Algorithms Humans And Interactions

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Algorithms, Humans, and Interactions

Author : Don Donghee Shin
Publisher : Taylor & Francis
ISBN 13 : 1000825388
Total Pages : 177 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (8 download)

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Book Synopsis Algorithms, Humans, and Interactions by : Don Donghee Shin

Download or read book Algorithms, Humans, and Interactions written by Don Donghee Shin and published by Taylor & Francis. This book was released on 2023-01-31 with total page 177 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Amidst the rampant use of algorithmization enabled by AI, the common theme of AI systems is the human factor. Humans play an essential role in designing, developing, and operationalizing AI systems. We have a remit to ensure those systems run transparently, perform equitably, value our privacy, and effectively fulfill human needs. This book takes an interdisciplinary approach to contribute to the ongoing development of human–AI interaction with a particular focus on the "human" dimension and provides insights to improve the design of AI that could be genuinely beneficial and effectively used in society. The readers of this book will benefit by gaining insights into various perspectives about how AI has impacted people and society and how it will do so in the future, and understanding how we can design algorithm systems that are beneficial, legitimate, usable by humans, and designed considering and respecting human values. This book provides a horizontal set of guidelines and insight into how humans can be empowered by making choices about AI designs that allow them meaningful control over AI. Designing meaningful AI experiences has garnered great attention to address responsibility gaps and mitigate them by establishing conditions that enable the proper attribution of responsibility to humans. This book helps us understand the possibilities of what AI systems can do and how they can and should be integrated into our society.

A Human Algorithm

Author : Flynn Coleman
Publisher : Catapult
ISBN 13 : 1640094288
Total Pages : 337 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (4 download)

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Book Synopsis A Human Algorithm by : Flynn Coleman

Download or read book A Human Algorithm written by Flynn Coleman and published by Catapult. This book was released on 2020-10-20 with total page 337 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A groundbreaking narrative on the urgency of ethically designed AI and a guidebook to reimagining life in the era of intelligent technology. The Age of Intelligent Machines is upon us, and we are at a reflection point. The proliferation of fast–moving technologies, including forms of artificial intelligence akin to a new species, will cause us to confront profound questions about ourselves. The era of human intellectual superiority is ending, and we need to plan for this monumental shift. A Human Algorithm: How Artificial Intelligence Is Redefining Who We Are examines the immense impact intelligent technology will have on humanity. These machines, while challenging our personal beliefs and our socioeconomic world order, also have the potential to transform our health and well–being, alleviate poverty and suffering, and reveal the mysteries of intelligence and consciousness. International human rights attorney Flynn Coleman deftly argues that it is critical that we instill values, ethics, and morals into our robots, algorithms, and other forms of AI. Equally important, we need to develop and implement laws, policies, and oversight mechanisms to protect us from tech’s insidious threats. To realize AI’s transcendent potential, Coleman advocates for inviting a diverse group of voices to participate in designing our intelligent machines and using our moral imagination to ensure that human rights, empathy, and equity are core principles of emerging technologies. Ultimately, A Human Algorithm is a clarion call for building a more humane future and moving conscientiously into a new frontier of our own design. “[Coleman] argues that the algorithms of machine learning––if they are instilled with human ethics and values––could bring about a new era of enlightenment.” —San Francisco Chronicle

Human-Centered AI

Author : Ben Shneiderman
Publisher : Oxford University Press
ISBN 13 : 0192845292
Total Pages : 390 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (928 download)

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Book Synopsis Human-Centered AI by : Ben Shneiderman

Download or read book Human-Centered AI written by Ben Shneiderman and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2022 with total page 390 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The remarkable progress in algorithms for machine and deep learning have opened the doors to new opportunities, and some dark possibilities. However, a bright future awaits those who build on their working methods by including HCAI strategies of design and testing. As many technology companies and thought leaders have argued, the goal is not to replace people, but to empower them by making design choices that give humans control over technology. In Human-Centered AI, Professor Ben Shneiderman offers an optimistic realist's guide to how artificial intelligence can be used to augment and enhance humans' lives. This project bridges the gap between ethical considerations and practical realities to offer a road map for successful, reliable systems. Digital cameras, communications services, and navigation apps are just the beginning. Shneiderman shows how future applications will support health and wellness, improve education, accelerate business, and connect people in reliable, safe, and trustworthy ways that respect human values, rights, justice, and dignity.

Human-in-the-Loop Machine Learning

Author : Robert Munro
Publisher : Simon and Schuster
ISBN 13 : 1617296740
Total Pages : 422 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (172 download)

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Book Synopsis Human-in-the-Loop Machine Learning by : Robert Munro

Download or read book Human-in-the-Loop Machine Learning written by Robert Munro and published by Simon and Schuster. This book was released on 2021-07-20 with total page 422 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Machine learning applications perform better with human feedback. Keeping the right people in the loop improves the accuracy of models, reduces errors in data, lowers costs, and helps you ship models faster. Human-in-the-loop machine learning lays out methods for humans and machines to work together effectively. You'll find best practices on selecting sample data for human feedback, quality control for human annotations, and designing annotation interfaces. You'll learn to dreate training data for labeling, object detection, and semantic segmentation, sequence labeling, and more. The book starts with the basics and progresses to advanced techniques like transfer learning and self-supervision within annotation workflows.

Cognitive Behavior and Human Computer Interaction Based on Machine Learning Algorithms

Author : Sandeep Kumar
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 1119792088
Total Pages : 400 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (197 download)

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Book Synopsis Cognitive Behavior and Human Computer Interaction Based on Machine Learning Algorithms by : Sandeep Kumar

Download or read book Cognitive Behavior and Human Computer Interaction Based on Machine Learning Algorithms written by Sandeep Kumar and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2021-11-23 with total page 400 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: COGNITIVE BEHAVIOR AND HUMAN COMPUTER INTERACTION BASED ON MACHINE LEARNING ALGORITHMS The objective of this book is to provide the most relevant information on Human-Computer Interaction to academics, researchers, and students and for those from industry who wish to know more about the real-time application of user interface design. Human-computer interaction (HCI) is the academic discipline, which most of us think of as UI design, that focuses on how human beings and computers interact at ever-increasing levels of both complexity and simplicity. Because of the importance of the subject, this book aims to provide more relevant information that will be useful to students, academics, and researchers in the industry who wish to know more about its real-time application. In addition to providing content on theory, cognition, design, evaluation, and user diversity, this book also explains the underlying causes of the cognitive, social and organizational problems typically devoted to descriptions of rehabilitation methods for specific cognitive processes. Also described are the new modeling algorithms accessible to cognitive scientists from a variety of different areas. This book is inherently interdisciplinary and contains original research in computing, engineering, artificial intelligence, psychology, linguistics, and social and system organization as applied to the design, implementation, application, analysis, and evaluation of interactive systems. Since machine learning research has already been carried out for a decade in various applications, the new learning approach is mainly used in machine learning-based cognitive applications. Since this will direct the future research of scientists and researchers working in neuroscience, neuroimaging, machine learning-based brain mapping, and modeling, etc., this book highlights the framework of a novel robust method for advanced cross-industry HCI technologies. These implementation strategies and future research directions will meet the design and application requirements of several modern and real-time applications for a long time to come. Audience: A wide range of researchers, industry practitioners, and students will be interested in this book including those in artificial intelligence, machine learning, cognition, computer programming and engineering, as well as social sciences such as psychology and linguistics.

Human-algorithm Interaction

Author : Hans-Theo Normann
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9783863043919
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (439 download)

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Book Synopsis Human-algorithm Interaction by : Hans-Theo Normann

Download or read book Human-algorithm Interaction written by Hans-Theo Normann and published by . This book was released on 2022 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This paper investigates pricing in laboratory markets when human players interact with an algorithm. We compare the degree of competition when exclusively humans interact to the case of one firm delegating its decisions to an algorithm, an n-player generalization of tit-for-tat. We further vary whether participants know about the presence of the algorithm. When one of three firms in a market is an algorithm, we observe significantly higher prices compared to human-only markets. Firms employing an algorithm earn significantly less profit than their rivals. (Un)certainty about the actual presence of an algorithm does not significantly affect collusion, although humans do seem to perceive algorithms as more disruptive.

Innovations in Artificial Intelligence and Human-Computer Interaction in the Digital Era

Author : Surbhi Bhatia Khan
Publisher : Elsevier
ISBN 13 : 0323999492
Total Pages : 342 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (239 download)

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Book Synopsis Innovations in Artificial Intelligence and Human-Computer Interaction in the Digital Era by : Surbhi Bhatia Khan

Download or read book Innovations in Artificial Intelligence and Human-Computer Interaction in the Digital Era written by Surbhi Bhatia Khan and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2023-07-22 with total page 342 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Innovations in Artificial Intelligence and Human Computer Interaction in the Digital Era investigates the interaction and growing interdependency of the HCI and AI fields, which are not usually addressed in traditional approaches. Chapters explore how well AI can interact with users based on linguistics and user-centered design processes, especially with the advances of AI and the hype around many applications. Other sections investigate how HCI and AI can mutually benefit from a closer association and the how the AI community can improve their usage of HCI methods like “Wizard of Oz prototyping and “Thinking aloud protocols. Moreover, HCI can further augment human capabilities using new technologies. This book demonstrates how an interdisciplinary team of HCI and AI researchers can develop extraordinary applications, such as improved education systems, smart homes, smart healthcare and map Human Computer Interaction (HCI) for a multidisciplinary field that focuses on the design of computer technology and the interaction between users and computers in different domains. Presents fundamental concepts of both HCI and AI, addressing a multidisciplinary audience of researchers and engineers working on User Centered Design (UCD), User Interface (UI) design, and User Experience (UX) design Explores a broad range of case studies from across healthcare, industry, and education Investigates multiple strategies for designing and developing intelligent user interfaces to solve real-world problems Outlines research challenges and future directions for the intersection of AI and HCI

A Human's Guide to Machine Intelligence

Author : Kartik Hosanagar
Publisher : Penguin
ISBN 13 : 0525560904
Total Pages : 274 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (255 download)

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Book Synopsis A Human's Guide to Machine Intelligence by : Kartik Hosanagar

Download or read book A Human's Guide to Machine Intelligence written by Kartik Hosanagar and published by Penguin. This book was released on 2020-03-10 with total page 274 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A Wharton professor and tech entrepreneur examines how algorithms and artificial intelligence are starting to run every aspect of our lives, and how we can shape the way they impact us Through the technology embedded in almost every major tech platform and every web-enabled device, algorithms and the artificial intelligence that underlies them make a staggering number of everyday decisions for us, from what products we buy, to where we decide to eat, to how we consume our news, to whom we date, and how we find a job. We've even delegated life-and-death decisions to algorithms--decisions once made by doctors, pilots, and judges. In his new book, Kartik Hosanagar surveys the brave new world of algorithmic decision-making and reveals the potentially dangerous biases they can give rise to as they increasingly run our lives. He makes the compelling case that we need to arm ourselves with a better, deeper, more nuanced understanding of the phenomenon of algorithmic thinking. And he gives us a route in, pointing out that algorithms often think a lot like their creators--that is, like you and me. Hosanagar draws on his experiences designing algorithms professionally--as well as on history, computer science, and psychology--to explore how algorithms work and why they occasionally go rogue, what drives our trust in them, and the many ramifications of algorithmic decision-making. He examines episodes like Microsoft's chatbot Tay, which was designed to converse on social media like a teenage girl, but instead turned sexist and racist; the fatal accidents of self-driving cars; and even our own common, and often frustrating, experiences on services like Netflix and Amazon. A Human's Guide to Machine Intelligence is an entertaining and provocative look at one of the most important developments of our time and a practical user's guide to this first wave of practical artificial intelligence.

Artificial Misinformation

Author : Donghee Shin
Publisher : Palgrave Macmillan
ISBN 13 : 9783031525681
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (256 download)

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Book Synopsis Artificial Misinformation by : Donghee Shin

Download or read book Artificial Misinformation written by Donghee Shin and published by Palgrave Macmillan. This book was released on 2024-04-04 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book serves as a guide to understanding the dynamics of AI in human contexts with a specific focus on the generation, sharing, and consumption of misinformation online. How do humans and AI interact? How is AI shaping our understanding of ourselves and our societies? What are the interaction mechanisms that govern how humans and algorithms contribute to misinformation online? And how do we bridge the gap between ethical considerations and practical realities to make responsible, reliable systems? Exploring these questions, the book empowers humans to make AI design choices that allow them meaningful control over AI and the online sphere. Calling for an interdisciplinary approach toward human-misinformation algorithmic interaction that focuses on building methods and tools that robustly deal with complex psychological/social phenomena, the book offers a compelling insight into the future of AI-based society.

Artificial Communication

Author : Elena Esposito
Publisher : MIT Press
ISBN 13 : 0262368870
Total Pages : 199 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (623 download)

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Book Synopsis Artificial Communication by : Elena Esposito

Download or read book Artificial Communication written by Elena Esposito and published by MIT Press. This book was released on 2022-05-24 with total page 199 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A proposal that we think about digital technologies such as machine learning not in terms of artificial intelligence but as artificial communication. Algorithms that work with deep learning and big data are getting so much better at doing so many things that it makes us uncomfortable. How can a device know what our favorite songs are, or what we should write in an email? Have machines become too smart? In Artificial Communication, Elena Esposito argues that drawing this sort of analogy between algorithms and human intelligence is misleading. If machines contribute to social intelligence, it will not be because they have learned how to think like us but because we have learned how to communicate with them. Esposito proposes that we think of “smart” machines not in terms of artificial intelligence but in terms of artificial communication. To do this, we need a concept of communication that can take into account the possibility that a communication partner may be not a human being but an algorithm—which is not random and is completely controlled, although not by the processes of the human mind. Esposito investigates this by examining the use of algorithms in different areas of social life. She explores the proliferation of lists (and lists of lists) online, explaining that the web works on the basis of lists to produce further lists; the use of visualization; digital profiling and algorithmic individualization, which personalize a mass medium with playlists and recommendations; and the implications of the “right to be forgotten.” Finally, she considers how photographs today seem to be used to escape the present rather than to preserve a memory.

Algorithmic Institutionalism

Author : Ricardo Fabrino Mendonca
Publisher : Oxford University Press
ISBN 13 : 0192870076
Total Pages : 193 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (928 download)

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Book Synopsis Algorithmic Institutionalism by : Ricardo Fabrino Mendonca

Download or read book Algorithmic Institutionalism written by Ricardo Fabrino Mendonca and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2023-12-12 with total page 193 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Algorithmic Institutionalism is a multidisciplinary and innovative perspective on algorithms and the way they affect individuals and societies.

Explainable Human-AI Interaction

Author : Sarath Sarath Sreedharan
Publisher : Springer Nature
ISBN 13 : 3031037677
Total Pages : 164 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (31 download)

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Book Synopsis Explainable Human-AI Interaction by : Sarath Sarath Sreedharan

Download or read book Explainable Human-AI Interaction written by Sarath Sarath Sreedharan and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2022-05-31 with total page 164 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: From its inception, artificial intelligence (AI) has had a rather ambivalent relationship with humans—swinging between their augmentation and replacement. Now, as AI technologies enter our everyday lives at an ever-increasing pace, there is a greater need for AI systems to work synergistically with humans. One critical requirement for such synergistic human‒AI interaction is that the AI systems' behavior be explainable to the humans in the loop. To do this effectively, AI agents need to go beyond planning with their own models of the world, and take into account the mental model of the human in the loop. At a minimum, AI agents need approximations of the human's task and goal models, as well as the human's model of the AI agent's task and goal models. The former will guide the agent to anticipate and manage the needs, desires and attention of the humans in the loop, and the latter allow it to act in ways that are interpretable to humans (by conforming to their mental models of it), and be ready to provide customized explanations when needed. The authors draw from several years of research in their lab to discuss how an AI agent can use these mental models to either conform to human expectations or change those expectations through explanatory communication. While the focus of the book is on cooperative scenarios, it also covers how the same mental models can be used for obfuscation and deception. The book also describes several real-world application systems for collaborative decision-making that are based on the framework and techniques developed here. Although primarily driven by the authors' own research in these areas, every chapter will provide ample connections to relevant research from the wider literature. The technical topics covered in the book are self-contained and are accessible to readers with a basic background in AI.

Human-Computer Interaction – INTERACT 2019

Author : David Lamas
Publisher : Springer Nature
ISBN 13 : 3030293874
Total Pages : 782 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (32 download)

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Book Synopsis Human-Computer Interaction – INTERACT 2019 by : David Lamas

Download or read book Human-Computer Interaction – INTERACT 2019 written by David Lamas and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2019-08-24 with total page 782 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The four-volume set LNCS 11746–11749 constitutes the proceedings of the 17th IFIP TC 13 International Conference on Human-Computer Interaction, INTERACT 2019, held in Paphos, Cyprus, in September 2019. The total of 111 full papers presented together with 55 short papers and 48 other papers in these books was carefully reviewed and selected from 385 submissions. The contributions are organized in topical sections named: Part I: accessibility design principles; assistive technology for cognition and neurodevelopment disorders; assistive technology for mobility and rehabilitation; assistive technology for visually impaired; co-design and design methods; crowdsourcing and collaborative work; cyber security and e-voting systems; design methods; design principles for safety/critical systems. Part II: e-commerce; education and HCI curriculum I; education and HCI curriculum II; eye-gaze interaction; games and gamification; human-robot interaction and 3D interaction; information visualization; information visualization and augmented reality; interaction design for culture and development I. Part III: interaction design for culture and development II; interaction design for culture and development III; interaction in public spaces; interaction techniques for writing and drawing; methods for user studies; mobile HCI; personalization and recommender systems; pointing, touch, gesture and speech-based interaction techniques; social networks and social media interaction. Part IV: user modelling and user studies; user experience; users’ emotions, feelings and perception; virtual and augmented reality I; virtual and augmented reality II; wearable and tangible interaction; courses; demonstrations and installations; industry case studies; interactive posters; panels; workshops.

Message and Medium

Author : Caroline Tagg
Publisher : Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG
ISBN 13 : 3110670895
Total Pages : 353 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (16 download)

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Book Synopsis Message and Medium by : Caroline Tagg

Download or read book Message and Medium written by Caroline Tagg and published by Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. This book was released on 2020-06-08 with total page 353 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Studies of digital communication technologies often focus on the apparently unique set of multimodal resources afforded to users and the development of innovative linguistic strategies for performing mediatised identities and maintaining online social networks. This edited volume interrogates the novelty of such practices by establishing a transhistorical approach to the study of digital communication. The transhistorical approach explores language practices as lived experiences grounded in historical contexts, and aims to identify those elements of human behaviour that transcend historical boundaries, looking beyond specific developments in communication technologies to understand the enduring motivations and social concerns that drive human communication. The volume reveals long-term patterns in the indexical functions of seemingly innovative written and multimodal resources and the ideologies that underpin them, and shows that methods are not necessarily contingent on their datasets: historical analytic frameworks can be applied to digital data and newer approaches used to understand historical data. These insights present exciting opportunities for English language researchers, both historical and modern.

HCI International 2023 – Late Breaking Papers

Author : Hirohiko Mori
Publisher : Springer Nature
ISBN 13 : 3031480449
Total Pages : 485 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (314 download)

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Book Synopsis HCI International 2023 – Late Breaking Papers by : Hirohiko Mori

Download or read book HCI International 2023 – Late Breaking Papers written by Hirohiko Mori and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2023-11-20 with total page 485 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This seven-volume set LNCS 14054-14060 constitutes the proceedings of the 25th International Conference, HCI International 2023, in Copenhagen, Denmark, in July 2023. For the HCCII 2023 proceedings, a total of 1578 papers and 396 posters was carefully reviewed and selected from 7472 submissions. Additionally, 267 papers and 133 posters are included in the volumes of the proceedings published after the conference, as “Late Breaking Work”. These papers were organized in the following topical sections: HCI Design and User Experience; Cognitive Engineering and Augmented Cognition; Cultural Issues in Design; Technologies for the Aging Population; Accessibility and Design for All; Designing for Health and Wellbeing; Information Design, Visualization, Decision-making and Collaboration; Social Media, Creative Industries and Cultural Digital Experiences; Digital Human Modeling, Ergonomics and Safety; HCI in Automated Vehicles and Intelligent Transportation; Sustainable Green Smart Cities and Smart Industry; eXtended Reality Interactions; Gaming and Gamification Experiences; Interacting with Artificial Intelligence; Security, Privacy, Trust and Ethics; Learning Technologies and Learning Experiences; eCommerce, Digital Marketing and eFinance.

Applications of Human-Computer Interaction and Robotics based on Artificial Intelligence

Author : David Christopher Balderas Silva
Publisher : Editorial Digital del Tecnológico de Monterrey
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 270 pages
Book Rating : 4./5 ( download)

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Book Synopsis Applications of Human-Computer Interaction and Robotics based on Artificial Intelligence by : David Christopher Balderas Silva

Download or read book Applications of Human-Computer Interaction and Robotics based on Artificial Intelligence written by David Christopher Balderas Silva and published by Editorial Digital del Tecnológico de Monterrey. This book was released on 2020-01-27 with total page 270 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book provides the bases on AI techniques and offer solutions in modeling, pattern recognition, clustering, and many other problems. The text gives a comprehensive coverage of major AI techniques currently available to assist in HCI and Robotics.

Frontiers in Massive Data Analysis

Author : National Research Council
Publisher : National Academies Press
ISBN 13 : 0309287812
Total Pages : 190 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (92 download)

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Book Synopsis Frontiers in Massive Data Analysis by : National Research Council

Download or read book Frontiers in Massive Data Analysis written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2013-09-03 with total page 190 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Data mining of massive data sets is transforming the way we think about crisis response, marketing, entertainment, cybersecurity and national intelligence. Collections of documents, images, videos, and networks are being thought of not merely as bit strings to be stored, indexed, and retrieved, but as potential sources of discovery and knowledge, requiring sophisticated analysis techniques that go far beyond classical indexing and keyword counting, aiming to find relational and semantic interpretations of the phenomena underlying the data. Frontiers in Massive Data Analysis examines the frontier of analyzing massive amounts of data, whether in a static database or streaming through a system. Data at that scale--terabytes and petabytes--is increasingly common in science (e.g., particle physics, remote sensing, genomics), Internet commerce, business analytics, national security, communications, and elsewhere. The tools that work to infer knowledge from data at smaller scales do not necessarily work, or work well, at such massive scale. New tools, skills, and approaches are necessary, and this report identifies many of them, plus promising research directions to explore. Frontiers in Massive Data Analysis discusses pitfalls in trying to infer knowledge from massive data, and it characterizes seven major classes of computation that are common in the analysis of massive data. Overall, this report illustrates the cross-disciplinary knowledge--from computer science, statistics, machine learning, and application disciplines--that must be brought to bear to make useful inferences from massive data.