American Goddess at the Rape of Nanking

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Author :
Publisher : SIU Press
ISBN 13 : 9780809323869
Total Pages : 236 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (238 download)

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Book Synopsis American Goddess at the Rape of Nanking by : Hualing Hu

Download or read book American Goddess at the Rape of Nanking written by Hualing Hu and published by SIU Press. This book was released on 2000-10 with total page 236 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Japanese army's brutal occupation of the city of Nanking during the 1937 Sino-Japanese War is known, for good reason, as the rape of Nanking. As they slaughtered an estimated 300,000 people, the invading soldiers raped more than 20,000 women - some estimates run as high as 80,000. Hua-ling Hu presents here the amazing untold story of the American missionary Minnie Vautrin, whose unswerving defiance of the Japanese protected the lives of 10,000 Chinese women and children - at the eventual cost of her own - and made her a legend among the Chinese people she served.

American Goddess at the Rape of Nanking

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Author :
Publisher : SIU Press
ISBN 13 : 9780809323036
Total Pages : 240 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (23 download)

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Book Synopsis American Goddess at the Rape of Nanking by : Hualing Hu

Download or read book American Goddess at the Rape of Nanking written by Hualing Hu and published by SIU Press. This book was released on 2000-03-29 with total page 240 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "When the Japanese soldiers ordered Vautrin to leave the campus, she replied: "This is my home. I cannot leave." Facing down the bloodstained bayonets constantly waved in her face, Vautrin shielded the desperate Chinese who sought asylum behind the gates of the college. Vautrin exhausted herself defying the Japanese army and caring for the refugees after the siege ended in March 1938.".

The Rape of Nanking

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Author :
Publisher : Basic Books
ISBN 13 : 046502825X
Total Pages : 301 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (65 download)

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Book Synopsis The Rape of Nanking by : Iris Chang

Download or read book The Rape of Nanking written by Iris Chang and published by Basic Books. This book was released on 2014-03-11 with total page 301 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The New York Times bestselling account of one of history's most brutal—and forgotten—massacres, when the Japanese army destroyed China's capital city on the eve of World War II, "piecing together the abundant eyewitness reports into an undeniable tapestry of horror". (Adam Hochschild, Salon) In December 1937, one of the most horrific atrocities in the long annals of wartime barbarity occurred. The Japanese army swept into the ancient city of Nanking (what was then the capital of China), and within weeks, more than 300,000 Chinese civilians and soldiers were systematically raped, tortured, and murdered. In this seminal work, Iris Chang, whose own grandparents barely escaped the massacre, tells this history from three perspectives: that of the Japanese soldiers, that of the Chinese, and that of a group of Westerners who refused to abandon the city and created a safety zone, which saved almost 300,000 Chinese. Drawing on extensive interviews with survivors and documents brought to light for the first time, Iris Chang's classic book is the definitive history of this horrifying episode.

Undaunted Women of Nanking

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Publisher : SIU Press
ISBN 13 : 0809385619
Total Pages : 268 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (93 download)

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Book Synopsis Undaunted Women of Nanking by : Hua-ling Hu

Download or read book Undaunted Women of Nanking written by Hua-ling Hu and published by SIU Press. This book was released on 2010-06-30 with total page 268 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: One of the Chinese American Librarians Association’s Ten Best Books of 2010 During the infamous “Rape of Nanking,” a brutal military occupation of Nanking, China, that began on December 13, 1937, it is estimated that Japanese soldiers killed between 200,000 and 300,000 Chinese and raped between 20,000 and 80,000 women. To shelter civilian refugees, a group of Westerners established a Nanking Safety Zone. Among these humanitarians was Minnie Vautrin, an American missionary and acting president of Ginling College. She and Tsen Shui-fang, her Chinese assistant and a trained nurse, turned the college into a refugee camp, which protected more than 10,000 women and children during the height of the ordeal. The Undaunted Women of Nanking juxtaposes day-by-day the exhausted and terrified women’s wartime diaries, providing vital eyewitness accounts of the Rape of Nanking and a unique focus on the Ginling refugee camp and the sufferings of women and children. Vautrin's diary reveals the humanity and courage of a female missionary in a time of terror. Tsen Shui-fang’s diary, never before published in English and translated here for the first time, is the only known daily account by a Chinese national written during the crisis and not retrospectively. As such, it records a unique perspective: that of a woman grappling with feelings of anger, sorrow, and compassion as she witnesses the atrocities being committed in her war-torn country. Editors Hua-ling Hu and Zhang Lian-hong have added many informative annotations to the diary entries from sources including the proceedings of the Tokyo War Crimes Trial of 1946, Vautrin’s correspondence, John Rabe’s diary, and other historical documents. Also included are biographical sketches of the two women, a note on the diaries, and information about the aftermath of the tragedy, as well as maps and photos—some of which appear in print in this book for the first time.

The Good Man of Nanking

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Author :
Publisher : Vintage
ISBN 13 : 0307428680
Total Pages : 349 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (74 download)

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Book Synopsis The Good Man of Nanking by : John Rabe

Download or read book The Good Man of Nanking written by John Rabe and published by Vintage. This book was released on 2007-12-18 with total page 349 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Good Man of Nanking is a crucial document for understanding one of World War II's most horrific incidents of genocide, one which the Japanese have steadfastly refused to acknowledge. It is also the moving and awe-inspiring record of one man's conscience, courage, and generosity in the face of appalling human brutality. Until the recent emergence of John Rabe's diaries, few people knew abouth the unassuming hero who has been called the Oskar Schindler of China. In Novemgber 1937, as Japanese troops overran the Chinese capital of Nanking and began a campaign of torture, rape, and murder against its citizens, one man-a German who had lived in China for thirty years and who was a loyal follower of Adolph Hitler-put himself at risk and in order to save the lives of 200,000 poor Chinese, 600 of whom he sheltered in his own home.

The Making of the "Rape of Nanking"

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Author :
Publisher : Oxford University Press
ISBN 13 : 0199724822
Total Pages : 278 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (997 download)

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Book Synopsis The Making of the "Rape of Nanking" by : Takashi Yoshida

Download or read book The Making of the "Rape of Nanking" written by Takashi Yoshida and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2009-03-04 with total page 278 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: On December 13, 1937, the Japanese army attacked and captured the Chinese capital city of Nanjing, planting the rising-sun flag atop the city's outer walls. What occurred in the ensuing weeks and months has been the source of a tempestuous debate ever since. It is well known that the Japanese military committed wholesale atrocities after the fall of the city, massacring large numbers of Chinese during the both the Battle of Nanjing and in its aftermath. Yet the exact details of the war crimes--how many people were killed during the battle? How many after? How many women were raped? Were prisoners executed? How unspeakable were the acts committed?--are the source of controversy among Japanese, Chinese, and American historians to this day. In The Making of the "Rape of Nanking Takashi Yoshida examines how views of the Nanjing Massacre have evolved in history writing and public memory in Japan, China, and the United States. For these nations, the question of how to treat the legacy of Nanjing--whether to deplore it, sanitize it, rationalize it, or even ignore it--has aroused passions revolving around ethics, nationality, and historical identity. Drawing on a rich analysis of Chinese, Japanese, and American history textbooks and newspapers, Yoshida traces the evolving--and often conflicting--understandings of the Nanjing Massacre, revealing how changing social and political environments have influenced the debate. Yoshida suggests that, from the 1970s on, the dispute over Nanjing has become more lively, more globalized, and immeasurably more intense, due in part to Japanese revisionist history and a renewed emphasis on patriotic education in China. While today it is easy to assume that the Nanjing Massacre has always been viewed as an emblem of Japan's wartime aggression in China, the image of the "Rape of Nanking" is a much more recent icon in public consciousness. Takashi Yoshida analyzes the process by which the Nanjing Massacre has become an international symbol, and provides a fair and respectful treatment of the politically charged and controversial debate over its history.

The Nanjing Massacre: A Japanese Journalist Confronts Japan's National Shame

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Author :
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1317455665
Total Pages : 396 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (174 download)

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Book Synopsis The Nanjing Massacre: A Japanese Journalist Confronts Japan's National Shame by : Katsuichi Honda

Download or read book The Nanjing Massacre: A Japanese Journalist Confronts Japan's National Shame written by Katsuichi Honda and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2015-02-24 with total page 396 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book is based on four visits to China between 1971 and 1989 by Honda Katsuichi, an investigative journalist for Asahi Shimbun. His aim is to show in pitiless detail the horrors of the Japanese Army's seizure and capture of Nanjing in December 1937. Unvarnished accounts of the testimony - Chinese victims and Japanese perpetrators - to the rape and slaughter are juxtaposed with public relations announcements of the Japanese Army as printed in various Japanese newspapers of the time. The bland announcements of triumphant victories stand in bitter contrast to the atrocities that actually took place on the scene. The story unfolds with horrible detail as we watch the triumphant progress of the Japanese army whose troops were bent on rape and killing in the so-called "heat of battle." Yet by recalling the testimony of Japanese soldiers and reporters who were on the scene, as well as reproducing dispatches by Japanese Army authorities at the time, Honda makes it clear that the atrocities were part of a studied effort directed by the Japanese high command to impress the Chinese people with the power of its army and the folly of resistance to it - the estimate of 300,000 killed in these "military operations" is no exaggeratoin. Honda has worked with other Japanese journalists and scholars who have attempted to reveal the truth of the Nanjing massacre, provoked by the efforts of right-wing Japanese, including, sadly, many government officials, to whitewash the whole incident, even to the point of contending that a "massacre" never happened. This gripping account of the atrocities and cover-up joins other exposes - Chinese and now German - in keeping alive the memory of this shameful event.

Nanjing Requiem

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Publisher : Vintage
ISBN 13 : 030774373X
Total Pages : 322 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (77 download)

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Book Synopsis Nanjing Requiem by : Ha Jin

Download or read book Nanjing Requiem written by Ha Jin and published by Vintage. This book was released on 2012-10-02 with total page 322 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: It’s 1937, and the Japanese are poised to invade Nanjing. Minnie Vautrin, an American missionary and the dean of Jinling Women’s College, decides to remain at the school, convinced that her American citizenship will help her safeguard the welfare of the Chinese men and women who work there. She is painfully mistaken. In the aftermath of the invasion, the school becomes a refugee camp for more than ten thousand homeless women and children, and Vautrin must struggle, day after day, to intercede on the behalf of the hapless victims. Yet even when order and civility are restored, she remains deeply embattled, always haunted by the lives she could not save. At once a searing story that unfurls during one of the darkest moments of the twentieth century and an indelible portrait of a singular and brave woman, Nanjing Requiem is another tour de force from the National Book Award-winning author of Waiting.

They Were in Nanjing

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Author :
Publisher : Hong Kong University Press
ISBN 13 : 9622096859
Total Pages : 409 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (22 download)

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Book Synopsis They Were in Nanjing by : Suping Lu

Download or read book They Were in Nanjing written by Suping Lu and published by Hong Kong University Press. This book was released on 2004-11-01 with total page 409 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Nanjing Massacre, which took place after the Japanese attacked and captured Nanjing in December 1937, shocked the world with the magnitude of its atrocities. With newly uncovered eye-witness material left behind by American and British journalists, missionaries, and diplomats, They Were in Nanjing takes the readers back in time to revisit the event and live through those horror-filled days. The first-hand accounts range from English media reports, personal records, missionary and Christian organization documents, to American and British diplomatic and military documents. The research yields new discoveries and presents issues that have previously not been adequately dealt with, for instance, Japanese attacks on American citizens, and losses and damage to American and British properties as a result of Japanese atrocities. No other book on the Nanjing Massacre presents the first-hand foreign perspective so thoroughly or consistently.

The Nanjing Massacre

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Publisher : The Rosen Publishing Group, Inc
ISBN 13 : 1508177295
Total Pages : 66 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (81 download)

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Book Synopsis The Nanjing Massacre by : Angie Timmons

Download or read book The Nanjing Massacre written by Angie Timmons and published by The Rosen Publishing Group, Inc. This book was released on 2017-12-15 with total page 66 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: While World War II is well known for genocide, the war itself eclipsed key events that preceded and contributed to the greater conflict. This book explores the Nanjing massacre, a mass murder and rape committed by Japanese soldiers in China during the Second Sino-Japanese War. This conflict would later merge into World War II itself. Sidebars highlight topics such as the Japanese destruction of military records about the massacre and Chinese general Chiang Kai-shek. A timeline chronicles the Chinese decision to move operations from Shanghai to Nanjing and the harrowing events that transpired.

The Woman Who Could Not Forget: Iris Chang Before and Beyond The Rape of Nanking

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Author :
Publisher : Simon and Schuster
ISBN 13 : 1605986658
Total Pages : 456 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (59 download)

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Book Synopsis The Woman Who Could Not Forget: Iris Chang Before and Beyond The Rape of Nanking by : Ying-Ying Chang

Download or read book The Woman Who Could Not Forget: Iris Chang Before and Beyond The Rape of Nanking written by Ying-Ying Chang and published by Simon and Schuster. This book was released on 2012-07-01 with total page 456 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The poignant story of the life and death of world-famous author and historian Iris Chang, as told by her mother. Iris Chang's best-selling book The Rape of Nanking forever changed the way we view the Second World War in Asia. It all began with a photo of a river choked with the bodies of hundreds of Chinese civilians that shook Iris to her core. Who were these people? Why had this happened and how could their story have been lost to history? She could not shake that image from her head. She could not forget what she had seen. A few short years later, Chang revealed this "second Holocaust" to the world. The Japanese atrocities against the people of Nanking were so extreme that a Nazi party leader based in China actually petitioned Hitler to ask the Japanese government to stop the massacre. But who was this woman that single-handedly swept away years of silence, secrecy and shame? Her mother, Ying-Ying, provides an enlightened and nuanced look at her daughter, from Iris' home-made childhood newspaper, to her early years as a journalist and later, as a promising young historian, her struggles with her son's autism and her tragic suicide. The Woman Who Could Not Forget cements Iris' legacy as one of the most extraordinary minds of her generation and reveals the depth and beauty of the bond between a mother and daughter.

Terror in Minnie Vautrin's Nanjing

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Author :
Publisher : University of Illinois Press
ISBN 13 : 0252056426
Total Pages : 213 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (52 download)

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Book Synopsis Terror in Minnie Vautrin's Nanjing by : Minnie Vautrin

Download or read book Terror in Minnie Vautrin's Nanjing written by Minnie Vautrin and published by University of Illinois Press. This book was released on 2024-04-22 with total page 213 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In December of 1937, the Japanese Imperial Army marched into China's capital city of Nanjing and launched six weeks of carnage that would become known as the Rape of Nanjing. In addition to the deaths of Chinese POWs and civilians, tens of thousands of women were raped, tortured, and killed by Japanese soldiers. In this traumatic environment, both native and foreign-born inhabitants of Nanjing struggled to carry on with their lives. This volume collects the diaries and correspondence of Minnie Vautrin, a farmgirl from Illinois who had dedicated herself to the education of Chinese women at Ginling College in Nanjing. Faced with the impending Japanese attack, she turned the school into a sanctuary for ten thousand women and girls. Vautrin's firsthand accounts of daily life in Nanjing and the intensifying threat of Japanese invasion reveal the courage of the occupants under siege--Chinese nationals as well as Western missionaries, teachers, surgeons and business people--and the personal costs of violence in wartime. Thanks to Vautrin's painstaking effort in keeping a day-to-day account, present-day readers are able to examine this episode of history at close range through her eyes. With detailed maps, photographs, and carefully researched in-depth annotations, Terror in Minnie Vautrin's Nanjing: Diaries and Correspondence, 1937-38 presents a comprehensive and detailed daily account of the events and of life during the horror-stricken days within the city walls and in particular on the Ginling campus. Through chronologically arranged diaries, letters, reports, documents, and telegrams, Vautrin bears witness to those terrible events and to the magnitude of trauma that the Nanjing Massacre exacted on the populace.

Hirohito And The Making Of Modern Japan

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Author :
Publisher : Harper Collins
ISBN 13 : 0061860476
Total Pages : 832 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (618 download)

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Book Synopsis Hirohito And The Making Of Modern Japan by : Herbert P. Bix

Download or read book Hirohito And The Making Of Modern Japan written by Herbert P. Bix and published by Harper Collins. This book was released on 2009-10-13 with total page 832 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Winner of the Pulitzer Prize In this groundbreaking biography of the Japanese emperor Hirohito, Herbert P. Bix offers the first complete, unvarnished look at the enigmatic leader whose sixty-three-year reign ushered Japan into the modern world. Never before has the full life of this controversial figure been revealed with such clarity and vividness. Bix shows what it was like to be trained from birth for a lone position at the apex of the nation's political hierarchy and as a revered symbol of divine status. Influenced by an unusual combination of the Japanese imperial tradition and a modern scientific worldview, the young emperor gradually evolves into his preeminent role, aligning himself with the growing ultranationalist movement, perpetuating a cult of religious emperor worship, resisting attempts to curb his power, and all the while burnishing his image as a reluctant, passive monarch. Here we see Hirohito as he truly was: a man of strong will and real authority. Supported by a vast array of previously untapped primary documents, Hirohito and the Making of Modern Japan is perhaps most illuminating in lifting the veil on the mythology surrounding the emperor's impact on the world stage. Focusing closely on Hirohito's interactions with his advisers and successive Japanese governments, Bix sheds new light on the causes of the China War in 1937 and the start of the Asia-Pacific War in 1941. And while conventional wisdom has had it that the nation's increasing foreign aggression was driven and maintained not by the emperor but by an elite group of Japanese militarists, the reality, as witnessed here, is quite different. Bix documents in detail the strong, decisive role Hirohito played in wartime operations, from the takeover of Manchuria in 1931 through the attack on Pearl Harbor and ultimately the fateful decision in 1945 to accede to an unconditional surrender. In fact, the emperor stubbornly prolonged the war effort and then used the horrifying bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, together with the Soviet entrance into the war, as his exit strategy from a no-win situation. From the moment of capitulation, we see how American and Japanese leaders moved to justify the retention of Hirohito as emperor by whitewashing his wartime role and reshaping the historical consciousness of the Japanese people. The key to this strategy was Hirohito's alliance with General MacArthur, who helped him maintain his stature and shed his militaristic image, while MacArthur used the emperor as a figurehead to assist him in converting Japan into a peaceful nation. Their partnership ensured that the emperor's image would loom large over the postwar years and later decades, as Japan began to make its way in the modern age and struggled -- as it still does -- to come to terms with its past. Until the very end of a career that embodied the conflicting aims of Japan's development as a nation, Hirohito remained preoccupied with politics and with his place in history. Hirohito and the Making of Modern Japan provides the definitive account of his rich life and legacy. Meticulously researched and utterly engaging, this book is proof that the history of twentieth-century Japan cannot be understood apart from the life of its most remarkable and enduring leader.

Tears in the Darkness

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Author :
Publisher : Macmillan
ISBN 13 : 0374272603
Total Pages : 958 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (742 download)

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Book Synopsis Tears in the Darkness by : Michael Norman

Download or read book Tears in the Darkness written by Michael Norman and published by Macmillan. This book was released on 2009-06-09 with total page 958 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This major new work about World War II exposes the myths of military heroism as shallow and inadequate. "Tears in the Darkness" makes clear, with great literary and human power, that war causes suffering for people on all sides.

Remaking the Chinese City

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Publisher : University of Hawaii Press
ISBN 13 : 9780824825188
Total Pages : 294 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (251 download)

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Book Synopsis Remaking the Chinese City by : Joseph W. Esherick

Download or read book Remaking the Chinese City written by Joseph W. Esherick and published by University of Hawaii Press. This book was released on 2001-10-31 with total page 294 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In China today skyscrapers tower over ancient temples, freeways deliver lines of cars and tour buses to imperial palaces, cinema houses compete with old theaters featuring Peking Opera. The disparity evidenced in the contemporary Chinese cityscape can be traced to the early decades of the twentieth century, when government elites sought to transform cities into a new world that would be at once modern and distinctly Chinese. Remaking the Chinese City aims to capture the full diversity of recent Chinese urbanism by examining the modernist transformations of China's cities in the first half of the twentieth century. Collecting in one place some of the most interesting and exciting new work on Chinese urban history, this volume presents thirteen essays discussing ten Chinese cities: the commercial and industrial center of Shanghai; the old capital, Beijing; the southern coastal city of Canton; the interior's Chengdu; the tourist city of Hangzhou; the utopian "New Capital" built in Manchuria during the Japanese occupation; the treaty port of Tianjin; the Nationalists' capital in Nanjing; and temporary wartime capitals of Wuhan and Chongqing. Unlike past treatments of early twentieth-century China, which characterize the period as one of failure and decay, the contributors to this volume describe an exciting world in constant and fundamental change. During this time, the Chinese city was remade to accommodate parks and police, paved roads and public spaces. Rickshaws, trolleys, and buses allowed the growth of new downtowns. Department stores, theaters, newspapers, and modern advertising nourished a new urban identity. Sanitary regulations and traffic laws were enforced, and modern media and transport permitted unprecedented freedoms. Yet despite their fondness for things Western and modern, early urban planners envisioned cities that would lead the Chinese nation and preserve Chinese tradition. The very desire for modernity led to the construction of a visible and accessible national past and the imagining of a distinctive national future. In their investigation of the national capitals of the period, the essays show how cities were reshaped to represent and serve the nation. To promote tourism, traditions were invented and recycled for the pleasure and edification of new middle-class and foreign consumers of culture. Abundantly illustrated with maps and photographs, Remaking the Chinese City presents the best and most current scholarship on modern Chinese cities. Its thoroughness and detailed scholarship will appeal to the specialist, while its clarity and scope will engage the general reader. Contributors: Michael Tsin on Canton, Ruth Rogaski and Brett Sheehan on Tianjin, David Buck on Changchun, Kristin Stapleton on Chengdu, Liping Wang on Hangzhou, Madeleine Dong on Beijing, Charles Musgrove on Nanjing, Stephen MacKinnon on Wuhan, Lee MacIsaac on Chongqing, and Jeffrey Wasserstrom and David Strand with concluding essays.

Gold Warriors

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Author :
Publisher : Verso Books
ISBN 13 : 1789605237
Total Pages : 668 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (896 download)

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Book Synopsis Gold Warriors by : Peggy Seagrave

Download or read book Gold Warriors written by Peggy Seagrave and published by Verso Books. This book was released on 2020-05-05 with total page 668 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In 1945, US intelligence officers in Manila discovered that the Japanese had hidden large quantities of gold bullion and other looted treasure in the Philippines. President Truman decided to recover the gold but to keep its riches secret. These, combined with Japanese treasure recovered during the US occupation, and with recovered Nazi loot, would create a worldwide American political action fund to fight communism. This 'Black Gold' gave Washington virtually limitless, unaccountable funds, providing an asset base to reinforce the treasuries of America's allies, to bribe political and military leaders, and to manipulate elections in foreign countries for more than fifty years.

Ending Violence Against Women

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Author :
Publisher : Oxfam
ISBN 13 : 9780855984380
Total Pages : 390 pages
Book Rating : 4.9/5 (843 download)

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Book Synopsis Ending Violence Against Women by : Francine Pickup

Download or read book Ending Violence Against Women written by Francine Pickup and published by Oxfam. This book was released on 2001 with total page 390 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: 8. Challenging the state.