Aging In Muscle

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Sarcopenia – Age-Related Muscle Wasting and Weakness

Author : Gordon S. Lynch
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 9048197139
Total Pages : 482 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (481 download)

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Book Synopsis Sarcopenia – Age-Related Muscle Wasting and Weakness by : Gordon S. Lynch

Download or read book Sarcopenia – Age-Related Muscle Wasting and Weakness written by Gordon S. Lynch and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2010-11-30 with total page 482 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Some of the most serious consequences of aging are its effects on skeletal muscle. ‘Sarcopenia’, the progressive age-related loss of muscle mass and associated muscle weakness, renders frail elders susceptible to serious injury from sudden falls and fractures and at risk for losing their functional independence. Not surprisingly, sarcopenia is a significant public health problem throughout the developed world. There is an urgent need to better understand the neuromuscular mechanisms underlying age-related muscle wasting and to develop therapeutic strategies that can attenuate, prevent, or ultimately reverse sarcopenia. Significant research and development in academic and research institutions and in pharmaceutical companies is being directed to sarcopenia and to related health issues in order to develop and evaluate novel therapeutics. This book provides the latest information on sarcopenia from leading international researchers studying the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying age-related changes in skeletal muscle and identifies strategies to combat sarcopenia and related muscle wasting conditions and neuromuscular disorders. The book provides a vital resource for researchers and practitioners alike, with information relevant to gerontologists, geriatricians, sports medicine physicians, physiologists, neuroscientists, cell biologists, endocrinologists, physical therapists, allied health and musculoskeletal practitioners, strength and conditioning specialists, athletic trainers, and students of the medical and biomedical sciences.

The Role of Protein and Amino Acids in Sustaining and Enhancing Performance

Author : Institute of Medicine
Publisher : National Academies Press
ISBN 13 : 0309172810
Total Pages : 448 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (91 download)

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Book Synopsis The Role of Protein and Amino Acids in Sustaining and Enhancing Performance by : Institute of Medicine

Download or read book The Role of Protein and Amino Acids in Sustaining and Enhancing Performance written by Institute of Medicine and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 1999-09-15 with total page 448 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: It is a commonly held belief that athletes, particularly body builders, have greater requirements for dietary protein than sedentary individuals. However, the evidence in support of this contention is controversial. This book is the latest in a series of publications designed to inform both civilian and military scientists and personnel about issues related to nutrition and military service. Among the many other stressors they experience, soldiers face unique nutritional demands during combat. Of particular concern is the role that dietary protein might play in controlling muscle mass and strength, response to injury and infection, and cognitive performance. The first part of the book contains the committee's summary of the workshop, responses to the Army's questions, conclusions, and recommendations. The remainder of the book contains papers contributed by speakers at the workshop on such topics as, the effects of aging and hormones on regulation of muscle mass and function, alterations in protein metabolism due to the stress of injury or infection, the role of individual amino acids, the components of proteins, as neurotransmitters, hormones, and modulators of various physiological processes, and the efficacy and safety considerations associated with dietary supplements aimed at enhancing performance.

Respiratory Muscle Training

Author : Alison McConnell
Publisher : Elsevier Health Sciences
ISBN 13 : 0702054550
Total Pages : 403 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (2 download)

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Book Synopsis Respiratory Muscle Training by : Alison McConnell

Download or read book Respiratory Muscle Training written by Alison McConnell and published by Elsevier Health Sciences. This book was released on 2013-04-18 with total page 403 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Respiratory Muscle Training: theory and practice is the world’s first book to provide an "everything-you-need-to-know" guide to respiratory muscle training (RMT). Authored by an internationally-acclaimed expert, it is an evidence-based resource, built upon current scientific knowledge, as well as experience at the cutting-edge of respiratory training in a wide range of settings. The aim of the book is to give readers: 1) an introduction to respiratory physiology and exercise physiology, as well as training theory; 2) an understanding of how disease affects the respiratory muscles and the mechanics of breathing; 3) an insight into the disease-specific, evidence-based benefits of RMT; 4) advice on the application of RMT as a standalone treatment, and as part of a rehabilitation programme; and finally, 5) guidance on the application of functional training techniques to RMT. The book is divided into two parts – theory and practice. Part I provides readers with access to the theoretical building blocks that support practice. It explores the evidence base for RMT as well as the different methods of training respiratory muscles and their respective efficacy. Part II guides the reader through the practical implementation of the most widely validated form of RMT, namely inspiratory muscle resistance training. Finally, over 150 "Functional" RMT exercises are described, which incorporate a stability and/or postural challenge – and address specific movements that provoke dyspnoea. Respiratory Muscle Training: theory and practice is supported by a dedicated website (www.physiobreathe.com), which provides access to the latest information on RMT, as well as video clips of all exercises described in the book. Purchasers will also receive a three-month free trial of the Physiotec software platform (via www.physiotec.ca), which allows clinicians to create bespoke training programmes (including video clips) that can be printed or emailed to patients. Introductory overviews of respiratory and exercise physiology, as well as training theory Comprehensive, up-to-date review of respiratory muscle function, breathing mechanics and RMT Analysis of the interaction between disease and respiratory mechanics, as well as their independent and combined influence upon exercise tolerance Analysis of the rationale and application of RMT to over 20 clinical conditions, e.g., COPD, heart failure, obesity, mechanical ventilation Evidence-based guidance on the implementation of inspiratory muscle resistance training Over 150 functional exercises that incorporate a breathing challenge www.physiobreathe.com - access up-to-date information, video clips of exercises and a three-month free trial of Physiotec’s RMT exercise module (via www.physiotec.ca)

Muscle Regeneration

Author : Alexander Mauro
Publisher : Raven Press (ID)
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 582 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (91 download)

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Book Synopsis Muscle Regeneration by : Alexander Mauro

Download or read book Muscle Regeneration written by Alexander Mauro and published by Raven Press (ID). This book was released on 1979 with total page 582 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Muscles Do Matter

Author : Christopher Oliver
Publisher : eBookIt.com
ISBN 13 : 0648851109
Total Pages : 307 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (488 download)

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Book Synopsis Muscles Do Matter by : Christopher Oliver

Download or read book Muscles Do Matter written by Christopher Oliver and published by eBookIt.com. This book was released on 2021 with total page 307 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book will explain to you why muscles are essential to good health and how to maximize your skeletal muscle health through exercise, diet, and appropriate nutritional supplements. The goal is to help you focus much more on your body composition and functional abilities rather than just your body weight. Unfortunately, people, including many health professionals often regard age-related muscle loss as a problem of the elderly. It's not. This book is to help anyone over the age of forty years understand the fundamental importance of their skeletal muscle to their overall wellbeing and successful aging. I often call the forties the forgotten years, where people fully occupied with multiple commitments can often lose sight of their health. Rest assured, the principles in this book apply to people of any age! By applying the recommendations in this book, you will be stronger, healthier, and wiser.

Clinical Nutrition and Aging

Author : Chad Cox
Publisher : CRC Press
ISBN 13 : 1771883715
Total Pages : 299 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (718 download)

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Book Synopsis Clinical Nutrition and Aging by : Chad Cox

Download or read book Clinical Nutrition and Aging written by Chad Cox and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2016-02-24 with total page 299 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This title includes a number of Open Access chapters. Sarcopenia—the loss of muscle mass and strength that occurs with advancing age—is a major health challenge, particularly in North America, Europe, and Japan, which have large aging populations. This compendium volume is a valuable addition to the existing literature, providing state-of-the-art information on the most effective prevention and treatment options. Included are research articles on nutrition management and the prevention of sarcopenia; protein therapy for sarcopenia; effect of exercise on sarcopenia; and other therapeutic strategies, including antioxidants and steroids.

Fragility Fracture Nursing

Author : Karen Hertz
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 3319766813
Total Pages : 169 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (197 download)

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Book Synopsis Fragility Fracture Nursing by : Karen Hertz

Download or read book Fragility Fracture Nursing written by Karen Hertz and published by Springer. This book was released on 2018-06-15 with total page 169 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This open access book aims to provide a comprehensive but practical overview of the knowledge required for the assessment and management of the older adult with or at risk of fragility fracture. It considers this from the perspectives of all of the settings in which this group of patients receive nursing care. Globally, a fragility fracture is estimated to occur every 3 seconds. This amounts to 25 000 fractures per day or 9 million per year. The financial costs are reported to be: 32 billion EUR per year in Europe and 20 billon USD in the United States. As the population of China ages, the cost of hip fracture care there is likely to reach 1.25 billion USD by 2020 and 265 billion by 2050 (International Osteoporosis Foundation 2016). Consequently, the need for nursing for patients with fragility fracture across the world is immense. Fragility fracture is one of the foremost challenges for health care providers, and the impact of each one of those expected 9 million hip fractures is significant pain, disability, reduced quality of life, loss of independence and decreased life expectancy. There is a need for coordinated, multi-disciplinary models of care for secondary fracture prevention based on the increasing evidence that such models make a difference. There is also a need to promote and facilitate high quality, evidence-based effective care to those who suffer a fragility fracture with a focus on the best outcomes for recovery, rehabilitation and secondary prevention of further fracture. The care community has to understand better the experience of fragility fracture from the perspective of the patient so that direct improvements in care can be based on the perspectives of the users. This book supports these needs by providing a comprehensive approach to nursing practice in fragility fracture care.

Muscle Atrophy

Author : Junjie Xiao
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 9811314357
Total Pages : 624 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (113 download)

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Book Synopsis Muscle Atrophy by : Junjie Xiao

Download or read book Muscle Atrophy written by Junjie Xiao and published by Springer. This book was released on 2018-11-02 with total page 624 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The book addresses the development of muscle atrophy, which can be caused by denervation, disuse, excessive fasting, aging, and a variety of diseases including heart failure, chronic kidney diseases and cancers. Muscle atrophy reduces quality of life and increases morbidity and mortality worldwide. The book is divided into five parts, the first of which describes the general aspects of muscle atrophy including its characteristics, related economic and health burdens, and the current clinical therapy. Secondly, basic aspects of muscle atrophy including the composition, structure and function of skeletal muscle, muscle changes in response to atrophy, and experimental models are summarized. Thirdly, the book reviews the molecular mechanisms of muscle atrophy, including protein degradation and synthesis pathways, noncoding RNAs, inflammatory signaling, oxidative stress, mitochondria signaling, etc. Fourthly, it highlights the pathophysiological mechanisms of muscle atrophy in aging and disease. The book’s fifth and final part covers the diagnosis, treatment strategies, promising agents and future prospects of muscle atrophy. The book will appeal to a broad readership including scientists, undergraduate and graduate students in medicine and cell biology.

Anatomy and Physiology

Author : J. Gordon Betts
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9781947172807
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (728 download)

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Book Synopsis Anatomy and Physiology by : J. Gordon Betts

Download or read book Anatomy and Physiology written by J. Gordon Betts and published by . This book was released on 2013-04-25 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Osteosarcopenia: Bone, Muscle and Fat Interactions

Author : Gustavo Duque
Publisher : Springer Nature
ISBN 13 : 3030258904
Total Pages : 383 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (32 download)

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Book Synopsis Osteosarcopenia: Bone, Muscle and Fat Interactions by : Gustavo Duque

Download or read book Osteosarcopenia: Bone, Muscle and Fat Interactions written by Gustavo Duque and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2019-11-06 with total page 383 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This edited work presents the most current evidence on osteosarcopenia from bench to bedside, which is expected to facilitate the understanding of this syndrome and to develop preventive and therapeutic strategies. With our aging population, chronic diseases such as osteoporosis and sarcopenia are becoming highly prevalent. Fortunately, our understanding of the bone and muscle interactions has increased in recent years. This has allowed to the coining of the term osteosarcopenia to describe a syndrome in which these two diseases overlap. This overlap between osteoporosis and sarcopenia has major negative effects not only on our older adults but also on health systems worldwide. Readers will find a highly translational approach that starts with a summary of recent discoveries on stem cells biology, muscle and bone interactions – including the role of local bone and muscle fat – followed by comprehensive reviews on myokines (i.e. myostatin), osteokines (i.e. osteocalcin) and adipokines (i.e. interleukins) as major players and determinants of bone and muscle loss with aging. In addition, the role of sex steroids (i.e. estrogens, androgens), and calciotropic hormones (i.e. parathyroid hormone, vitamin D) in the pathogenesis of this syndrome is also reviewed. Moreover, using practical diagnostic and therapeutic tips, this book summarizes the clinical characteristics of osteosarcopenic patients thus facilitating the diagnosis and treatment of this syndrome in clinical practice. Finally, the book presents the case for the Falls and Fractures Clinic as the optimal model of care for this syndrome, aimed to avoid fragmentation and optimize osteosarcopenia care, and simultaneously prevent falls and fractures in older persons. This book offers relevant information on the mechanisms of osteosarcopenia, and a practical guide on how to identify and treat this geriatric syndrome and its adverse outcomes, which are dramatically affecting our aging population. The work is written by leaders in the field and is especially suited not only to any researcher in the musculoskeletal arena but also to medical specialists and allied health professionals involved in the care of older persons.

Sarcopenia

Author : Alfonso J. Cruz-Jentoft
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 1119597900
Total Pages : 464 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (195 download)

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Book Synopsis Sarcopenia by : Alfonso J. Cruz-Jentoft

Download or read book Sarcopenia written by Alfonso J. Cruz-Jentoft and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2021-06-15 with total page 464 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: SARCOPENIA An in-depth examination of sarcopenia’s underexplored yet widespread impact within the field of gerontology Sarcopenia is common in older men and women, and yet awareness of its clinical relevance is still relatively low. Only formally included in the International Classification of Diseases in 2016, the condition may impact societies with serious health-related and financial consequences unless consistent, effective methods of identification and management are adopted. This second edition of Sarcopenia provides geriatricians and other healthcare professionals with a revised and expanded examination of this understudied and underdiagnosed condition. Edited by two leading authorities on the subject, it covers the epidemiology and diagnosis of sarcopenia, as well as treatment options and possible prevention strategies. Eight newly written chapters build upon existing knowledge with fresh data on topics including sarcopenia’s biomarkers and its impact on the healthcare economy. This important text: Defines sarcopenia and explains its clinical relevance Covers all recent scientific evidence Outlines treatment options Considers prevention strategies Discusses sarcopenia as a public health priority Features eight new chapters covering topics such as sarcopenia’s clinical management, its biomarkers, and its financial impact Containing vital information for clinicians and other professionals working in geriatric care, nursing homes, nutrition, cancer, endocrinology, surgery, sports medicine and many other specialties, Sarcopenia, second edition, is a groundbreaking and essential new resource.

Physiology of Exercise and Healthy Aging

Author : Albert W. Taylor
Publisher : Human Kinetics
ISBN 13 : 1492597252
Total Pages : 409 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (925 download)

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Book Synopsis Physiology of Exercise and Healthy Aging by : Albert W. Taylor

Download or read book Physiology of Exercise and Healthy Aging written by Albert W. Taylor and published by Human Kinetics. This book was released on 2021-11-15 with total page 409 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "This text is written explicitly for readers with an interest in the aging process and the effects that exercise has on the quality of life and various diseases and maladies of the aging population. It is expected that the readers using this book as a course textbook or as auxiliary reading for a course, will have taken at least an introductory course in human physiology. The text refers throughout to the three groups in the aging and health spectrum, average aging individuals, the frail elderly and Masters Athletes"--

Frailty and Sarcopenia

Author : Yannis Dionyssiotis
Publisher : BoD – Books on Demand
ISBN 13 : 9535134833
Total Pages : 256 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (351 download)

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Book Synopsis Frailty and Sarcopenia by : Yannis Dionyssiotis

Download or read book Frailty and Sarcopenia written by Yannis Dionyssiotis and published by BoD – Books on Demand. This book was released on 2017-08-30 with total page 256 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Frailty is considered a multisystem impairment that makes an individual vulnerable to external or internal stressors. Sarcopenia, the age-dependent loss of muscle mass and function, is proposed as the biological substrate and the pathway whereby the consequences of physical frailty develop. These syndromes are associated with a negative impact in quality of life and can lead to the occurrence of disability, institutionalization, and even mortality. The book focuses upon all the related aspects of frailty and sarcopenia and the new advancements in the related treatments including complex issues and research. It includes high-quality chapters in all related aspects for the syndromes of sarcopenia and frailty, which adversely affect the function and overall effectiveness of the musculoskeletal system and interventions to promote rehabilitation.

Ageless

Author : Andrew Steele
Publisher : Anchor
ISBN 13 : 0385544936
Total Pages : 353 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (855 download)

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Book Synopsis Ageless by : Andrew Steele

Download or read book Ageless written by Andrew Steele and published by Anchor. This book was released on 2021-03-23 with total page 353 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: “A fascinating look at how scientists are working to help doctors treat the aging process itself, helping us all to lead longer, healthier lives.” —Sanjay Gupta, MD Aging—not cancer, not heart disease—is the underlying cause of most human death and suffering. The same cascade of biological changes that renders us wrinkled and gray also opens the door to dementia and disease. We work furiously to conquer each individual disease, but we never think to ask: Is aging itself necessary? Nature tells us it is not: there are tortoises and salamanders who are spry into old age and whose risk of dying is the same no matter how old they are, a phenomenon known as “biological immortality.” In Ageless, Andrew Steelecharts the astounding progress science has made in recent years to secure the same for humans: to help us become old without getting frail, to live longer without ill health or disease.

Pathophysiological Mechanisms of Sarcopenia in Aging and in Muscular Dystrophy: A Translational Approach

Author : Luciano Merlini
Publisher : Frontiers Media SA
ISBN 13 : 2889196844
Total Pages : 250 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (891 download)

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Book Synopsis Pathophysiological Mechanisms of Sarcopenia in Aging and in Muscular Dystrophy: A Translational Approach by : Luciano Merlini

Download or read book Pathophysiological Mechanisms of Sarcopenia in Aging and in Muscular Dystrophy: A Translational Approach written by Luciano Merlini and published by Frontiers Media SA. This book was released on 2016-01-18 with total page 250 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Loss of muscle mass and increased fibrosis characterize both sarcopenia of aging and muscular dystrophy. Research is increasingly showing that these two conditions also share several pathophysiological mechanisms, including mitochondrial dysfunction, increased apoptosis, abnormal modulation of autophagy, decline in satellite cells, increased generation of reactive oxygen species, and abnormal regulation of signaling and stress response pathways. This Research Topic will cover several mechanisms involved in aging and dystrophic sarcopenia and explore the therapeutic potential of various strategies for intervention.

From Brain to Body: The Impact of Nervous System Declines on Muscle Performance in Aging

Author : Brian C. Clark
Publisher : Frontiers Media SA
ISBN 13 : 2889196860
Total Pages : 156 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (891 download)

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Book Synopsis From Brain to Body: The Impact of Nervous System Declines on Muscle Performance in Aging by : Brian C. Clark

Download or read book From Brain to Body: The Impact of Nervous System Declines on Muscle Performance in Aging written by Brian C. Clark and published by Frontiers Media SA. This book was released on 2015-12-18 with total page 156 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Download PDF Download EPUB The deterioration of skeletal muscle performance (e.g., declines in muscle strength and motor performance) with advancing age has long been anecdotally recognized as Shakespeare pointed out nearly a half millennium ago in his monologue The Seven Ages of Man, and has been of scientific interest for well over a century. Over the past several decades the scientific and medical communities have recognized that reduced skeletal muscle performance is a debilitating and life threatening condition in the elderly. For example, the age-associated loss of muscle strength, as well as impairment in the ability to finely control movement, is highly associated with physical disability and difficulty performing activities of daily living. While the nervous system is widely recognized for its role in controlling skeletal muscle during motor function, its role in determining the performance characteristics of aged skeletal muscle has largely been understudied. Historically, it was believed that these reductions in muscle performance were primarily resultant of age-associated adaptations in skeletal muscle (e.g., muscle atrophy). However, aging is associated with widespread qualitative and quantitative changes in both the central and peripheral nervous systems that are likely to influence numerous aspects of muscle performance, such as muscle strength, fatigue, and motor control, as well as mobility. In this research topic, we sought to examine a broad range of issues surrounding: 1) the age-related changes in nervous system anatomical, physiological, and biochemical changes in the central and/or peripheral nervous systems; 2) the functional role of these nervous system changes in contributing to altered skeletal muscle performance and/or mobility; and 3) physical and pharmacologic interventions that act via the nervous system to enhance muscle performance and/or mobility. Researchers and academicians engaged in aging, neuroscience, and/or applied physiology research focused within the scope of this research topic, were encouraged to contribute an original research article, review article, clinical case study, hypothesis and theory article, method article, opinion article, or technology report to this research topic. Herein, we present a series of outstanding articles within this scope of work, including a last minute addition article from Wiesmeier, Dalin and Maurer that is not mentioned in the editorial, that we hope will help to vertically advance the intersecting fields of aging/geriatrics and neuroscience. Lastly, as the editors, we wish to thank all article contributors and peer reviewers for their efforts in contributing to this Research Topic journal issue/book. Additionally, we would like to thank people everywhere who volunteer their time and body for human subjects research studies, such that are presented herein. It is the wonderful individuals who are willing to participate in experiments that make scientific exploration and health and medical advancements possible.

Reviews on New Drug Targets in Age-Related Disorders

Author : Paul C. Guest
Publisher : Springer Nature
ISBN 13 : 303042667X
Total Pages : 340 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (34 download)

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Book Synopsis Reviews on New Drug Targets in Age-Related Disorders by : Paul C. Guest

Download or read book Reviews on New Drug Targets in Age-Related Disorders written by Paul C. Guest and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2020-04-17 with total page 340 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Aging is an inevitable part of life and is becoming a worldwide social, economic and health problem. This is mainly due to the fact that the increasing proportion of individuals in the advanced age category have a higher probability of developing age-related disorders, such as type II diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular disorders, sarcopenia, and neurodegenerative conditions. New therapeutic approaches are still needed to decrease or slow the effects of such diseases. Advances in -omic technologies, such as genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics and metabolomics, have significantly advanced our understanding of disease in multiple medical areas, as the analysis of multiple molecular networks has simultaneously provided a more integrated view of disease pathways. It is hoped that emerging hits from these analyses might be prioritized for further screening as potential novel drug targets for increasing the human healthspan in line with the lifespan. In turn, this will lead to new therapeutic strategies as well as drug development projects by the pharmaceutical industry. This book presents a series of reviews describing studies that have resulted in identification of new potential drug targets for age-related disorders. Much of this information has come from -omic comparisons of healthy and disease states or from testing the effects of new therapeutic approaches. Authored by experts from around the globe, each chapter is presented in the context of specific chronic diseases or therapeutic strategies. This book is designed for researchers in the areas of aging and chronic disease, as well as clinical scientists, physicians and stakeholders in major drug companies.