Administrators', Counselors', and Teachers' Opinions Regarding the Impact of Freshman Academies, Schools Within Schools, and Ninth Grade Schools, as it Relates to Effective Transitioning

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ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 133 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (964 download)

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Book Synopsis Administrators', Counselors', and Teachers' Opinions Regarding the Impact of Freshman Academies, Schools Within Schools, and Ninth Grade Schools, as it Relates to Effective Transitioning by : Robyn Suzanne Killebrew

Download or read book Administrators', Counselors', and Teachers' Opinions Regarding the Impact of Freshman Academies, Schools Within Schools, and Ninth Grade Schools, as it Relates to Effective Transitioning written by Robyn Suzanne Killebrew and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page 133 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The purpose of this study was to determine whether administrators, counselors, and teachers believe that implementing freshman academies, schools-within-schools, and ninth grade schools is an effective way to transition ninth graders into high school. This study included an introduction and a review of literature that discussed the following: adolescent years, transition from 8th to 9th grade, drop-out prevention, school reform in secondary education, professional learning communities, the freshman academy, and a conclusion. This study was also comprised with a methodology section, research results, conclusions, recommendations for policy makers and practitioners, and recommendations for future research. The questionnaire for this study was developed by the researcher. The questionnaire focused on the areas of demographics, academics, attendance, discipline, school culture, transitioning, socio-economic status, and instructional staff. Data was collected from seven different schools in Mississippi who currently house freshman academies, school-within-schools, and ninth grade schools. A total of 85 questionnaires were completed with 10 of those being administrators, 12 being counselors, and 63 comprised of teachers. This study specifically examined administrators', counselors', and teachers' opinions regarding the impact freshman academies, schools-within-schools, and ninth grade schools as it relates to effective transitioning. Results illustrated that there was a significant difference in the opinions of administrators, counselors, and teachers in the areas of academic performance, reduced discipline referrals, school culture, transitioning from eighth to ninth grade, and the morale on the staff of the school. However, this study yielded a non-significant relationship among the opinions of administrators, counselors, and teachers concerning the implementation of a freshmen academy on the drop-out rate and improving students from a low socio-economic class. Policymakers and practitioners were encouraged to look at freshman data, collaborate with middle school and high school teachers, and place their best teachers in the ninth grade to ensure a smooth transition for all freshmen. --Page ii.

The Impact of a Freshman Academy on High School Transition

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ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 248 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (88 download)

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Book Synopsis The Impact of a Freshman Academy on High School Transition by : Sherry Grier Veasey

Download or read book The Impact of a Freshman Academy on High School Transition written by Sherry Grier Veasey and published by . This book was released on 2011 with total page 248 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This dissertation was designed to identify and describe the impact a freshman academy has on high school transition for ninth-grade students at a rural high school in western North Carolina. This case study investigated the problems ninth graders encounter as they transition from middle school to high school. The study examined student achievement, student attendance, and the graduation rate in an effort to determine whether a freshman academy at the high school helped students transition successfully. -- The transition to high school may be difficult for some students because of the countless changes they are experiencing as adolescents. The high school in this study was located in a rural western town in North Carolina and identified the ninth-grade class as the class with the most struggling students. In an effort to help students transition successfully to high school, a freshman academy was implemented. -- This qualitative study consisted of interviews with the principal, assistant principal, guidance counselor, and teachers in the freshman academy. Additional data was collected from high school principals in the district with freshman academies to determine strategies implemented for freshman academies in the school district. Focus group interviews were conducted with teachers in the academy. A central office person was also interviewed. A survey was conducted with teachers to ascertain their perceptions of the freshman academy since the implementation. -- Interview data was collected, transcribed, analyzed, and reported in a narrative format according to themes and research questions. Survey data was collected, analyzed, and reported in a frequency table. Data from interviews, archival data, and the survey were triangulated to validate the findings for the study. -- An analysis of the data revealed the freshman academy at the high school did not impact student achievement, student attendance, or the graduation rate. The data did reveal there was an impact on student motivation, students' attitudes toward school, and the school culture. Students participated in the learning process by interacting with their peers. Teachers used various instructional strategies including technology to help motivate students. Students enjoyed positive relationships with their teachers. School-wide expectations and teacher collaboration contributed to the culture of the school.

Helping Students Make the Transition Into High School

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ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 102 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (16 download)

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Book Synopsis Helping Students Make the Transition Into High School by : Marie-Andrě Somers

Download or read book Helping Students Make the Transition Into High School written by Marie-Andrě Somers and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page 102 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Ninth Grade Academies (NGAs)--also called Freshman Academies--have attracted national attention as a particularly intensive and promising approach for supporting a successful transition for high school freshmen. An NGA is a self-contained learning community for ninth-graders that operates as a school within a school. NGAs have four core structural components: (1) a designated separate space within the high school, (2) a ninth-grade administrator who oversees the academy, (3) a faculty assigned to teach only ninth-grade students, and (4) teachers organized into interdisciplinary teams that have both students and a planning period in common. The theory of action behind NGAs is that when these components are employed together, they interact to create a more personalized learning environment where ninth-grade students feel less anonymous and more individually supported. This, in turn, should help students succeed in school and stay on track to high school graduation. NGAs have shown promising results when employed as part of a whole-school reform model, but in these cases schools have received external support from a developer to create and sustain them. A growing number of schools and districts have been experimenting with NGAs on their own, but the little research that exists on their effectiveness is limited to anecdotal accounts. This study, which is based on a quasi-experimental research design, examines the effect of NGAs on students' progress toward graduation, their academic achievement, and their behavior in several school districts in Florida. The sample for this study includes 27 high schools that created NGAs between 2001-2002 and 2006-2007, along with 16 comparison high schools that serve ninth-grade students with similar characteristics as students in the NGA schools. As context for understanding the impact findings, this study also looks at the extent to which the key features of the NGA model were implemented in the NGA schools in the study and how this differs from the structures and supports in the comparison schools. The key finding is that the NGAs in this study do not appear to have improved students' academic or behavioral outcomes (credit earning, state test scores, course marks, attendance, suspensions, or expulsions). The findings also suggest that it can be difficult for schools to fully implement the components of the NGA model without expert assistance: Three years after their creation, only half the NGAs in the study had all four structural components of the model in place. Nationally, school districts continue to create NGAs, and recent efforts to implement them have incorporated various enhancements that are intended to strengthen and improve their implementation, but little is known about their effectiveness. Because students' experience in ninth grade is an important predictor of their future success, these efforts to create and improve NGAs should be examined in future studies. Appended are: (1) Technical Information; and (2) Beyond the Sunshine State: Ninth Grade Academies in Other School Districts. ["Helping Students Make the Transition into High School: The Effect of Ninth Grade Academies on Students' Academic and Behavioral Outcomes" was written with Janet Quint.].

The Ninth Grade Opportunity

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Publisher : iUniverse
ISBN 13 : 0595484727
Total Pages : 143 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (954 download)

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Book Synopsis The Ninth Grade Opportunity by : Scott Habeeb

Download or read book The Ninth Grade Opportunity written by Scott Habeeb and published by iUniverse. This book was released on 2008-12 with total page 143 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Across the country, high school freshmen have the highest rates of failure, discipline problems, and truancy. Defined as the "make it or break it" year, ninth grade can be a trying time for teenagers learning to make their own way in the world. The Ninth Grade Opportunity provides educators with a useful framework to build and implement a team-based Freshman Transition program, ultimately allowing teachers to play an integral role in ensuring every student's success. Scott Habeeb, Ray Moore and Alan Seibert have over 60 years of combined experience as teachers and administrators, and together have compiled a guidebook centered around a teaming approach that empowers teachers to better meet freshmen needs. Based on concepts behind their popular Freshman Transition workshops, the authors share ideas about why and how teaming teachers works and how it can benefit schools. Road maps provide guidance for teachers to learn specifically how to create a program built around key elements such as: Standardized expectations Learning skills Classroom leadership Parent/teacher contact Educators everywhere will benefit from the practical advice, expert insight, and helpful tips that transform the ninth grade problem into The Ninth Grade Opportunity, ensuring a successful transition for every high school student.

Dissertation Abstracts International

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ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 580 pages
Book Rating : 4.F/5 ( download)

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Book Synopsis Dissertation Abstracts International by :

Download or read book Dissertation Abstracts International written by and published by . This book was released on 2006 with total page 580 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

The Perception of Administrators and Guidance Counselors in Five Rural High Schools of the Ninth Grade Transition Program And/or Strategies

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ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 314 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (18 download)

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Book Synopsis The Perception of Administrators and Guidance Counselors in Five Rural High Schools of the Ninth Grade Transition Program And/or Strategies by : Sheila Vonta McGee-Carlton

Download or read book The Perception of Administrators and Guidance Counselors in Five Rural High Schools of the Ninth Grade Transition Program And/or Strategies written by Sheila Vonta McGee-Carlton and published by . This book was released on 2018 with total page 314 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Resources in Education

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ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 684 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 ( download)

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Book Synopsis Resources in Education by :

Download or read book Resources in Education written by and published by . This book was released on 1994 with total page 684 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Promoting Student Success

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ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 140 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (15 download)

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Book Synopsis Promoting Student Success by : Micah Lonae Smith

Download or read book Promoting Student Success written by Micah Lonae Smith and published by . This book was released on 2018 with total page 140 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The purpose of this mixed-methods study is to evaluate the impact of Morrison High School’s ninth grade transition program, the Freshman Academy, on student outcomes. Based on the outcomes, decisions will be made to determine if the Freshman Academy is meeting students’ needs or if the program elements need to be revisited to improve student achievement. Participants included teachers, school counselors, and administrators at Morrison High School in southeastern Virginia. The study employed the product component of the CIPP model of program evaluation to guide the data collection and to determine the merit, worth, and significance of the program. Quantitative data were collected using student outcome data based on GPA, attendance rates, number of discipline referrals, pass rates on Virginia Standards of Learning End of Course tests, and credits earned. Qualitative data were collected based on teacher, school counselor, and administrator interviews. Successes and challenges of the program as well as areas of recommended improvement are detailed in this study. Analysis of student outcome data revealed that students participating in the program are consistently meeting the benchmark intended outcomes for attendance, discipline, and credits earned and most students are passing the Algebra I and World Geography SOLs during the last year included in this study. Continuous monitoring and evaluation of the program elements can only assist teams in providing stronger transition programs to help students achieve the intended outcomes. Recommendations for future research and program improvement include collaboration between the Freshman Academy teachers and administrators with the eighth grade teachers and administrators at the feeder middle schools, developing a summer bridge program to target at-risk students, and increasing parental involvement and seeking their feedback on the Freshman Academy.

Student Transitions From Middle to High School

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Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1317919610
Total Pages : 224 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (179 download)

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Book Synopsis Student Transitions From Middle to High School by : J. Allen Queen

Download or read book Student Transitions From Middle to High School written by J. Allen Queen and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2013-10-18 with total page 224 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book shows administrators and teachers what they can do to make their students' ninth grade experience a successful one. Practical and research-based, this book showcases strategies to help you reduce your dropout rate, enhance student achievement, and provide a safe environment for your ninth grade students.

School, Family, and Community Partnerships

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Publisher : Corwin Press
ISBN 13 : 1483320014
Total Pages : 508 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (833 download)

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Book Synopsis School, Family, and Community Partnerships by : Joyce L. Epstein

Download or read book School, Family, and Community Partnerships written by Joyce L. Epstein and published by Corwin Press. This book was released on 2018-07-19 with total page 508 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Strengthen programs of family and community engagement to promote equity and increase student success! When schools, families, and communities collaborate and share responsibility for students′ education, more students succeed in school. Based on 30 years of research and fieldwork, the fourth edition of the bestseller School, Family, and Community Partnerships: Your Handbook for Action, presents tools and guidelines to help develop more effective and more equitable programs of family and community engagement. Written by a team of well-known experts, it provides a theory and framework of six types of involvement for action; up-to-date research on school, family, and community collaboration; and new materials for professional development and on-going technical assistance. Readers also will find: Examples of best practices on the six types of involvement from preschools, and elementary, middle, and high schools Checklists, templates, and evaluations to plan goal-linked partnership programs and assess progress CD-ROM with slides and notes for two presentations: A new awareness session to orient colleagues on the major components of a research-based partnership program, and a full One-Day Team Training Workshop to prepare school teams to develop their partnership programs. As a foundational text, this handbook demonstrates a proven approach to implement and sustain inclusive, goal-linked programs of partnership. It shows how a good partnership program is an essential component of good school organization and school improvement for student success. This book will help every district and all schools strengthen and continually improve their programs of family and community engagement.

A Case Study on the Impacts of Rigor, Relevance, and Relationships in a Freshman Academy for Secondary Classroom Students

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ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 194 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (922 download)

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Book Synopsis A Case Study on the Impacts of Rigor, Relevance, and Relationships in a Freshman Academy for Secondary Classroom Students by : Anna S. Moose

Download or read book A Case Study on the Impacts of Rigor, Relevance, and Relationships in a Freshman Academy for Secondary Classroom Students written by Anna S. Moose and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page 194 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This study researched the impact a Freshman Academy approach has on rigor, relevance, and relationships in a secondary classroom setting. For the purpose of this paper, a Freshman Academy is one where ninth-grade students are grouped together in their core academic courses with a common group of teachers. Within these common academic courses, ideas and concepts are integrated in order to transition more effectively into the high school environment and provide students with a more cohesive academic experience. This paper further reflects the current, critical problems in existence in today's high school setting that can potentially be addressed using the Freshman Academy approach. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to examine how integrating the curriculum, utilizing effective teacher collaboration, and creating a Freshman Academy impact the rigor, relevance, and relationships for both students and teachers during the ninth-grade year.

Impact of Freshman Academy Experiences on Student Academic Intrinsic Motivation

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ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 470 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (881 download)

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Book Synopsis Impact of Freshman Academy Experiences on Student Academic Intrinsic Motivation by : Shirley C. Sealy

Download or read book Impact of Freshman Academy Experiences on Student Academic Intrinsic Motivation written by Shirley C. Sealy and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page 470 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This dissertation was designed to explore the transition of a group of ninth-grade students into a large rural upstate South Carolina high school. The primary focus was to ascertain the students' levels of academic intrinsic motivation toward English, math, science, history, and their general orientation toward school learning, and to explore those freshman academy experiences that the students felt most directly impacted these attributes. The freshman academy at this school was implemented in 2006 as a district initiative to strengthen the transition to high school and ultimately increase the graduation rate. -- This was a mixed methods case study in which the researcher sought to gain insight into the students' academic intrinsic motivation toward subject areas as well as their general motivational orientation. Data were measured quantitatively by administering the Children's Academic Intrinsic Motivation Inventory (CAIMI) to a group of current ninth graders enrolled in the freshman academy at a South Carolina high school. -- The students' scale scores on the CAIMI measured their levels of motivation across five subscales--English, math, science, history, and general orientation toward school learning. Qualitatively, the researcher conducted three student focus groups, four teacher interviews (one teacher from each of the four subject areas), and an administrator interview with the assistant principal in charge of the freshman academy. Additionally, the researcher conducted a review of the written descriptions of the freshman academy. -- The results from this study led the researcher to conclude that the students, teachers, and administrator perceived the overall impacts of the freshman academy on ninth-grade transition as positive and supportive, thus easing the transitional challenges of its students from middle school to high school. All participant categories perceived the academy's structure and program design to have diminished the possible deleterious effects of the academic, procedural, and social challenges experienced by the students as they transitioned to high school. All participant categories perceived the teachers to be primary motivational sources for their students. Students indicated that, although this impact had been mostly positive for them as learners, in some cases, the teachers' impact had been to decrease their desire to learn. CAIMI subscale scores were low in all four subject areas, as well as toward school learning in general. This indicated a possible disconnect between what the teachers did to motivate their students to learn, and what the students perceived as motivating. The researcher's recommendations were for the school to assess the motivation levels of their incoming freshmen and to use this data to guide them in design and implementation of their instructional programs and schedules. In addition, the school should develop and implement professional development on intrinsic motivation theory and practical implications for the classroom teachers.

Career Academies

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Publisher : Jossey-Bass
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 224 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (91 download)

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Book Synopsis Career Academies by : David Stern

Download or read book Career Academies written by David Stern and published by Jossey-Bass. This book was released on 1992-10-12 with total page 224 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book explains the unique design and functioning of the career academy - a vigorous school-within-a-school that focuses on career preparation - and shows how it goes beyond traditional vocational programs to integrate academic and vocational curriculum, raise student ambitions, increase career options, and provide a meaningful learning context for both potential dropouts and college-bound youth. The authors provide education policy makers, administrators, and teachers with step-by-step guidance for setting up career academies. Drawing on their extensive experience in researching, administering, and evaluating career academies over the past decade, the authors offer advice on handling staffing, budgeting, student selection, and parental involvement. They explain how to build effective school-business partnerships by recruiting employers to serve as curriculum advisers, speakers, field trip hosts, and student job supervisors. And they use examples of thriving academy programs to illustrate how career academies are leading the way in bringing rigor and relevance back to the classroom.

A Causal Comparative Study of Ninth Grade Academy as an Answer to Unsuccessful Eighth Grade to Ninth Grade Transition

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ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 105 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (14 download)

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Book Synopsis A Causal Comparative Study of Ninth Grade Academy as an Answer to Unsuccessful Eighth Grade to Ninth Grade Transition by : Ursula Dionne Martin

Download or read book A Causal Comparative Study of Ninth Grade Academy as an Answer to Unsuccessful Eighth Grade to Ninth Grade Transition written by Ursula Dionne Martin and published by . This book was released on 2018 with total page 105 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The purpose of this study was to determine whether the traditional ninth-grade classroom or the ninth-grade academy would have the greatest impact on retention rates and discipline referrals to administration of students transitioning into high school. The data in this causal-comparative research was secondary data collected from the counselors and administrators of the four schools that participated in this research study. The data was evaluated using an independent samples t-test. The results of this study did not indicate the need for transition programs based on the predicted significant statistical difference in the retention rates and in the Group A and B offense discipline referrals to administration of students that were exposed to a ninth-grade academy vs. involvement in a traditional ninth-grade classroom. However, limitations for this study do reveal that there is still a need for further research. These results can assist school systems in finding ways to make sure appropriate decisions are made for the positive transition of ninth-grade students into high school. Additionally, this information can assist high school administrators in finding funding for the program and in building schedules that would support the implementation of ninth-grade academies. There was no statistically significant difference found, in this study, in the retention rate nor the Group A and Group B offense office discipline referral rates of ninth-grade students based on their exposure to a ninth-grade academy vs. a traditional ninth-grade program.

Impact of Freshman Transition Interventions on Ninth Grade Academic Achievement

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Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 176 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (67 download)

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Book Synopsis Impact of Freshman Transition Interventions on Ninth Grade Academic Achievement by : Emily Spake Brown

Download or read book Impact of Freshman Transition Interventions on Ninth Grade Academic Achievement written by Emily Spake Brown and published by . This book was released on 2010 with total page 176 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The purpose of this study was to examine the impact of various freshman transition interventions on student academic achievement. Specifically, this study aimed to measure academic success by focusing upon ninth grade End of Course Test (EOCT) scores. The data were collected using a researcher-developed survey. After securing permission from all superintendents, the survey was electronically mailed to all high school principals within the state of Georgia. Among participating systems, the survey response rate was 78.4 percent. Based upon expert opinion, the twenty individual intervention items were categorized into three domains. The domain data were analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA). The researcher also ran correlative analysis. The results of this study indicated that no statistical significance existed regarding the implementation of freshman transition interventions and ninth grade EOCT scores. These results have probable implications for public school systems within the state of Georgia as how to best design the most effective programming for incoming ninth graders. Additionally, this information can assist educators, both at the district and state level, in designing the most effective and cost-effective strategies for transition intervention.

Supportive Conditions for the Successful Development of Ninth-Grade Centers

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ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 149 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (13 download)

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Book Synopsis Supportive Conditions for the Successful Development of Ninth-Grade Centers by : Bradley Allen Hunt

Download or read book Supportive Conditions for the Successful Development of Ninth-Grade Centers written by Bradley Allen Hunt and published by . This book was released on 2020 with total page 149 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The transition from middle school to high school can be challenging for some students. Many school districts are implementing practices to ease the transition to high school. The current study examined one school district's practices and procedures for the development and implementation of a ninth-grade center. In this study, I examined the perceptions of 12 participants (teachers, counselors, and campus and district administrators) in a suburban Texas school district with a ninth-grade center. Using a qualitative descriptive case study methodology, data were collected and analyzed from face-to-face in-depth interviews and a focus group. The findings revealed an overall positive view of ninth-grade centers and a generally favorable impression of separating ninth graders from the remainder of the high school student body, to focus specifically on ninth graders' unique and individual needs. There were some identified concerns related to communication and logistical issues between the ninth-grade center and the main high school campus. From participant feedback, effective campus leadership, providing engaging and ongoing professional learning, having a separate facility, and creating a sense of team through building strong relationships are the specific top four elements that are most effective in developing a ninth-grade center. While this study provides a practical set of recommendations for school districts to guide the development and implementation of a ninth-grade center, expanded research is necessary to confirm the long-range impact on student achievement.

Exploring the Relationship Between the Freshman Academy Environment and Academic Achievement and Resilience

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ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 119 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (952 download)

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Book Synopsis Exploring the Relationship Between the Freshman Academy Environment and Academic Achievement and Resilience by : Taneesha George

Download or read book Exploring the Relationship Between the Freshman Academy Environment and Academic Achievement and Resilience written by Taneesha George and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page 119 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Student success or failure during the transition to high school is an accurate predictor of student success beyond the ninth grade. In an attempt to support students during this transition, many schools across the nation have implemented small learning communities called freshman academies to bridge the apparent gap in achievement between middle and high school. Research has linked freshman academies and ninth grade success in terms of test scores (Styron & Peasant, 2010). There is, however, little empirical research that examines the success of freshman academy students in terms of promoting resilience and other factors during this time of risk. Therefore, this correlational study tested the resilience and stage-environment fit theories by exploring the relationship between student perceptions of the freshman academy environment and student resilience in terms of academic achievement (grade point average), socio-emotional adjustment, and school confidence. Each of the research hypotheses was analyzed using Spearman's rho to relate students' perceptions of the freshman academy to each of the criterion variables. The research failed to reject the first null hypothesis, as there was not a statistically significant correlation between school environment and academic achievement. However, the research rejected the last two null hypotheses, proving that there was in fact a statistically significant correlation between school environment and perceived socio-emotional adjustment and school confidence. The researcher concluded that freshman academy success is linked more to the social aspects of the high school transition than to the academic aspects.