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Author : Bernadeta Dadonaite
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (11 download)
Download or read book Analysis of Higher Order RNA Structures in the Influenza A Virus Genome written by Bernadeta Dadonaite and published by . This book was released on 2018 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Author : Rachel J. Hagey
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (14 download)
Download or read book Viral RNA Secondary Structures written by Rachel J. Hagey and published by . This book was released on 2018 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: RNA viruses cause a variety of acute and chronic diseases in humans. In addition to encoding for viral proteins, the genomes of RNA viruses often harbor secondary and tertiary RNA structures that have been associated with functions essential for successful virus replication and propagation. While antiviral research has focused almost exclusively on targeting viral proteins, the importance of RNA structural elements in virus lifecycles suggest these motifs could be promising therapeutic targets. In this thesis, I will dissect the contributions and druggability of RNA structures and complexes in two distinct phases of the viral lifecycle: first, in the virus packaging and production of influenza A virus (IAV), a negative-strand segmented RNA virus responsible for severe, sometimes fatal respiratory disease with pandemic potential; and second, in the replication complex of hepatitis C virus (HCV), a positive-strand RNA virus associated with chronic liver disease and cancer. To characterize the role of RNA secondary structures in IAV virus packaging, I employed the chemical mapping technique, Selective 2′ Hydroxyl Acylation analyzed by Primer Extension (SHAPE), which uses experimental probing data to guide computational modeling of high resolution RNA structure. This method enabled me to determine the RNA secondary structure of the IAV 5′ packaging signal region of virus genome segment PB2, the structures of known mutations in PB2 that disrupt virus packaging, as well as the discovery and characterization of novel mutants. Cutting-edge multidimensional mapping methods, Mutate-and-Map and Mutate-Map-Rescue, built upon this technical base and provided structural validation through discovery of compensatory mutant partners, which later informed both the in vivo exploration of packaging-defective viruses, as well as the design of locked nucleic acids (LNAs) targeting this structure. In vitro and in vivo drug targeting by LNAs of this IAV packaging signal structure exhibited powerful prophylactic and therapeutic efficacy. Combined, this work points to the promise of RNA secondary structures as valid antiviral targets, and sheds new light on IAV genome packaging mechanisms. The second section of my thesis built upon previous research in the lab. SHAPE was again employed to map both the RNA secondary structure of the HCV 5′ internal ribosomal entry site (IRES) and the structural interaction between the virus's 5′ untranslated region (UTR) and the miR-122 complex found to mediate viral replication. As an extension of this investigation, we sought to better parse the interaction of the viral replication complex with the host membrane in real-time. To do so, we employed a supported lipid-bilayer (SLB) platform and coupled it with quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation (QCM-D) to reconstitute and explore how components of the HCV replicase complex affect viral RNA replication and in vitro RNA transcription. The core enzyme of this complex, the NS5B RNA-dependent RNA polymerase, is required for in vivo virus replication and is a prime drug target for current and future HCV antiviral therapies. The reconstitution of full length NS5B in a membranous environment capable of active polymerase function, however, had not been demonstrated. Here, the SLB/QCM-D platform made it possible to reconstruct an in silico biological mimic of the host membrane to quantitatively probe and observe interactions between the membrane, the HCV viral RNA template and its associated viral proteins in real time. Together, these provide strong proof-of-concept for use of this technique in further understanding of the molecular details of HCV genome replication and future drug screening applications.
Author : Alan Cann
Publisher : OUP Oxford
ISBN 13 : 0191565857
Total Pages : 287 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (915 download)
Download or read book RNA Viruses written by Alan Cann and published by OUP Oxford. This book was released on 2000-05-04 with total page 287 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: RNA Viruses: A Practical Approach is wide ranging in scope, from emerging technology such as reverse genetics and retrovirus vectors, to money saving tips - how to make your own silica particles for high efficiency RNA extraction and liposomes for cell transfection! Chapter one covers the fundamentals of investigating RNA virus genome structure at a molecular level. Chapters two and three describe techniques for mutagenesis of RNA genomes and analysis of transcription. Chapter four deals with RNA virus-encoded proteinases, an important aspect of the control of RNA virus gene expression. Chapter five considers retrovirus oncogenesis and chapter six analysis of RNA virus quasispecies. Chapter seven describes systems for investigation of in vitro replication of positive-stranded viruses and chapter eight the packaging of RNA virus genomes. In addition to the technical aspects of reverse genetics and retrovirus vectors, both of the final two chapters also consider ethical aspects of these new technologies.
Author : Tian Jiang
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 138 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (11 download)
Download or read book RNA Structure and Function of Influenza Virus written by Tian Jiang and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page 138 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "Influenza viruses are negative-sense RNA viruses, which are a significant public health threat. Among the three different species of influenza, influenza A virus poses the biggest health risk. Currently, few drugs treat influenza; neuraminidase inhibitors are essentially the only therapeutics available. Moreover, sporadic cases of drug-resistant influenza viruses have been detected worldwide. The once widely used adamantanes are now mostly ineffective towards currently circulating influenza (H3N2). Thus, it is important to develop novel antiviral treatments as well as more effective vaccines. RNA structure plays key roles in the replication, transcription and translation of many viruses including influenza. However, little is known about influenza RNA structure. Recently, bioinformatics analysis predicted conserved and stable secondary structure in segments 7 and 8 of influenza A, which are alternatively spliced. Part I: A region 79 nucleotides downstream from the 5' splice site in segment 7 was predicted to have an especially stable and conserved secondary structure, using a combination of thermodynamic stability and comparative sequence analysis. This sequence and predicted structure are conserved within influenza A viruses that infect human, swine, and avian species. A multi-branch model was predicted for the consensus sequence of all wild type sequences available in the National Center for Biotechnology Information influenza virus resource. A possible alternative hairpin structure was also hypothesized for this region, with equally conserved base pairing and similar predicted free energy. In this work, a combination of mutagenesis, nondenaturing polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, enzymatic/chemical mapping, isoenergetic microarray mapping, and NMR indicated that only the multi-branch structure forms in solution. Potential tertiary interactions in the structure were also identified. Part II: The biological function of the conserved structures in influenza A virus segments 7 and 8 were evaluated. A recombinant influenza H1N1 pandemic-causing strain containing mutations in structured regions were generated. Conserved RNA base pairs or loops in segments 7 and 8 were mutated to affect specific regions of secondary structure. In four cases, 2-nt mutations were made as designed with an ensemble defect program to completely change the predicted secondary structure. Virus growth kinetics of the wild type and mutant viruses were measured in vitro in tissue culture and in vivo in mice. qRT-PCR was used to measure the change in mRNA isoforms compared to the wild-type virus. The results show that disrupting conserved RNA structure may inhibit splicing of mRNA and/or attenuate viral replication. These motifs can serve as new targets for designing novel vaccines and therapeutics against influenza. In addition, it is proof of concept that therapeutic targets can be defined through genomic sequence analysis."--Pages vii-viii.
Author : Salvatore F. Priore
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 156 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (844 download)
Download or read book Discovery and Characterization of Influenza Virus RNA Secondary Structures written by Salvatore F. Priore and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page 156 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "PART I: Influenza virus is a significant public health threat, partially because of its capacity to readily exchange gene segments between different host species to form novel pandemic strains. Even though influenza virus uses RNA exclusively throughout its entire life cycle, little is known about the structure of the Influenza A genome and transcriptome. This works presents bioinformatics efforts to discover and characterize RNA secondary structures in both the (+) and ( - )RNA orientations of influenza A virus. All available unique influenza A sequences from the NCBI database were used to identify 20 likely structured regions, primarily in the (+)RNA. One of these predictions is verified and refined using small molecule mapping and isoenergetic microarrays for a conserved region of the Segment 8 (NS1/NEP) intron. Part II: In addition to locally conserved structure, this work examines the global RNA secondary structure in coding regions of both Influenza A and B. For Influenza A, segments 1, 5, 7 and 8 show evidence of wide-spread structure conservation. This phenomenon is referred to as Global Ordered RNA Structure, or GORS. On average the predicted thermodynamic stability of each coding region segregated based on the host species with avian having the most stable folding free energies followed by swine and then human. Similarly, a study of Influenza B virus, which infects primarily humans, showed GORS in Segments 1, 2, 5 and 8. In silico codon mutations that maintained the amino acid sequence for each segment demonstrate the relatively unstable folding free energies of influenza B coding regions. Together these results highlight some of the molecular similarities and differences between influenza A and B and demonstrate the evolutionary adaptation of Influenza"--Page ix.
Author : Yingying Zeng
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (858 download)
Download or read book Modeling and Structural Studies of Single-stranded RNA Viruses written by Yingying Zeng and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: My research focuses on structures of the genomes of single-stranded RNA viruses. The first project is concerned with the sequence and secondary structure of HIV-1 RNA. Based on the secondary structure that Watts et al. determined, I performed a series of analysis and the results suggested that the abundance of Adenosines at the wobble position of the codons leads to an unusual structure with numerous unpaired nucleotides. The findings indicated how the virus balances evolutionary pressures on the genomic RNA secondary structure against pressures on the sequence of the viral proteins. The second project is the modeling of satellite tobacco mosaic virus (STMV). STMV is a T=1 icosahedral virus with a single piece of RNA that has 1058 nucleotides. X-ray crystallography studies of this RNA have revealed a structure containing 30 helices. The linkers between the helices, the possible structures at the interior of the icosahedron, and the sequence of the RNA were all missing in the crystal structure. To explore how the genome is organized within the protein capsid, I built a 3D model based on the RNA secondary structure predicted by Susan Schroeder. Being the first all-atom model of any virus, this model is highly correlated with the crystal structure; and the comparison with the in vitro structure of the same RNA supports the hypothesis that capsid protein plays an important role in RNA folding during assembly. The third project includes the modeling of bacteriophage MS2 (MS2) and the examination of the compactness of RNA in different viruses. MS2 is a T=3 RNA virus, and the cryo-EM studies have revealed a double-shell conformation of the genome. My final model of MS2 recaptures the double-shell structure of the RNA presented in the cryo-EM density. In addition, the predicted secondary structure that I used for the construction of the model shares a strong similarity with the in vitro structure determined in 1980s. This similarity contrasts with the striking difference between in vivo and in vitro RNA structures observed in STMV. Inspired by this finding, I examined the compactness of the RNA of several different viruses. The results strongly suggest that the RNAs of viruses requiring packaging signals have evolved to be structurally compact, which facilitates post-replicational RNA packaging. In contrast, viruses that do not depend on packaging signals probably adopt co-replicational RNA packaging.
Author : Michael B. A. Oldstone
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 3319111582
Total Pages : 478 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (191 download)
Download or read book Influenza Pathogenesis and Control - Volume II written by Michael B. A. Oldstone and published by Springer. This book was released on 2014-11-06 with total page 478 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This two-volume work covers the molecular and cell biology, genetics and evolution of influenza viruses, the pathogenesis of infection, resultant host innate and adaptive immune response, prevention of infection through vaccination and approaches to the therapeutic control of infection.. Experts at the forefront of these areas provide critical assessments with regard to influenza virology, immunology, cell and molecular biology, and pathogenesis. Volume I provides overviews of the latest findings on molecular determinants of viral pathogenicity, virus entry and cell tropism, pandemic risk assessment, transmission and pathogenesis in animal species, viral evolution, ecology and antigenic variation, while Volume II focuses on the role of innate and adaptive immunity in pathogenesis, development of vaccines and antivirals.
Author : Peter Palese
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 384 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (91 download)
Download or read book Genetics of Influenza Viruses written by Peter Palese and published by Springer. This book was released on 1983 with total page 384 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: With the advent of genetic engineering methods and improved biochemical tech niques, much has been learned about the replication of influenza viruses, their structure and their epidemiology. It appears that the time is ripe to review these efforts and to provide a molecular perspective of influenza virology. It is hoped that this book will stimulate our thinking, help us in designing new experiments, and possibly show avenues leading to the control of the diseases associated with influenza viruses. Peter Palese, New York, N. Y. August 1983 David W. Kingsbury, Memphis, Tenn. Contents List of Contributors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XV 1. The Evolution of Influenza Viral Genetics - A Perspective. By E. D. Kilbourne. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 I. Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 II. The Development of Modern Influenza Viral Genetics 2 A. Early Evidence of Genetic Variation in the Laboratory 2 B. Application of Formal Genetic Techniques to Studies of Influenza Virus . . . . . . . 3 C. Genetic Markers. . . . . . . . . 3 D. Development of Plaquing Systems. . . 4 E. The Use of Conditional Lethal Mutants 5 F. New Approaches in Influenza Virus Genetics. 6 1. The Biochemical Identification of Viral Gene Products in the Unambiguous Definition of Viral Inheritance . . . 6 2. Mapping of the Influenza Virus Genome by Correlative Physico-Chemical and Biological Techniques. . . . . . 7 3. The Application of Molecular Biological Techniques to the Study of Viral Genetic Variation. . . . . . . . . 8 4. Oligonucleotide Mapping of Viral RNA's . . . . . . . 8 5. Contribution of Protein and RNA Sequencing to Influenza Viral Genetics-Intragenic Mapping . . . . . . . 8 III. Viral Genetics and the Understanding of Viral Virulence and Pathogenicity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Author : Andrew D. Kauffmann
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 95 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (19 download)
Download or read book Structures of RNA Sequences from Influenza A Virus written by Andrew D. Kauffmann and published by . This book was released on 2019 with total page 95 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "RNA is an extremely diverse biomolecule. Once thought of as simply a carrier of information from DNA to the ribosomes for protein synthesis, its functions have expanded to include regulation of mRNA expression through RNA interference (RNAi), regulation of mRNA translation, catalysis of protein synthesis, RNA splicing, and even comprising the entire genome in the case of many viruses. At the foundation of all RNA function is its structure. Therefore a better understanding RNA structure will likely give insight into function and how to modify it through means of small molecule or oligonucleotide therapeutics. Herein is presented two means of experimental determination of RNA structure from sequences derived from influenza A virus. These structures can be used as benchmarks for the development of RNA structure prediction programs, and may provide new targets for therapeutic design in influenza A virus."--Page iv.
Author : Susanne Modrow
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 9783642207174
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (71 download)
Download or read book Molecular Virology written by Susanne Modrow and published by Springer. This book was released on 2013-09-18 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The book gives a comprehensive overview on the knowledge of virus infection relevant for humans and animals. For each virus family the molecular details of the virus particle and the viral replication cycle are described. In the case of virus types with relevance for human and/or animal health the data on molecular biology, genetics and virus-cell interaction are combined with those concerning, pathogenesis, epidemiology, clinics, prevention and therapy.
Author : Walter Nicholaos Panagiotis Moss
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 460 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (779 download)
Download or read book RNA Secondary Structure Discovery and Characterization written by Walter Nicholaos Panagiotis Moss and published by . This book was released on 2011 with total page 460 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "Part I. Analysis of the R2 retrotransposons from multiple silkmoth and fruit fly species have revealed three segments that contain conserved RNA secondary structures. These conserved structures play important roles in the propagation of the R2 element, including R2 RNA processing and transposon integration into the host genome as well as a likely role in translation. Two of the structured regions comprise protein binding sites: one is located in the 3' untranslated region (UTR) and the other is in the 5' UTR close to the putative start of the R2 open reading frame (ORF). The 5' structure was determined using a combination of chemical mapping, oligonucleotide binding, NMR and sequence analysis and contains an unusual pseudoknot structure. A review of the three conserved structures is presented. The third structure occurs at the 5' end of the R2 RNA and is responsible for self-cleavage of the 5' end of the element from a 28S ribosomal RNA co-transcript. Part II. Influenza A is a negative sense RNA virus of significant public health concern. While much is understood about the life cycle of the virus, knowledge of RNA secondary structure in influenza A virus is sparse. Predictions of RNA secondary structure can focus experimental efforts. The present study analyzes coding regions of the eight viral genome segments in both the (+) and ( - ) sense RNA for conserved secondary structure. The predictions are based on identifying regions of unusual thermodynamic stabilities and are correlated with studies of suppression of synonymous codon usage (SSCU). The results indicate that secondary structure is favored in the (+) sense influenza RNA. Twenty regions with putative conserved RNA structure have been identified, including two previously described structured regions. Of these predictions, eight have high thermodynamic stability and SSCU, with five of these corresponding to current annotations (e.g., splice sites). The remaining 12 are predicted by the thermodynamics alone. Secondary structures with high conservation of base-pairing are proposed within the five regions having known function. A combination of thermodynamics, amino acid and nucleotide sequence comparisons along with SSCU was essential for revealing potential secondary structures"--Leaves viii-ix.
Author : Almonther A. Hershan
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 616 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (85 download)
Download or read book Identification and Analysis of Conserved Structures in RNA Viruses written by Almonther A. Hershan and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page 616 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Author :
Publisher : Elsevier
ISBN 13 : 0080493777
Total Pages : 610 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (84 download)
Download or read book Virus Structure written by and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2003-10-02 with total page 610 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Virus Structure covers the full spectrum of modern structural virology. Its goal is to describe the means for defining moderate to high resolution structures and the basic principles that have emerged from these studies. Among the topics covered are Hybrid Vigor, Structural Folds of Viral Proteins, Virus Particle Dynamics, Viral Gemone Organization, Enveloped Viruses and Large Viruses. Covers viral assembly using heterologous expression systems and cell extracts Discusses molecular mechanisms in bacteriophage T7 procapsid assembly, maturation and DNA containment Includes information on structural studies on antibody/virus complexes
Author : Mark Itzstein
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 3764389273
Total Pages : 184 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (643 download)
Download or read book Influenza Virus Sialidase - A Drug Discovery Target written by Mark Itzstein and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2011-09-01 with total page 184 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Influenza continues to be an ongoing problem despite the existence of vaccines and drugs. Disease outbreaks can occur relatively quickly as witnessed with the recent emergence of the influenza virus A/H1N1 pandemic. The development of new anti-influenza drugs is thus a major challenge. This volume describes all aspects of the virus structure and function relevant to infection. The focus is on drug discovery of inhibitors to the enzyme sialidase, which plays a key role in the infectious lifecycle of the virus. Following an overview of the influenza virus, the haemagglutinin, the interactions with the cell receptors and the enzymology of virus sialidase, recent results in drug design are presented. These include a full coverage of the design, synthesis and evaluation of carbohydrate as well as non-carbohydrate influenza virus sialidase inhibitors. Further reviews of the clinical experience with influenza virus sialidase inhibitors and of the development of resistance to these inhibitor drugs complement the topic.
Author : Manja Marz
Publisher : MDPI
ISBN 13 : 3039218824
Total Pages : 330 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (392 download)
Download or read book Virus Bioinformatics written by Manja Marz and published by MDPI. This book was released on 2020-02-21 with total page 330 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Virus bioinformatics is evolving and succeeding as an area of research in its own right, representing the interface of virology and computer science. Bioinformatic approaches to investigate viral infections and outbreaks have become central to virology research, and have been successfully used to detect, control, and treat infections of humans and animals. As part of the Third Annual Meeting of the European Virus Bioinformatics Center (EVBC), we have published this Special Issue on Virus Bioinformatics.
Author : Lumbini Indeewari Dela-Moss
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 162 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (94 download)
Download or read book Analysis of RNA Secondary Structure written by Lumbini Indeewari Dela-Moss and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page 162 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "Part I. Influenza is a negative sense RNA virus with three types: A, B, and C. Its propensity to cause epidemics and global pandemics makes influenza a major public health concern. This study aims to characterize and find conserved RNA secondary structure in the genomes of influenza A, B, and C. In influenza A, segment 7 is used to produce mRNA via splicing to code the M2 ion channel protein. Native gel analysis, chemical/enzymatic mapping, and oligonucleotide binding show that a 63 nt region containing the 3' splice site, key residues of a SF2/ASF splicing factor binding site, and a polypyrimidine tract can fold into a pseudoknot or a hairpin and exist in equilibrium. These functional sites exist in different structural contexts within each structure: for example, the 3' splice site is sequestered in a helix in the pseudoknot and is exposed in a 2x2 internal loop in the hairpin. These results suggest that splicing of segment 7 may be controlled via conformational switching between the structures to expose or hide the splice site. A search for conserved RNA secondary structure in influenza B and C protein-coding segments revealed thermodynamically stable structures, which contained splice sites, in segment 8 of influenza B and segments 6 and 7 of influenza C. The structure proposed in segment 6 also contains three cryptic AUG start codons. When compared to studies on influenza A, this study suggests that influenza may share common structural strategies to regulate splicing; especially 3' splice sites, which are predicted to occur in pseudoknot and hairpin structures that may undergo conformational switching to regulate splicing. Part II. Gold nanoparticles (Au-nps) have a selective affinity for single-stranded nucleic acids and also quench fluorescence. Modified small oligonucleotide probes labeled with a fluorescent dye are hybridized to target RNA. Upon dehybridization, the probe is adsorbed by Au-nps and fluorescence is quenched. The rate of fluorescence quenching can be indicative of probe/target dissociation rate and provide information on the secondary structure of the target RNA. Heterogeneous properties of Au-np colloids and type of fluorophore affect the measurements of dissociation rates via this method"--Pages x-xi.
Author : Bin Wang
Publisher : CRC Press
ISBN 13 : 9814411647
Total Pages : 468 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (144 download)
Download or read book RNA Nanotechnology written by Bin Wang and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2014-04-02 with total page 468 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In the past few decades there has been incredible growth in "bionano"-related research, which has been accompanied by numerous publications in this field. Although various compilations address topics related to deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and protein, there are few books that focus on determining the structure of ribonucleic acid (RNA) and using RNA as building blocks to construct nanoarchitectures for biomedical and healthcare applications. RNA Nanotechnology is a comprehensive volume that details both the traditional approaches and the latest developments in the field of RNA-related technology. This book targets a wide audience: a broad introduction provides a solid academic background for students, researchers, and scientists who are unfamiliar with the subject, while the in-depth descriptions and discussions are useful for advanced professionals. The book opens with reviews on the basic aspects of RNA biology, computational approaches for predicting RNA structures, and traditional and emerging experimental approaches for probing RNA structures. This section is followed by explorations of the latest research and discoveries in RNA nanotechnology, including the design and construction of RNA-based nanostructures. The final segment of the book includes descriptions and discussions of the potential biological and therapeutic applications of small RNA molecules, such as small/short interfering RNAs (siRNAs), microRNAs (miRNAs), RNA aptamers, and ribozymes.
