Fan, Fu Chao-Ching, Gu Daqing, Seng Kuan,Delin Lai, Xing Ruan, Joseph Rykwert, Nancy S. Steinhardt, David VanZanten, Rudolf Wagner, Zhang Jie, Zhao Chen.

Routledge Handbook of Chinese Architecture

Author : Jianfei Zhu
Publisher : Taylor & Francis
ISBN 13 : 1317914716
Total Pages : 1016 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (179 download)

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Book Synopsis Routledge Handbook of Chinese Architecture by : Jianfei Zhu

Download or read book Routledge Handbook of Chinese Architecture written by Jianfei Zhu and published by Taylor & Francis. This book was released on 2022-11-30 with total page 1016 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This handbook, representing the collaboration of 40 scholars, provides a multi-faceted exploration of roughly 6,000 years of Chinese architecture, from ancient times to the present. This volume combines a broad-spectrum approach with a thematic framework for investigating Chinese architecture, integrating previously fragmented topics and combining the scholarship of all major periods of Chinese history. By organizing its approach into five parts, this handbook: Traces the practices and traditions of ancient China from imperial authority to folk culture Unveils a rich picture of early modern and republican China, revealing that modernization was already beginning to emerge Describes the social, intellectual, ideological, and formal enterprises of socialist architecture Frames a window on a complex and changing contemporary China by focusing on autonomy, state practices, and geopolitics of design, ultimately identifying its still evolving position on the world stage Examines the existing cultural and political theories to highlight potential avenues for future transformations in Chinese architecture that also retain Chinese identity Providing a pioneering combination of ancient and modern Chinese architecture in one coherent study, this book is a must-read for scholars, students, and educators of Chinese architecture, architectural history and theory, and the architecture of Asia.

Architecture of Modern China

Author : Jianfei Zhu
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1134720467
Total Pages : 340 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (347 download)

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Book Synopsis Architecture of Modern China by : Jianfei Zhu

Download or read book Architecture of Modern China written by Jianfei Zhu and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2013-10-31 with total page 340 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A collection of essays on architecture of modern China, arranged chronologically covering a period from 1729 to 2008, focusing mainly on the twentieth century. The distinctive feature of this book is a blending of ‘critical’ and ‘historical’ research, taking a long-range perspective transcending the current scene and the Maoist period. This is a short, elegant book that condenses the wide subject matter into key topics.

Modernism in China

Author : Edward Denison
Publisher : Wiley
ISBN 13 : 9780470319284
Total Pages : 336 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (192 download)

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Book Synopsis Modernism in China by : Edward Denison

Download or read book Modernism in China written by Edward Denison and published by Wiley. This book was released on 2008-07-14 with total page 336 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: With nearly five millennia of architectural heritage, China boasts the longest continuous architectural lineage in history. A hundred years after the dawn of the 20th century, the urban landscape of the world's most populous country has now been transformed completely. The pivotal link between the ancient traditions of China's imperial past and the high-rise, glass-clad, lust-for-wealth that characterises China's 21st-century architectural aspirations is a period of modernisation that revolutionised its architectural language and urban fabric. Despite the fact that the reach of Modernism was as effective in early 20th-century China as elsewhere in the world, China remains conspicuously absent from written histories of Modernism - as Modernism does from written histories of China. Modernism in China confronts this by investigating China's unique experience of Modernism, its remarkable variety, striking contradictions and recurrent paradoxes. Modernism in China acquired its own unique language forged from geographical, cultural, historical and political circumstances. This extensive study analyses, for the first time, the role of Modernism in the development of China's architectural and urban landscapes throughout the 20th century and, consequently, offers valuable context to the country's recent resurgence.