Advanced Digital Image Steganography Using LSB, PVD, and EMD: Emerging Research and Opportunities

Download Advanced Digital Image Steganography Using LSB, PVD, and EMD: Emerging Research and Opportunities PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : IGI Global
ISBN 13 : 1522575170
Total Pages : 210 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (225 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Advanced Digital Image Steganography Using LSB, PVD, and EMD: Emerging Research and Opportunities by : Swain, Gandharba

Download or read book Advanced Digital Image Steganography Using LSB, PVD, and EMD: Emerging Research and Opportunities written by Swain, Gandharba and published by IGI Global. This book was released on 2019-06-28 with total page 210 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In the last few decades, the use of the Internet has grown tremendously, and the use of online communications has grown even more. The lack of security in private messages between individuals, however, allows hackers to collect loads of sensitive information. Modern security measures are required to prevent this attack on the world’s communication technologies. Advanced Digital Image Steganography Using LSB, PVD, and EMD: Emerging Research and Opportunities provides evolving research exploring the theoretical and practical aspects of data encryption techniques and applications within computer science. The book provides introductory knowledge on steganography and its importance, detailed analysis of how RS and PDH are performed, discussion on pixel value differencing principles, and hybrid approaches using substitution, PVD, and EMD principles. It is ideally designed for researchers and graduate and under graduate students seeking current research on the security of data during transit.

Digital Media Steganography

Download Digital Media Steganography PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Academic Press
ISBN 13 : 0128194391
Total Pages : 388 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (281 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Digital Media Steganography by : Mahmoud Hassaballah

Download or read book Digital Media Steganography written by Mahmoud Hassaballah and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2020-06-27 with total page 388 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The common use of the Internet and cloud services in transmission of large amounts of data over open networks and insecure channels, exposes that private and secret data to serious situations. Ensuring the information transmission over the Internet is safe and secure has become crucial, consequently information security has become one of the most important issues of human communities because of increased data transmission over social networks. Digital Media Steganography: Principles, Algorithms, and Advances covers fundamental theories and algorithms for practical design, while providing a comprehensive overview of the most advanced methodologies and modern techniques in the field of steganography. The topics covered present a collection of high-quality research works written in a simple manner by world-renowned leaders in the field dealing with specific research problems. It presents the state-of-the-art as well as the most recent trends in digital media steganography. - Covers fundamental theories and algorithms for practical design which form the basis of modern digital media steganography - Provides new theoretical breakthroughs and a number of modern techniques in steganography - Presents the latest advances in digital media steganography such as using deep learning and artificial neural network as well as Quantum Steganography

Handbook of Research on Intelligent Data Processing and Information Security Systems

Download Handbook of Research on Intelligent Data Processing and Information Security Systems PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : IGI Global
ISBN 13 : 1799812928
Total Pages : 434 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (998 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Handbook of Research on Intelligent Data Processing and Information Security Systems by : Bilan, Stepan Mykolayovych

Download or read book Handbook of Research on Intelligent Data Processing and Information Security Systems written by Bilan, Stepan Mykolayovych and published by IGI Global. This book was released on 2019-11-29 with total page 434 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Intelligent technologies have emerged as imperative tools in computer science and information security. However, advanced computing practices have preceded new methods of attacks on the storage and transmission of data. Developing approaches such as image processing and pattern recognition are susceptible to breaches in security. Modern protection methods for these innovative techniques require additional research. The Handbook of Research on Intelligent Data Processing and Information Security Systems provides emerging research exploring the theoretical and practical aspects of cyber protection and applications within computer science and telecommunications. Special attention is paid to data encryption, steganography, image processing, and recognition, and it targets professionals who want to improve their knowledge in order to increase strategic capabilities and organizational effectiveness. As such, this book is ideal for analysts, programmers, computer engineers, software engineers, mathematicians, data scientists, developers, IT specialists, academicians, researchers, and students within fields of information technology, information security, robotics, artificial intelligence, image processing, computer science, and telecommunications.

Modern Principles, Practices, and Algorithms for Cloud Security

Download Modern Principles, Practices, and Algorithms for Cloud Security PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : IGI Global
ISBN 13 : 1799810844
Total Pages : 361 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (998 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Modern Principles, Practices, and Algorithms for Cloud Security by : Gupta, Brij B.

Download or read book Modern Principles, Practices, and Algorithms for Cloud Security written by Gupta, Brij B. and published by IGI Global. This book was released on 2019-09-27 with total page 361 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In today’s modern age of information, new technologies are quickly emerging and being deployed into the field of information technology. Cloud computing is a tool that has proven to be a versatile piece of software within IT. Unfortunately, the high usage of Cloud has raised many concerns related to privacy, security, and data protection that have prevented cloud computing solutions from becoming the prevalent alternative for mission critical systems. Up-to-date research and current techniques are needed to help solve these vulnerabilities in cloud computing. Modern Principles, Practices, and Algorithms for Cloud Security is a pivotal reference source that provides vital research on the application of privacy and security in cloud computing. While highlighting topics such as chaos theory, soft computing, and cloud forensics, this publication explores present techniques and methodologies, as well as current trends in cloud protection. This book is ideally designed for IT specialists, scientists, software developers, security analysts, computer engineers, academicians, researchers, and students seeking current research on the defense of cloud services.

Security and Privacy Issues in Sensor Networks and IoT

Download Security and Privacy Issues in Sensor Networks and IoT PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : IGI Global
ISBN 13 : 1799803759
Total Pages : 323 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (998 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Security and Privacy Issues in Sensor Networks and IoT by : Ahlawat, Priyanka

Download or read book Security and Privacy Issues in Sensor Networks and IoT written by Ahlawat, Priyanka and published by IGI Global. This book was released on 2019-10-25 with total page 323 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: As technology continues to expand and develop, the internet of things (IoT) is playing a progressive role in the infrastructure of electronics. The increasing amount of IoT devices, however, has led to the emergence of significant privacy and security challenges. Security and Privacy Issues in Sensor Networks and IoT is a collection of innovative research on the methods and applications of protection disputes in the internet of things and other computing structures. While highlighting topics that include cyber defense, digital forensics, and intrusion detection, this book is ideally designed for security analysts, IT specialists, software developers, computer engineers, industry professionals, academicians, students, and researchers seeking current research on defense concerns in cyber physical systems.

Multidisciplinary Approach to Modern Digital Steganography

Download Multidisciplinary Approach to Modern Digital Steganography PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : IGI Global
ISBN 13 : 1799871622
Total Pages : 380 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (998 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Multidisciplinary Approach to Modern Digital Steganography by : Pramanik, Sabyasachi

Download or read book Multidisciplinary Approach to Modern Digital Steganography written by Pramanik, Sabyasachi and published by IGI Global. This book was released on 2021-06-04 with total page 380 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Steganography is the art of secret writing. The purpose of steganography is to hide the presence of a message from the intruder by using state-of-the-art methods, algorithms, architectures, models, and methodologies in the domains of cloud, internet of things (IoT), and the Android platform. Though security controls in cloud computing, IoT, and Android platforms are not much different than security controls in an IT environment, they might still present different types of risks to an organization than the classic IT solutions. Therefore, a detailed discussion is needed in case there is a breach in security. It is important to review the security aspects of cloud, IoT, and Android platforms related to steganography to determine how this new technology is being utilized and improved continuously to protect information digitally. The benefits and challenges, along with the current and potential developments for the future, are important keystones in this critical area of security research. Multidisciplinary Approach to Modern Digital Steganography reviews the security aspects of cloud, IoT, and Android platforms related to steganography and addresses emerging security concerns, new algorithms, and case studies in the field. Furthermore, the book presents a new approach to secure data storage on cloud infrastructure and IoT along with including discussions on optimization models and security controls that could be implemented. Other important topics include data transmission, deep learning techniques, machine learning, and both image and text stenography. This book is essential for forensic engineers, forensic analysts, cybersecurity analysts, cyber forensic examiners, security engineers, cybersecurity network analysts, cyber network defense analysts, and digital forensic examiners along with practitioners, researchers, academicians, and students interested in the latest techniques and state-of-the-art methods in digital steganography.

Integration Challenges for Analytics, Business Intelligence, and Data Mining

Download Integration Challenges for Analytics, Business Intelligence, and Data Mining PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : IGI Global
ISBN 13 : 1799857832
Total Pages : 250 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (998 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Integration Challenges for Analytics, Business Intelligence, and Data Mining by : Azevedo, Ana

Download or read book Integration Challenges for Analytics, Business Intelligence, and Data Mining written by Azevedo, Ana and published by IGI Global. This book was released on 2020-12-11 with total page 250 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: As technology continues to advance, it is critical for businesses to implement systems that can support the transformation of data into information that is crucial for the success of the company. Without the integration of data (both structured and unstructured) mining in business intelligence systems, invaluable knowledge is lost. However, there are currently many different models and approaches that must be explored to determine the best method of integration. Integration Challenges for Analytics, Business Intelligence, and Data Mining is a relevant academic book that provides empirical research findings on increasing the understanding of using data mining in the context of business intelligence and analytics systems. Covering topics that include big data, artificial intelligence, and decision making, this book is an ideal reference source for professionals working in the areas of data mining, business intelligence, and analytics; data scientists; IT specialists; managers; researchers; academicians; practitioners; and graduate students.

Applications of Encryption and Watermarking for Information Security

Download Applications of Encryption and Watermarking for Information Security PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : IGI Global
ISBN 13 : 1668449471
Total Pages : 262 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (684 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Applications of Encryption and Watermarking for Information Security by : Mohamed, Boussif

Download or read book Applications of Encryption and Watermarking for Information Security written by Mohamed, Boussif and published by IGI Global. This book was released on 2023-03-27 with total page 262 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In recent years, media digitalization has been booming. It has, however, led to a phenomenon of private data hacking, which was stimulated by the expansion of the data exchange system. These hackers are being countered by using new techniques, including cryptography and watermarking. Therefore, in the fields of information security, data encryption, and watermarking, there exists a need for a collection of original research in this area. Applications of Encryption and Watermarking for Information Security provides relevant theoretical frameworks and the latest empirical research findings in the domains of security and privacy. It is written for professionals who want to improve their understanding of the strategic role of trust at different levels of information security, that is, trust at the level of cryptography and watermarking and at the level of securing multimedia data. Covering topics such as background subtraction, moving object detection, and visual watermark identification, this premier reference source is an excellent resource for security and privacy professionals, IT managers, practitioners, students and educators of higher education, librarians, researchers, and academicians.

Proceedings of the International Conference on Paradigms of Computing, Communication and Data Sciences

Download Proceedings of the International Conference on Paradigms of Computing, Communication and Data Sciences PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Springer Nature
ISBN 13 : 9811575339
Total Pages : 1001 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (115 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Proceedings of the International Conference on Paradigms of Computing, Communication and Data Sciences by : Mayank Dave

Download or read book Proceedings of the International Conference on Paradigms of Computing, Communication and Data Sciences written by Mayank Dave and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2021-02-19 with total page 1001 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book presents best selected papers presented at the International Conference on Paradigms of Computing, Communication and Data Sciences (PCCDS 2020), organized by National Institute of Technology, Kurukshetra, India, during 1–3 May 2020. It discusses high-quality and cutting-edge research in the areas of advanced computing, communications and data science techniques. The book is a collection of latest research articles in computation algorithm, communication and data sciences, intertwined with each other for efficiency.

Computational Intelligence in Pattern Recognition

Download Computational Intelligence in Pattern Recognition PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Springer Nature
ISBN 13 : 9811524491
Total Pages : 593 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (115 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Computational Intelligence in Pattern Recognition by : Asit Kumar Das

Download or read book Computational Intelligence in Pattern Recognition written by Asit Kumar Das and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2020-02-19 with total page 593 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book features high-quality research papers presented at the 2nd International Conference on Computational Intelligence in Pattern Recognition (CIPR 2020), held at the Institute of Engineering and Management, Kolkata, West Bengal, India, on 4–5 January 2020. It includes practical development experiences in various areas of data analysis and pattern recognition, focusing on soft computing technologies, clustering and classification algorithms, rough set and fuzzy set theory, evolutionary computations, neural science and neural network systems, image processing, combinatorial pattern matching, social network analysis, audio and video data analysis, data mining in dynamic environments, bioinformatics, hybrid computing, big data analytics and deep learning. It also provides innovative solutions to the challenges in these areas and discusses recent developments.

Data Driven Approach Towards Disruptive Technologies

Download Data Driven Approach Towards Disruptive Technologies PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Springer Nature
ISBN 13 : 9811598738
Total Pages : 597 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (115 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Data Driven Approach Towards Disruptive Technologies by : T P Singh

Download or read book Data Driven Approach Towards Disruptive Technologies written by T P Singh and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2021-04-06 with total page 597 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book is a compilation of peer-reviewed papers presented at the International Conference on Machine Intelligence and Data Science Applications, organized by the School of Computer Science, University of Petroleum & Energy Studies, Dehradun, India, during 4–5 September 2020. The book addresses the algorithmic aspect of machine intelligence which includes the framework and optimization of various states of algorithms. Variety of papers related to wide applications in various fields like data-driven industrial IoT, bioinformatics, network and security, autonomous computing and various other aligned areas. The book concludes with interdisciplinary applications like legal, health care, smart society, cyber-physical system and smart agriculture. All papers have been carefully reviewed. The book is of interest to computer science engineers, lecturers/researchers in machine intelligence discipline and engineering graduates.

Computational Intelligence in Pattern Recognition

Download Computational Intelligence in Pattern Recognition PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 9811390428
Total Pages : 1023 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (113 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Computational Intelligence in Pattern Recognition by : Asit Kumar Das

Download or read book Computational Intelligence in Pattern Recognition written by Asit Kumar Das and published by Springer. This book was released on 2019-08-17 with total page 1023 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book presents practical development experiences in different areas of data analysis and pattern recognition, focusing on soft computing technologies, clustering and classification algorithms, rough set and fuzzy set theory, evolutionary computations, neural science and neural network systems, image processing, combinatorial pattern matching, social network analysis, audio and video data analysis, data mining in dynamic environments, bioinformatics, hybrid computing, big data analytics and deep learning. It also provides innovative solutions to the challenges in these areas and discusses recent developments.

Data Hiding Techniques in Windows OS

Download Data Hiding Techniques in Windows OS PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Syngress
ISBN 13 : 0128044969
Total Pages : 326 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (28 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Data Hiding Techniques in Windows OS by : Nihad Ahmad Hassan

Download or read book Data Hiding Techniques in Windows OS written by Nihad Ahmad Hassan and published by Syngress. This book was released on 2016-09-08 with total page 326 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: - "This unique book delves down into the capabilities of hiding and obscuring data object within the Windows Operating System. However, one of the most noticeable and credible features of this publication is, it takes the reader from the very basics and background of data hiding techniques, and run's on the reading-road to arrive at some of the more complex methodologies employed for concealing data object from the human eye and/or the investigation. As a practitioner in the Digital Age, I can see this book siting on the shelves of Cyber Security Professionals, and those working in the world of Digital Forensics – it is a recommended read, and is in my opinion a very valuable asset to those who are interested in the landscape of unknown unknowns. This is a book which may well help to discover more about that which is not in immediate view of the onlooker, and open up the mind to expand its imagination beyond its accepted limitations of known knowns." - John Walker, CSIRT/SOC/Cyber Threat Intelligence Specialist - Featured in Digital Forensics Magazine, February 2017 In the digital world, the need to protect online communications increase as the technology behind it evolves. There are many techniques currently available to encrypt and secure our communication channels. Data hiding techniques can take data confidentiality to a new level as we can hide our secret messages in ordinary, honest-looking data files. Steganography is the science of hiding data. It has several categorizations, and each type has its own techniques in hiding. Steganography has played a vital role in secret communication during wars since the dawn of history. In recent days, few computer users successfully manage to exploit their Windows® machine to conceal their private data. Businesses also have deep concerns about misusing data hiding techniques. Many employers are amazed at how easily their valuable information can get out of their company walls. In many legal cases a disgruntled employee would successfully steal company private data despite all security measures implemented using simple digital hiding techniques. Human right activists who live in countries controlled by oppressive regimes need ways to smuggle their online communications without attracting surveillance monitoring systems, continuously scan in/out internet traffic for interesting keywords and other artifacts. The same applies to journalists and whistleblowers all over the world. Computer forensic investigators, law enforcements officers, intelligence services and IT security professionals need a guide to tell them where criminals can conceal their data in Windows® OS & multimedia files and how they can discover concealed data quickly and retrieve it in a forensic way. Data Hiding Techniques in Windows OS is a response to all these concerns. Data hiding topics are usually approached in most books using an academic method, with long math equations about how each hiding technique algorithm works behind the scene, and are usually targeted at people who work in the academic arenas. This book teaches professionals and end users alike how they can hide their data and discover the hidden ones using a variety of ways under the most commonly used operating system on earth, Windows®.

Information Hiding

Download Information Hiding PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 3540004211
Total Pages : 438 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (4 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Information Hiding by : Fabien A. P. Petitcolas

Download or read book Information Hiding written by Fabien A. P. Petitcolas and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2003-01-21 with total page 438 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book constitutes the thoroughly refereed post-proceedings of the 5th International Workshop on Information Hiding, IH 2002, held in Noordwijkerhout, The Netherlands, in October 2002. The 27 revised full papers presented were carefully selected during two rounds of reviewing and revision from 78 submissions. The papers are organized in topical sections on information hiding and networking, anonymity, fundamentals of watermarking, watermarking algorithms, attacks on watermarking algorithms, steganography algorithms, steganalysis, and hiding information in unusual content.

Information Hiding: Steganography and Watermarking-Attacks and Countermeasures

Download Information Hiding: Steganography and Watermarking-Attacks and Countermeasures PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 1461543754
Total Pages : 148 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (615 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Information Hiding: Steganography and Watermarking-Attacks and Countermeasures by : Neil F. Johnson

Download or read book Information Hiding: Steganography and Watermarking-Attacks and Countermeasures written by Neil F. Johnson and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 148 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Information Hiding: Steganography and Watermarking - Attacks and Countermeasures deals with information hiding. With the proliferation of multimedia on the Internet, information hiding addresses two areas of concern: privacy of information from surveillance (steganography) and protection of intellectual property (digital watermarking). Steganography (literally, covered writing) explores methods to hide the existence of hidden messages. These methods include invisible ink, microdot, digital signature, covert channel, and spread spectrum communication. Digital watermarks represent a commercial application of steganography. Watermarks can be used to track the copyright and ownership of electronic media. In this volume, the authors focus on techniques for hiding information in digital media. They analyze the hiding techniques to uncover their limitations. These limitations are employed to devise attacks against hidden information. The goal of these attacks is to expose the existence of a secret message or render a digital watermark unusable. In assessing these attacks, countermeasures are developed to assist in protecting digital watermarking systems. Understanding the limitations of the current methods will lead us to build more robust methods that can survive various manipulation and attacks. The more information that is placed in the public's reach on the Internet, the more owners of such information need to protect themselves from theft and false representation. Systems to analyze techniques for uncovering hidden information and recover seemingly destroyed information will be useful to law enforcement authorities in computer forensics and digital traffic analysis. Information Hiding: Steganography and Watermarking - Attacks and Countermeasures presents the authors' research contributions in three fundamental areas with respect to image-based steganography and watermarking: analysis of data hiding techniques, attacks against hidden information, and countermeasures to attacks against digital watermarks. Information Hiding: Steganography and Watermarking – Attacks and Countermeasures is suitable for a secondary text in a graduate level course, and as a reference for researchers and practitioners in industry.

An Introduction to Signal Detection and Estimation

Download An Introduction to Signal Detection and Estimation PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 1475738633
Total Pages : 558 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (757 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis An Introduction to Signal Detection and Estimation by : H. Vincent Poor

Download or read book An Introduction to Signal Detection and Estimation written by H. Vincent Poor and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2013-06-29 with total page 558 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The purpose of this book is to introduce the reader to the basic theory of signal detection and estimation. It is assumed that the reader has a working knowledge of applied probabil ity and random processes such as that taught in a typical first-semester graduate engineering course on these subjects. This material is covered, for example, in the book by Wong (1983) in this series. More advanced concepts in these areas are introduced where needed, primarily in Chapters VI and VII, where continuous-time problems are treated. This book is adapted from a one-semester, second-tier graduate course taught at the University of Illinois. However, this material can also be used for a shorter or first-tier course by restricting coverage to Chapters I through V, which for the most part can be read with a background of only the basics of applied probability, including random vectors and conditional expectations. Sufficient background for the latter option is given for exam pIe in the book by Thomas (1986), also in this series.

International Conference on Innovative Computing and Communications

Download International Conference on Innovative Computing and Communications PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 9789811551123
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (511 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis International Conference on Innovative Computing and Communications by : Deepak Gupta

Download or read book International Conference on Innovative Computing and Communications written by Deepak Gupta and published by Springer. This book was released on 2020-10-24 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book includes high-quality research papers presented at the Third International Conference on Innovative Computing and Communication (ICICC 2020), which is held at the Shaheed Sukhdev College of Business Studies, University of Delhi, Delhi, India, on 21–23 February, 2020. Introducing the innovative works of scientists, professors, research scholars, students and industrial experts in the field of computing and communication, the book promotes the transformation of fundamental research into institutional and industrialized research and the conversion of applied exploration into real-time applications.