Archaeology At El Peru Waka

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Archaeology at El Perú-Waka'

Author : Olivia C. Navarro-Farr
Publisher : University of Arizona Press
ISBN 13 : 0816532419
Total Pages : 289 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (165 download)

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Book Synopsis Archaeology at El Perú-Waka' by : Olivia C. Navarro-Farr

Download or read book Archaeology at El Perú-Waka' written by Olivia C. Navarro-Farr and published by University of Arizona Press. This book was released on 2015-08-15 with total page 289 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Archaeology at El Perú-Waka’ is the first book to summarize long-term research at this major Maya site. The results of fieldwork and subsequent analyses conducted by members of the El Perú-Waka’ Regional Archaeological Project are coupled with theoretical approaches treating the topics of ritual, memory, and power as deciphered through material remains discovered at Waka’. The book is site-centered, yet the fifteen wide-ranging contributions offer readers greater insight to the richness and complexity of Classic-period Maya culture, as well as to the ways in which archaeologists believe ancient peoples negotiated their ritual lives and comprehended their own pasts. El Perú-Waka’ is an ancient Maya city located in present-day northwestern Petén, Guatemala. Rediscovered by petroleum exploration workers in the mid-1960s, it is the largest known archaeological site in the Laguna del Tigre National Park in Guatemala’s Maya Biosphere Reserve. The El Perú-Waka’ Regional Archaeological Project initiated scientific investigations in 2003, and through excavation and survey, researchers established that Waka’ was a key political and economic center well integrated into Classic-period lowland Maya civilization, and reconstructed many aspects of Maya life and ritual activity in this ancient community. The research detailed in this volume provides a wealth of new, substantive, and scientifically excavated data, which contributors approach with fresh theoretical insights. In the process, they lay out sound strategies for understanding the ritual manipulation of monuments, landscapes, buildings, objects, and memories, as well as related topics encompassing the performance and negotiation of power throughout the city’s extensive sociopolitical history.

El Perú-Waka'

Author : Keith Eppich
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9780813069937
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (699 download)

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Book Synopsis El Perú-Waka' by : Keith Eppich

Download or read book El Perú-Waka' written by Keith Eppich and published by . This book was released on 2024-03-26 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Presenting the most current research on the Maya rainforest city El Perú-Waka', this volume discusses occupation at the site spanning from 300 BC to 1000 CE and offers researchers an unmatched view of ancient life in a tropical urban environment.

Ritual, Royalty and Classic Period Politics

Author : Michelle E. Rich
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 806 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (975 download)

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Book Synopsis Ritual, Royalty and Classic Period Politics by : Michelle E. Rich

Download or read book Ritual, Royalty and Classic Period Politics written by Michelle E. Rich and published by . This book was released on 2011 with total page 806 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Remembering, importantly, that archaeological research is not conducted in a vacuum, specifics about the Laguna del Tigre National Park in which Waka' is located are also discussed. Modern concerns such as looting, narcotics trafficking, access to and preservation of resources, and land tenure issues in one of Latin America's poorest countries are also addressed. That the El Peru-Waka' Archaeological Research Project carries out work on a contested landscape, amidst a backdrop of political alliances and rivalries, cannot be neglected. A large number of stakeholders are involved in, invested in, oversee and are curious about what our project accomplishes. Acknowledging and exploring these issues positions archaeological research in contemporary society with a greater degree of relevance.

An Inconstant Landscape

Author : Thomas G. Garrison
Publisher : University Press of Colorado
ISBN 13 : 1607327643
Total Pages : 492 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (73 download)

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Book Synopsis An Inconstant Landscape by : Thomas G. Garrison

Download or read book An Inconstant Landscape written by Thomas G. Garrison and published by University Press of Colorado. This book was released on 2019-01-15 with total page 492 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Presenting the results of six years of archaeological survey and excavation in and around the Maya kingdom of El Zotz, An Inconstant Landscape paints a complex picture of a dynamic landscape over the course of almost 2,000 years of occupation. El Zotz was a dynastic seat of the Classic period in Guatemala. Located between the renowned sites of Tikal and El Perú-Waka’, it existed as a small kingdom with powerful neighbors and serves today as a test-case of political debility and strength during the height of dynastic struggles among the Classic Maya. In this volume, contributors address the challenges faced by smaller polities on the peripheries of powerful kingdoms and ask how subordination was experienced and independent policy asserted. Leading experts provide cutting-edge analysis in varied topics and detailed discussion of the development of this major site and the region more broadly. The first half of the volume contains a historical narrative of the cultural sequence of El Zotz, tracing the changes in occupation and landscape use across time; the second half provides deep technical analyses of material evidence, including soils, ceramics, stone tools, and bone. The ever-changing, inconstant landscapes of peripheral kingdoms like El Zotz reveal much about their more dominant—and better known—neighbors. An Inconstant Landscape offers a comprehensive, multidisciplinary view of this important but under-studied site, an essential context for the study of the Classic Maya in Guatemala, and a premier reference on the subject of peripheral kingdoms at the height of Maya civilization. Contributors: Timothy Beach, Nicholas Carter, Ewa Czapiewska-Halliday, Alyce de Carteret, William Delgado, Colin Doyle, James Doyle, Laura Gámez, Jose Luis Garrido López, Yeny Myshell Gutiérrez Castillo, Zachary Hruby, Melanie Kingsley, Sheryl Luzzadder-Beach, Cassandra Mesick Braun, Sarah Newman, Rony Piedrasanta, Edwin Román, and Andrew K. Scherer

Building an Archaeology of Maya Urbanism

Author : Damien B. Marken
Publisher : University Press of Colorado
ISBN 13 : 1646424093
Total Pages : 493 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (464 download)

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Book Synopsis Building an Archaeology of Maya Urbanism by : Damien B. Marken

Download or read book Building an Archaeology of Maya Urbanism written by Damien B. Marken and published by University Press of Colorado. This book was released on 2023-07-23 with total page 493 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Building an Archaeology of Maya Urbanism tears down entrenched misconceptions of Maya cities to build a new archaeology of Maya urbanism by highlighting the residential dynamics that underwrote one of the most famous and debated civilizations of the ancient Americas. Exploring the diverse yet interrelated agents and processes that modified Maya urban landscapes over time, this volume highlights the adaptive flexibility of urbanization in the tropical Maya lowlands. Integrating recent lidar survey data with more traditional excavation and artifact-based archaeological practices, chapters in this volume offer broadened perspectives on the patterns of Maya urban design and planning by viewing bottom-up and self-organizing processes as integral to the form, development, and dissolution of Classic lowland cities alongside potentially centralized civic designs. Full of innovative examples of how to build an archaeology of urbanism that can be applied not just to the lowland Maya and across the region, Building an Archaeology of Maya Urbanism simultaneously improves interpretations of lowland Maya culture history and contributes to empirical and comparative discussions of tropical, non-Western cities worldwide. Contributors: Divina Perla Barrera, Arianna Campiani, Cyril Castanet, Adrian S. Z. Chase, Lydie Dussol, Sara Dzul Góngora, Keith Eppich, Thomas Garrison, María Rocio González de la Mata, Timothy Hare, Julien Hiquet, Takeshi Inomata, Eva Lemonnier, José Francisco Osorio León, Marilyn Masson, Elsa Damaris Menéndez, Timothy Murtha, Philippe Nondédéo, Keith M. Prufer, Louise Purdue, Francisco Pérez Ruíz, Julien Sion, Travis Stanton, Rodrigo Liendo Stuardo, Karl A. Taube, Marc Testé, Amy E. Thompson, Daniela Triadan

Maya E Groups

Author : David A. Freidel
Publisher : University Press of Florida
ISBN 13 : 0813052815
Total Pages : 655 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (13 download)

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Book Synopsis Maya E Groups by : David A. Freidel

Download or read book Maya E Groups written by David A. Freidel and published by University Press of Florida. This book was released on 2017-08-08 with total page 655 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: As complex societies emerged in the Maya lowlands during the first millennium BCE, so did stable communities focused around public squares and the worship of a divine ruler tied to a Maize God cult. “E Groups,” central to many of these settlements, are architectural complexes: typically, a long platform supporting three struc¬tures and facing a western pyramid across a formal plaza. Aligned with the movements of the sun, E Groups have long been interpreted as giant calendrical devices crucial to the rise of Maya civilization. This volume presents new archaeological data to reveal that E Groups were constructed earlier than previously thought. In fact, they are the earliest identifiable architectural plan at many Maya settlements. More than just astronomical observatories or calendars, E Groups were a key element of community organization, urbanism, and identity in the heart of the Maya lowlands. They served as gathering places for emerging communities and centers of ritual; they were the very first civic-religious public architecture in the Maya lowlands. Investigating a wide variety of E Group sites—including some of the most famous like the Mundo Perdido in Tikal and the hitherto little known complex at Chan, as well as others in Ceibal, El Palmar, Cival, Calakmul, Caracol, Xunantunich, Yaxnohcah, Yaxuná, and San Bartolo—this volume pieces together the development of social and political complexity in ancient Maya civilization. James Aimers | Anthony F. Aveni | Jamie J. Awe | Boris Beltran | M. Kathryn Brown | Arlen F. Chase | Diane Z. Chase | Anne S. Dowd | James Doyle | Francisco Estrada-Belli | David A. Freidel | Julie A. Hoggarth | Takeshi Inomata | Patricia A. Mcanany | Susan Milbrath | Jerry Murdock | Kathryn Reese-Taylor | Prudence M. Rice | Cynthia Robin | Franco D. Rossi | Jeremy A. Sabloff | William A. Saturno | Travis W. Stanton A volume in the series Maya Studies, edited by Diane Z. Chase and Arlen F. Chase

Ritual, Play, and Belief in Evolution and Early Human Societies

Author : Colin Renfrew
Publisher : Cambridge University Press
ISBN 13 : 110714356X
Total Pages : 355 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (71 download)

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Book Synopsis Ritual, Play, and Belief in Evolution and Early Human Societies by : Colin Renfrew

Download or read book Ritual, Play, and Belief in Evolution and Early Human Societies written by Colin Renfrew and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2018 with total page 355 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book presents unique new insights into the development of human ritual and society through our heritage of play and performance.

The Real Business of Ancient Maya Economies

Author : Marilyn A. Masson
Publisher : University Press of Florida
ISBN 13 : 081305740X
Total Pages : 655 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (13 download)

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Book Synopsis The Real Business of Ancient Maya Economies by : Marilyn A. Masson

A Forest of History

Author : Travis W. Stanton
Publisher : University Press of Colorado
ISBN 13 : 1646420462
Total Pages : 358 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (464 download)

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Book Synopsis A Forest of History by : Travis W. Stanton

Download or read book A Forest of History written by Travis W. Stanton and published by University Press of Colorado. This book was released on 2020-07-01 with total page 358 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: David Freidel and Linda Schele’s monumental work A Forest of Kings: The Untold Story of the Ancient Maya (1990) offered an innovative, rigorous, and controversial approach to studying the ancient Maya, unifying archaeological, iconographic, and epigraphic data in a form accessible to both scholars and laypeople. Travis Stanton and Kathryn Brown’s A Forest of History: The Maya after the Emergence of Divine Kingship presents a collection of essays that critically engage with and build upon the lasting contributions A Forest of Kings made to Maya epigraphy, iconography, material culture, and history. These original papers present new, cutting-edge research focusing on the social changes leading up to the spread of divine kingship across the lowlands in the first part of the Early Classic. The contributors continue avenues of inquiry such as the timing of the Classic Maya collapse across the southern lowlands, the nature of Maya warfare, the notion of usurpation and “stranger-kings” in the Classic period, the social relationships between the ruler and elite of the Classic period Yaxchilán polity, and struggles for sociopolitical dominance among the later Classic period polities of Chichén Itzá, Cobá, and the Puuc kingdoms. Many of the interpretations and approaches in A Forest of Kings have withstood the test of time, while others have not; a complete understanding of the Classic Maya world is still developing. In A Forest of History recent discoveries are considered in the context of prior scholarship, illustrating both the progress the field has made in the past quarter century and the myriad questions that remain. The volume will be a significant contribution to the literature for students, scholars, and general readers interested in Mesoamerican and Maya archaeology. Contributors: Wendy Ashmore, Arlen F. Chase, Diane Z. Chase, Wilberth Cruz Alvarado, Arthur A. Demarest, Keith Eppich, David A. Freidel, Charles W. Golden, Stanley P. Guenter, Annabeth Headrick, Aline Magnoni, Joyce Marcus, Marilyn A. Masson, Damaris Menéndez, Susan Milbrath, Olivia C. Navarro-Farr, José Osorio León, Carlos Peraza Lope, Juan Carlos Pérez Calderón, Griselda Pérez Robles, Francisco Pérez Ruíz, Michelle Rich, Jeremy A. Sabloff, Andrew K. Scherer, Karl A. Taube

Encyclopedia of the Ancient Maya

Author : Walter R. T. Witschey
Publisher : Rowman & Littlefield
ISBN 13 : 0759122865
Total Pages : 575 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (591 download)

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Book Synopsis Encyclopedia of the Ancient Maya by : Walter R. T. Witschey

Download or read book Encyclopedia of the Ancient Maya written by Walter R. T. Witschey and published by Rowman & Littlefield. This book was released on 2015-12-24 with total page 575 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Encyclopedia of the Ancient Maya offers an A-to-Z overview of the ancient Maya culture from its inception around 3000 BC to the Spanish Conquest after AD 1600. Over two hundred entries written by more than sixty researchers explore subjects ranging from food, clothing, and shelter to the sophisticated calendar and now-deciphered Maya writing system. They bring special attention to environmental concerns and climate variation; fresh understandings of shifting power dynamics and dynasties; and the revelations from emerging field techniques (such as LiDAR remote sensing) and newly explored sites (such as La Corona, Tamchen, and Yaxnohkah). This one-volume reference is an essential companion for students studying ancient civilizations, as well as a perfect resource for those planning to visit the Maya area. Cross-referencing, topical and alphabetical lists of entries, and a comprehensive index help readers find relevant details. Suggestions for further reading conclude each entry, while sidebars profile historical figures who have shaped Maya research. Maps highlight terrain, archaeological sites, language distribution, and more; over fifty photographs complement the volume.

3,000 Years of War and Peace in the Maya Lowlands

Author : Geoffrey E. Braswell
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1351267981
Total Pages : 375 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (512 download)

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Book Synopsis 3,000 Years of War and Peace in the Maya Lowlands by : Geoffrey E. Braswell

Download or read book 3,000 Years of War and Peace in the Maya Lowlands written by Geoffrey E. Braswell and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2022-03-30 with total page 375 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: 3,000 Years of War and Peace in the Maya Lowlands presents the cutting-edge research of 25 authors in the fields of archaeology, biological anthropology, art history, ethnohistory, and epigraphy. Together, they explore issues central to ancient Maya identity, political history, and warfare. The Maya lowlands of Guatemala, Belize, and southeast Mexico have witnessed human occupation for at least 11,000 years, and settled life reliant on agriculture began some 3,100 years ago. From the earliest times, Maya communities expressed their shifting identities through pottery, architecture, stone tools, and other items of material culture. Although it is tempting to think of the Maya as a single unified culture, they were anything but homogeneous, and differences in identity could be expressed through violence. 3,000 Years of War and Peace in the Maya Lowlands explores the formation of identity, its relationship to politics, and its manifestation in warfare from the earliest pottery-making villages through the late colonial period by studying the material remains and written texts of the Maya. This volume is an invaluable reference for students and scholars of the ancient Maya, including archaeologists, art historians, and anthropologists.

The Maya and Teotihuacan

Author : Geoffrey E. Braswell
Publisher : University of Texas Press
ISBN 13 : 0292783264
Total Pages : 452 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (927 download)

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Book Synopsis The Maya and Teotihuacan by : Geoffrey E. Braswell

Download or read book The Maya and Teotihuacan written by Geoffrey E. Braswell and published by University of Texas Press. This book was released on 2009-07-21 with total page 452 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The contributors to this volume present extensive new evidence from archaeology, iconography, and epigraphy to offer a more nuanced understanding of the interaction between the Early Classic Maya and Teotihuacan. Winner, Choice Outstanding Academic Book, 2005 Since the 1930s, archaeologists have uncovered startling evidence of interaction between the Early Classic Maya and the great empire of Teotihuacan in Central Mexico. Yet the exact nature of the relationship between these two ancient Mesoamerican civilizations remains to be fully deciphered. Many scholars have assumed that Teotihuacan colonized the Maya region and dominated the political or economic systems of certain key centers—perhaps even giving rise to state-level political organizations. Others argue that Early Classic rulers merely traded with Teotihuacan and skillfully manipulated its imported exotic goods and symbol sets to increase their prestige. Moving beyond these traditional assumptions, the contributors to this volume present extensive new evidence from archaeology, iconography, and epigraphy to offer a more nuanced understanding of the interaction between the Early Classic Maya and Teotihuacan. Investigating a range of Maya sites, including Kaminaljuyu, Copán, Tikal, Altun Ha, and Oxkintok, they demonstrate that the influence of Teotihuacan on the Maya varied in nature and duration from site to site, requiring a range of models to explain the patterns of interaction. Moreover, they show that the interaction was bidirectional and discuss how the Maya in turn influenced Teotihuacan.

Archaeological Interpretations

Author : Peter Eeckhout
Publisher : University Press of Florida
ISBN 13 : 081305754X
Total Pages : 295 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (13 download)

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Book Synopsis Archaeological Interpretations by : Peter Eeckhout

Download or read book Archaeological Interpretations written by Peter Eeckhout and published by University Press of Florida. This book was released on 2020-06-15 with total page 295 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Presenting studies in Andean archaeology and iconography by leading specialists in the field, this volume tackles the question of how researchers can come to understand the intangible, intellectual worlds of ancient peoples. Archaeological Interpretations is a fascinating ontological journey through Andean cultures from the fourth millennium BC to the sixteenth century, A.D. Through evidence-based case studies, theoretical models, and methodological reflections, contributors discuss the various interpretations that can be derived from the traces of ritual activity that remain in the material record. They discuss how to accurately comprehend the social significance of artifacts beyond their practical use and how to decode the symbolism of sacred images. Addressing topics including the earliest evidence of shamanism in Ecuador, the meaning of masks among the Mochicas in Peru, the value of metal in the Recuay culture, and ceremonies of voluntary abandonment among the Incas, contributors propose original and innovative ways of interpreting the rich Andean archaeological heritage. Contributors: Luis Jaime Castillo Butters | Peter Eeckhout | Christine Hastorf | Abigail Levine | Geroge F. Lau | Frank Meddens | Charles S. Stanish | Edward Swenson | Gary Urton | Francisco Valdez

Ritual, Violence, and the Fall of the Classic Maya Kings

Author : Gyles Iannone
Publisher : University Press of Florida
ISBN 13 : 0813063809
Total Pages : 383 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (13 download)

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Book Synopsis Ritual, Violence, and the Fall of the Classic Maya Kings by : Gyles Iannone

Download or read book Ritual, Violence, and the Fall of the Classic Maya Kings written by Gyles Iannone and published by University Press of Florida. This book was released on 2018-11-05 with total page 383 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Maya kings who failed to ensure the prosperity of their kingdoms were subject to various forms of termination, including the ritual defacing and destruction of monuments and even violent death. This is the first comprehensive volume to focus on the varied responses to the failure of Classic period dynasties in the southern lowlands. The contributors offer new insights into the Maya "collapse," evaluating the trope of the scapegoat king and the demise of the traditional institution of kingship in the early ninth century AD--a time of intense environmental, economic, social, political, and even ideological change. A volume in the series Maya Studies, edited by Diane Z. Chase and Arlen F. Chase

Gordon R. Willey and American Archaeology

Author : Jeremy A. Sabloff
Publisher : University of Oklahoma Press
ISBN 13 : 9780806138053
Total Pages : 274 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (38 download)

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Book Synopsis Gordon R. Willey and American Archaeology by : Jeremy A. Sabloff

Download or read book Gordon R. Willey and American Archaeology written by Jeremy A. Sabloff and published by University of Oklahoma Press. This book was released on 2007 with total page 274 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Gauging the impact of one scholar's contributions to modern archaeology

Ancient Households on the North Coast of Peru

Author : Ilana Johnson
Publisher : University Press of Colorado
ISBN 13 : 1646420918
Total Pages : 324 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (464 download)

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Book Synopsis Ancient Households on the North Coast of Peru by : Ilana Johnson

Download or read book Ancient Households on the North Coast of Peru written by Ilana Johnson and published by University Press of Colorado. This book was released on 2021-02-01 with total page 324 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Ancient Households on the North Coast of Peru provides insight into the organization of complex, urban, and state-level society in the region from a household perspective, using observations from diverse North Coast households to generate new understandings of broader social processes in and beyond Andean prehistory. Many volumes on this region are limited to one time period or civilization, often the Moche. While Ancient Households on the North Coast of Peru does examine the Moche, it offers a wider thematic approach to a broader swath of prehistory. Chapters on various time periods use a comparable scale of analysis to examine long-term continuity and change and draw on a large corpus of prior research on states, rulership, and cosmology to offer new insight into the intersection of household, community, and state. Contributors address social reproduction, construction and reinforcement of gender identities and social hierarchy, household permanence and resilience, and expression of identity through cuisine. This volume challenges common concepts of the “household” in archaeology by demonstrating the complexity and heterogeneity of household-level dynamics as they intersect with institutions at broader social scales and takes a comparative perspective on daily life within one region of the Andes. It will be of interest to both students and scholars of South American archaeology and household archaeology. Contributors: Brian R. Billman, David Chicoine, Guy S. Duke, Hugo Ikehara, Giles Spence-Morrow, Jessica Ortiz, Edward Swenson, Kari A. Zobler

Classic Maya Polities of the Southern Lowlands

Author : Damien B. Marken
Publisher : University Press of Colorado
ISBN 13 : 160732413X
Total Pages : 272 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (73 download)

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Book Synopsis Classic Maya Polities of the Southern Lowlands by : Damien B. Marken

Download or read book Classic Maya Polities of the Southern Lowlands written by Damien B. Marken and published by University Press of Colorado. This book was released on 2015-11-21 with total page 272 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Classic Maya Polities of the Southern Lowlands investigates Maya political and social structure in the southern lowlands, assessing, comparing, and interpreting the wide variation in Classic period Maya polity and city composition, development, and integration. Traditionally, discussions of Classic Maya political organization have been dominated by the debate over whether Maya polities were centralized or decentralized. With new, largely unpublished data from several recent archaeological projects, this book examines the premises, strengths, and weaknesses of these two perspectives before moving beyond this long-standing debate and into different territory. The volume examines the articulations of the various social and spatial components of Maya polity—the relationships, strategies, and practices that bound households, communities, institutions, and dynasties into enduring (or short-lived) political entities. By emphasizing the internal negotiation of polity, the contributions provide an important foundation for a more holistic understanding of how political organization functioned in the Classic period. Contributors include Francisco Estrada Belli, James L. Fitzsimmons, Sarah E. Jackson, Caleb Kestle, Brigitte Kovacevich, Allan Maca, Damien B. Marken, James Meierhoff, Timothy Murtha, Cynthia Robin, Alexandre Tokovinine, and Andrew Wyatt.