Advanced Protocols In Oxidative Stress Ii

Download Advanced Protocols In Oxidative Stress Ii full books in PDF, epub, and Kindle. Read online Advanced Protocols In Oxidative Stress Ii ebook anywhere anytime directly on your device. Fast Download speed and no annoying ads. We cannot guarantee that every ebooks is available!

Advanced Protocols in Oxidative Stress II

Author : Donald Armstrong
Publisher : Humana
ISBN 13 : 9781493957033
Total Pages : 444 pages
Book Rating : 4.9/5 (57 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Advanced Protocols in Oxidative Stress II by : Donald Armstrong

Download or read book Advanced Protocols in Oxidative Stress II written by Donald Armstrong and published by Humana. This book was released on 2016-08-23 with total page 444 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Expanding upon the research elucidated by the first volume of this collection, Advanced Protocols in Oxidative Stress II presents thirty additional cutting-edge chapters focusing on novel techniques for detecting ROS/RNS, unique AOX technology and applications, gene expression and biostatistics for evaluating OS-derived experimental data. The international panel of authors also provide animal models and numerous studies concentrating on mitochondria during hypoxic conditions using advanced methods for pO2, peroxynitrate, reactive S-nitrosothiols, lipid peroxides, COX, and the mitochondrial membrane potential. Due to the dynamic nature of this topic, this book is the second of several volumes of Advanced Protocols in Oxidative Stress, all included in the highly successful Methods in Molecular BiologyTM series. As part of the series, the chapters of this volume present brief introductions to the respective subjects, lists of the necessary materials and reagents, step-by-step, readily reproducible laboratory protocols, and tips on troubleshooting to ensure easy replication of the technology involved. Authoritative and convenient, Advanced Protocols in Oxidative Stress II is an ideal desk reference for scientists wishing to further the research in this exciting, unique, and vital field of study.

Advanced Protocols in Oxidative Stress

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (2 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Advanced Protocols in Oxidative Stress by :

Download or read book Advanced Protocols in Oxidative Stress written by and published by . This book was released on 2008 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Advanced Protocols in Oxidative Stress I

Author : D. Armstrong
Publisher : Methods in Molecular Biology
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 456 pages
Book Rating : 4.F/5 ( download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Advanced Protocols in Oxidative Stress I by : D. Armstrong

Download or read book Advanced Protocols in Oxidative Stress I written by D. Armstrong and published by Methods in Molecular Biology. This book was released on 2008-10-09 with total page 456 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Advanced Protocols in Oxidative Stress I covers the field of oxidative stress with state-of-the-art technology to utilize in research, contributed by an international panel of experts renowned for developing new procedures and methods.

Advanced Protocols in Oxidative Stress III

Author : Donald Armstrong
Publisher : Humana
ISBN 13 : 9781493946402
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.9/5 (464 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Advanced Protocols in Oxidative Stress III by : Donald Armstrong

Download or read book Advanced Protocols in Oxidative Stress III written by Donald Armstrong and published by Humana. This book was released on 2016-09-22 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Advanced Protocols in Oxidative Stress III continues the thread of the first two books by covering technology ranging from a portable hand-held detector for remote analysis of antioxidant capacity to sophisticated technology such as shotgun lipidomics, mitochondrial imaging, nano sensors, fluorescent probes, chromatographic fingerprints, computational models and bio statistical applications. Several chapters have shown the effect of pro-oxidation and antioxidants as inflammatory mediators in signaling pathways leading from the initial stimulus to termination through redox cycles. Written for the highly successful Methods in Molecular Biology series, chapters include introductions to their respective topics, lists of the necessary materials and reagents, step-by-step, readily reproducible laboratory protocols and tips on troubleshooting and avoiding known pitfalls. Comprehensive and practical, Advanced Protocols in Oxidative Stress III offers to save investigators significant time and effort, allowing them to focus on their own personal topic of interest.

Oxidants and Antioxidants

Author : Donald Armstrong
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 1592592740
Total Pages : 351 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (925 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Oxidants and Antioxidants by : Donald Armstrong

Download or read book Oxidants and Antioxidants written by Donald Armstrong and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2008-02-02 with total page 351 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In our first protocols book, Free Radical and Antioxidant Protocols (1), r- erence to in vivo, ex vivo, or in situ techniques were few compared to classical biochemical assays and only 6 of the 40 chapters were concerned with these applications. In our second book, Oxidative Stress Biomarkers and Antioxidant Protocols (2), which is being published concurrently with this third volume, Oxidants and Antioxidants: Ultrastructure and Molecular Biology Protocols, the number of such chapters has increased. The literature dealing with histoche- cal/cytochemical and immunohistochemical techniques and staining to identify cellular/subcellular sites of oxidative stress has expanded rapidly, as has the molecular biology methodology used to analyze free radical and antioxidant (AOX) reactions, as well as the monitoring of living tissue. A two-way search was performed for each technique listed in Table 1, coupled with “oxidative stress” using the PUBMED search engine from the National Library of Medicine at NIH. Most of the techniques involved in m- suring oxidative stress employ molecular biology or ultrastructural approaches. Of these techniques, histology, polymerase chain reaction, and Western blotting are the most widely used. Several forms of therapy are now available for patients with increased oxidative stress. In addition to standard antioxidant therapy supplementation in vivo and in vitro, photodynamic therapy (PDT) employs excitation of a photon-emitting compound delivered systemically for free radical-mediated necrosis of affected tissues, and stem cells are also being used to induce signaling events or replace antioxidant enzymes.

Advanced Protocols in Oxidative Stress II

Author : Donald Armstrong
Publisher : Humana Press
ISBN 13 : 9781607614104
Total Pages : 468 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (141 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Advanced Protocols in Oxidative Stress II by : Donald Armstrong

Download or read book Advanced Protocols in Oxidative Stress II written by Donald Armstrong and published by Humana Press. This book was released on 2010 with total page 468 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Expanding upon the research elucidated by the first volume of this collection, Advanced Protocols in Oxidative Stress II presents thirty additional cutting-edge chapters focusing on novel techniques for detecting ROS/RNS, unique AOX technology and applications, gene expression and biostatistics for evaluating OS-derived experimental data. The international panel of authors also provide animal models and numerous studies concentrating on mitochondria during hypoxic conditions using advanced methods for pO2, peroxynitrate, reactive S-nitrosothiols, lipid peroxides, COX, and the mitochondrial membrane potential. Due to the dynamic nature of this topic, this book is the second of several volumes of Advanced Protocols in Oxidative Stress, all included in the highly successful Methods in Molecular BiologyTM series. As part of the series, the chapters of this volume present brief introductions to the respective subjects, lists of the necessary materials and reagents, step-by-step, readily reproducible laboratory protocols, and tips on troubleshooting to ensure easy replication of the technology involved. Authoritative and convenient, Advanced Protocols in Oxidative Stress II is an ideal desk reference for scientists wishing to further the research in this exciting, unique, and vital field of study.

Oxidative Stress Biomarkers and Antioxidant Protocols

Author : Donald Armstrong
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 1592591736
Total Pages : 320 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (925 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Oxidative Stress Biomarkers and Antioxidant Protocols by : Donald Armstrong

Download or read book Oxidative Stress Biomarkers and Antioxidant Protocols written by Donald Armstrong and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2008-02-04 with total page 320 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The first protocols book, Free Radical and Antioxidant Protocols (1) was published in late 1998. Sections were divided into three parts, covering selected biochemical techniques for measuring oxidative stress, antioxidant (AOX) activity, and combined applications. In choosing the 40 methods to be included in that book, I realized there were considerably more of equal value than that which we could have presented in a single volume. To produce a comprehensive resource, this book and a third are being compiled to expand coverage of the field. A summary of papers (2) published on this important subject emphasizes the continuing rapid growth in oxidative stress investigations relating to our understanding of biochemical reactions, their relevance to pathophysiological mechanisms, how disease may arise, and how therapeutic intervention may be achieved(3). Although there is some overlap between the categories, the ana- sis shown below illustrates where current studies are concentrated and are almost evenly distributed between free radicals and AOX. Over the last 4 yr, there has been a 55% increase in the number of papers published in the area.

Oxidative Stress and Antioxidant Protection

Author : Donald Armstrong
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 1118832485
Total Pages : 610 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (188 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Oxidative Stress and Antioxidant Protection by : Donald Armstrong

Download or read book Oxidative Stress and Antioxidant Protection written by Donald Armstrong and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2016-04-11 with total page 610 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Oxidative Stress and Antioxidant Protection: The Science of Free Radical Biology and Disease Oxidative Stress and Antioxidant Protection begins with a historical perspective of pioneers in oxidative stress with an introductory section that explains the basic principles related to oxidative stress in biochemistry and molecular biology, demonstrating both pathways and biomarkers. This section also covers diagnostic imaging and differential diagnostics. The following section covers psychological, physiologic, pharmacologic and pathologic correlates. This section addresses inheritance, gender, nutrition, obesity, family history, behavior modification, natural herbal-botanical products, and supplementation in the treatment of disease. Clinical trials are also summarized for major medical disorders and efficacy of treatment, with particular focus on inflammation, immune response, recycling, disease progression, outcomes and interventions. Each of the chapters describes what biomarker(s) and physiological functions may be relevant to a concept of specific disease and potential alternative therapy. The chapters cover medical terminology, developmental change, effects of aging, senescence, lifespan, and wound healing, and also illustrates cross-over exposure to other fields. The final chapter covers how and when to interpret appropriate data used in entry level biostatistics and epidemiology. Authored and edited by leaders in the field, Oxidative Stress and Antioxidant Protection will be an invaluable resource for students and researchers studying cell biology, molecular biology, and biochemistry, as well professionals in various health science fields.

Oxidative Stress: Diagnostic Methods and Applications in Medical Science

Author : Pawan Kumar Maurya
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 9811047111
Total Pages : 168 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (11 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Oxidative Stress: Diagnostic Methods and Applications in Medical Science by : Pawan Kumar Maurya

Download or read book Oxidative Stress: Diagnostic Methods and Applications in Medical Science written by Pawan Kumar Maurya and published by Springer. This book was released on 2017-10-24 with total page 168 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book discusses the importance of oxidative stress, related biomarkers, and its diagnostic methods including bio-analytical and advanced detection systems. Oxidative stress is associated with diminished capacity of a biological system to overcome the overproduction of reactive oxygen species. Since oxidative stress has been suggested as a causative factor in many diseases, its prevention is vital, and there is an urgent need for oxidative stress monitoring using in vitro and in vivo models. Interdisciplinary approaches have lead to the development of various oxidative stress monitoring models for real-world clinical and biomedical applications. The development of such methods requires a broad understanding of biology, chemistry, molecular biology, immunology and microbiology. As such, the book is a valuable resource for students, researchers and clinicians interested in the fundamental as well as applied aspects of oxidative stress associated diseases.

Measuring Oxidants and Oxidative Stress in Biological Systems

Author : Lawrence J. Berliner
Publisher : Springer Nature
ISBN 13 : 303047318X
Total Pages : 237 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (34 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Measuring Oxidants and Oxidative Stress in Biological Systems by : Lawrence J. Berliner

Download or read book Measuring Oxidants and Oxidative Stress in Biological Systems written by Lawrence J. Berliner and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2020-08-08 with total page 237 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book describes the methods of analysis and determination of oxidants and oxidative stress in biological systems. Reviews and protocols on select methods of analysis of ROS, RNS, oxygen, redox status, and oxidative stress in biological systems are described in detail. It is an essential resource for both novices and experts in the field of oxidant and oxidative stress biology.

Reactive Oxygen, Nitrogen and Sulfur Species in Plants

Author : Mirza Hasanuzzaman
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 1119468663
Total Pages : 1024 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (194 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Reactive Oxygen, Nitrogen and Sulfur Species in Plants by : Mirza Hasanuzzaman

Download or read book Reactive Oxygen, Nitrogen and Sulfur Species in Plants written by Mirza Hasanuzzaman and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2019-07-02 with total page 1024 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Presents a multidisciplinary analysis of the integration among reactive oxygen species (ROS), reactive nitrogen species (RNS), and reactive sulfur species (RSS). Since plants are the main source of our food, the improvement of their productivity is the most important task for plant biologists. In this book, leading experts accumulate the recent development in the research on oxidative stress and approaches to enhance antioxidant defense system in crop plants. They discuss both the plant responses to oxidative stress and mechanisms of abiotic stress tolerance, and cover all of the recent approaches towards understanding oxidative stress in plants, providing comprehensive information about the topics. It also discusses how reactive nitrogen species and reactive sulfur species regulate plant physiology and plant tolerance to environmental stresses. Reactive Oxygen, Nitrogen and Sulfur Species in Plants: Production, Metabolism, Signaling and Defense Mechanisms covers everything readers need to know in four comprehensive sections. It starts by looking at reactive oxygen species metabolism and antioxidant defense. Next, it covers reactive nitrogen species metabolism and signaling before going on to reactive sulfur species metabolism and signaling. The book finishes with a section that looks at crosstalk among reactive oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfur species based on current research done by experts. Presents the newest method for understanding oxidative stress in plants. Covers both the plant responses to oxidative stress and mechanisms of abiotic stress tolerance Details the integration among reactive oxygen species (ROS), reactive nitrogen species (RNS) and reactive sulfur species (RSS) Written by 140 experts in the field of plant stress physiology, crop improvement, and genetic engineering Providing a comprehensive collection of up-to-date knowledge spanning from biosynthesis and metabolism to signaling pathways implicated in the involvement of RONSS to plant defense mechanisms, Reactive Oxygen, Nitrogen and Sulfur Species in Plants: Production, Metabolism, Signaling and Defense Mechanisms is an excellent book for plant breeders, molecular biologists, and plant physiologists, as well as a guide for students in the field of Plant Science.

Free Radicals and Antioxidant Protocols

Author : Rao M. Uppu
Publisher : Humana Press
ISBN 13 : 9781617796838
Total Pages : 480 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (968 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Free Radicals and Antioxidant Protocols by : Rao M. Uppu

Download or read book Free Radicals and Antioxidant Protocols written by Rao M. Uppu and published by Humana Press. This book was released on 2012-04-06 with total page 480 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This cutting-edge and updated book offers methods for the rapid detection of RONs and redox stress. It includes in-depth analysis of natural and synthetic antioxidants, and also of DNA oxidation, oxidative lipidomics, and biomarkers.

Peanuts: Bioactives and Allergens

Author : N. Alice Lee
Publisher : DEStech Publications, Inc
ISBN 13 : 160595036X
Total Pages : 379 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (59 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Peanuts: Bioactives and Allergens by : N. Alice Lee

Download or read book Peanuts: Bioactives and Allergens written by N. Alice Lee and published by DEStech Publications, Inc. This book was released on 2016-04-27 with total page 379 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Investigates the chemistry and bioactivity of the peanut as a food ingredientClarifies the causes of health effects in the human diet, both positive and negativePresents technical strategies to increase peanuts' value and reduce risks With the peanut representing an ever-increasing component of the global diet, the current book presents a scientific analysis of the two main and dichotomous properties of peanuts: allergenicity and health. The volume provides a technical explanation of the bioactive nutrients and dietary benefits of the peanut. It also reviews and analyzes the evidence implicating peanuts as a food allergen. Moving beyond nutritional science to food technology and engineering, the book demonstrates how genetic, pre-harvest, post-harvest and processing technologies can be applied to increase the nutraceutical value of peanuts and mitigate their risks.

Advances in Plant Ecophysiology Techniques

Author : Adela M. Sánchez-Moreiras
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 3319932330
Total Pages : 497 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (199 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Advances in Plant Ecophysiology Techniques by : Adela M. Sánchez-Moreiras

Download or read book Advances in Plant Ecophysiology Techniques written by Adela M. Sánchez-Moreiras and published by Springer. This book was released on 2018-08-17 with total page 497 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This handbook covers the most commonly used techniques for measuring plant response to biotic and abiotic stressing factors, including: in vitro and in vivo bioassays; the study of root morphology, photosynthesis (pigment content, net photosynthesis, respiration, fluorescence and thermoluminiscence) and water status; thermal imaging; the measurement of oxidative stress markers; flow cytometry for measuring cell cycle and other physiological parameters; the use of microscope techniques for studying plant microtubules; programmed-cell-death; last-generation techniques (metabolomics, proteomics, SAR/QSAR); hybridization methods; isotope techniques for plant and soil studies; and the measurement of detoxification pathways, volatiles, soil microorganisms, and computational biology.

Chemistry and Technology of Plant Substances

Author : Alexander V. Kutchin
Publisher : CRC Press
ISBN 13 : 1351800280
Total Pages : 380 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (518 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Chemistry and Technology of Plant Substances by : Alexander V. Kutchin

Download or read book Chemistry and Technology of Plant Substances written by Alexander V. Kutchin and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2017-07-28 with total page 380 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Chemistry and Technology of Plant Substances: Chemical and Biochemical Aspects demonstrates the progress and promise of developing new chemical substances from renewable sources of chemical raw materials. The volume brings together new achievements in the field of research and processing of plant raw materials and the synthesis of natural compounds for the production of biologically active substances and drugs. The volume looks closely at the rational use of renewable raw materials, which is the source of new compounds and intermediates for the chemical industry. It covers a wide range of problems associated with the use of the components of plants to produce new substances with a wide variety of purposes. According to the latest estimates, plants form about a million chemical substances. In some cases, plant products have pharmacological or biological activity that can be of therapeutic benefit in treating diseases. In addition, due to the structural diversity of plant material, chemical synthesis is easily reachable. Synthetic analogs of natural products with improved potency and safety can be prepared by chemical synthesis. Such synthetic analogs are safer for humans. Plant materials are often used as starting points for drug discovery. Chemistry and Technology of Plant Substances: Chemical and Biochemical Aspects presents the theoretical trends and recent practical achievements on complex processing of plant-based raw materials. Low molecular weight components, isolated from plant material, are widely used in fine organic synthesis. High molecular weight polysaccharides of conifers and other greens, such as pectin and hemicellulose, are the basis for the creation of anticoagulants and other drugs. The range of research papers presented in the book is quite wide: from fundamental and applied problems of wood chemistry and organic synthesis to biological activity of natural compounds. The book provides valuable information for those skilled in organic chemistry, chemical engineers, researchers and scientists as well as for faculty and upper-level students. This volume, Chemistry and Technology of Plant Substances: Chemical and Biochemical Aspects, was created on the initiative of Emanuel Institute of Biochemical Physics of the Russian Academy of Sciences (Moscow) and the Institute of Chemistry of Komi Scientific Center of Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences (Syktyvkar).

Progress in Volatile Organic Compounds Research

Author : Igor Jerković
Publisher : MDPI
ISBN 13 : 3039288717
Total Pages : 228 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (392 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Progress in Volatile Organic Compounds Research by : Igor Jerković

Download or read book Progress in Volatile Organic Compounds Research written by Igor Jerković and published by MDPI. This book was released on 2020-12-29 with total page 228 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) have been intensively investigated in the last few decades. Their origins differ: plant secondary metabolites, food/beverages aromas, fungal/bacterial volatiles, and others. VOCs typically occur as complex mixtures of compounds (e.g., monoterpenes, sesquiterpenes, norisoprenoids, aliphatic/aromatic compounds, sulfur containing compounds, and others). They form through different biochemical pathways and can be modified or created during drying or maturation, thermal treatment, and others. Different conventional or modern methods of VOCs isolation, followed by the analysis with chromatographic and spectroscopic techniques, usually provide different chemical profiles and have been under constant modification and upgrading. The ecological interactions are mediated by VOCs (inter- and intra-organismic communication) and they can act as pheromones, attractants, or alleochemicals. Among them, chemical biomarkers of botanical origin or chemotaxonomic markers may be found. Many VOCs possess different biological activities, such as antioxidant, antimicrobial, antiviral, anticancer, and other activities. VOCs research from different sources is required to report their distribution and chemical profiles, and to discover new compounds. This Special Issue aims to attract up-to-date contributions on all aspects of VOCs chemistry, from challenges in their isolation to analysis, and on unlocking their biological activities or other useful properties

Measurement of Antioxidant Activity and Capacity

Author : Resat Apak
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 1119135354
Total Pages : 353 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (191 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Measurement of Antioxidant Activity and Capacity by : Resat Apak

Download or read book Measurement of Antioxidant Activity and Capacity written by Resat Apak and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2018-02-20 with total page 353 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A comprehensive reference for assessing the antioxidant potential of foods and essential techniques for developing healthy food products Measurement of Antioxidant Activity and Capacity offers a much-needed resource for assessing the antioxidant potential of food and includes proven approaches for creating healthy food products. With contributions from world-class experts in the field, the text presents the general mechanisms underlying the various assessments, the types of molecules detected, and the key advantages and disadvantages of each method. Both thermodynamic (i.e. efficiency of scavenging reactive species) and kinetic (i.e. rates of hydrogen atom or electron transfer reactions) aspects of available methods are discussed in detail. A thorough description of all available methods provides a basis and rationale for developing standardized antioxidant capacity/activity methods for food and nutraceutical sciences and industries. This text also contains data on new antioxidant measurement techniques including nanotechnological methods in spectroscopy and electrochemistry, as well as on innovative assays combining several principles. Therefore, the comparison of conventional methods versus novel approaches is made possible. This important resource: Offers suggestions for assessing the antioxidant potential of foods and their components Includes strategies for the development of healthy functional food products Contains information for identifying antioxidant activity in the body Presents the pros and cons of the available antioxidant determination methods, and helps in the selection of the most appropriate method Written for researchers and professionals in the nutraceutical and functional food industries,academia and government laboratories, this text includes the most current knowledge in order to form a common language between research groups and to contribute to the solution of critical problems existing for all researchers working in this field.