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Additional Results Of Ice Accretion Scaling At Sld Conditions
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Author :National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Publisher :Createspace Independent Publishing Platform ISBN 13 :9781721799855 Total Pages :32 pages Book Rating :4.7/5 (998 download)
Book Synopsis Additional Results of Ice-Accretion Scaling at Sld Conditions by : National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)
Download or read book Additional Results of Ice-Accretion Scaling at Sld Conditions written by National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) and published by Createspace Independent Publishing Platform. This book was released on 2018-06-24 with total page 32 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: To determine scale velocity an additional similarity parameter is needed to supplement the Ruff scaling method. A Weber number based on water droplet MVD has been included in several studies because the effect of droplet splashing on ice accretion was believed to be important, particularly for SLD conditions. In the present study, ice shapes recorded at Appendix-C conditions and recent results at SLD conditions are reviewed to show that droplet diameter cannot be important to main ice shape, and for low airspeeds splashing does not appear to affect SLD ice shapes. Evidence is presented to show that while a supplementary similarity parameter probably has the form of a Weber number, it must be based on a length proportional to model size rather than MVD. Scaling comparisons were made between SLD reference conditions and Appendix-C scale conditions using this Weber number. Scale-to-reference model size ratios were 1:1.7 and 1:3.4. The reference tests used a 91-cm-chord NACA 0012 model with a velocity of approximately 50 m/s and an MVD of 160 m. Freezing fractions of 0.3, 0.4, and 0.5 were included in the study. Bond, Thomas H. (Technical Monitor) and Anderson, David N. and Tsao, Jen-Ching Glenn Research Center NASA/CR-2005-213850, E-15220, AIAA Paper 2003-0390
Book Synopsis Additional Results of Ice-accretion Scaling at SLD Conditions by : David N. Anderson
Download or read book Additional Results of Ice-accretion Scaling at SLD Conditions written by David N. Anderson and published by . This book was released on 2003 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Additional Results of Ice-Accretion Scaling at Sld Conditions by : Nasa Technical Reports Server (Ntrs)
Download or read book Additional Results of Ice-Accretion Scaling at Sld Conditions written by Nasa Technical Reports Server (Ntrs) and published by BiblioGov. This book was released on 2013-07 with total page 22 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: To determine scale velocity an additional similarity parameter is needed to supplement the Ruff scaling method. A Weber number based on water droplet MVD has been included in several studies because the effect of droplet splashing on ice accretion was believed to be important, particularly for SLD conditions. In the present study, ice shapes recorded at Appendix-C conditions and recent results at SLD conditions are reviewed to show that droplet diameter cannot be important to main ice shape, and for low airspeeds splashing does not appear to affect SLD ice shapes. Evidence is presented to show that while a supplementary similarity parameter probably has the form of a Weber number, it must be based on a length proportional to model size rather than MVD. Scaling comparisons were made between SLD reference conditions and Appendix-C scale conditions using this Weber number. Scale-to-reference model size ratios were 1:1.7 and 1:3.4. The reference tests used a 91-cm-chord NACA 0012 model with a velocity of approximately 50 m/s and an MVD of 160 m. Freezing fractions of 0.3, 0.4, and 0.5 were included in the study.
Book Synopsis A Preliminary Study of Ice-Accretion Scaling for SLD Conditions by :
Download or read book A Preliminary Study of Ice-Accretion Scaling for SLD Conditions written by and published by . This book was released on 2003 with total page 18 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Ice Accretion and Icing Technology by : Robert J Flemming
Download or read book Ice Accretion and Icing Technology written by Robert J Flemming and published by SAE International. This book was released on 2015-04-16 with total page 122 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The effects of inflight atmospheric icing can be devastating to aircraft. Universities and industry have been hard at work to respond to the challenge of maintaining flight safety in all weather conditions. Proposed changes in the regulations for operation in icing conditions are sure to keep this type of research and development at its highest level. This is especially true for the effects of ice crystals in the atmosphere, and for the threat associated with supercooled large drop (SLD) icing. This collection of ten SAE International technical papers brings together vital contributions to the subject. Icing on aircraft surfaces would not be a problem if a material were discovered that prevented the freezing and accretion of supercooled drops. Many options that appeared to have promising icephobic properties have had serious shortfalls in durability. This title addresses, among other topics, the measurement techniques and the drop physics that apply to icing, certification for flight through ice crystal clouds and in supercooled large drops, improvements in predictive techniques, scaling methods, test facilities and techniques, and rotorcraft icing.
Book Synopsis Handbook of Numerical Simulation of In-Flight Icing by : Wagdi George Habashi
Download or read book Handbook of Numerical Simulation of In-Flight Icing written by Wagdi George Habashi and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2024-01-12 with total page 1278 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This Handbook of Numerical Simulation of In-Flight Icing covers an array of methodologies and technologies on numerical simulation of in-flight icing and its applications. Comprised of contributions from internationally recognized experts from the Americas, Asia, and the EU, this authoritative, self-contained reference includes best practices and specification data spanning the gamut of simulation tools available internationally that can be used to speed up the certification of aircraft and make them safer to fly into known icing. The collection features nine sections concentrating on aircraft, rotorcraft, jet engines, UAVs; ice protection systems, including hot-air, electrothermal, and others; sensors and probes, CFD in the aid of testing, flight simulators, and certification process acceleration methods. Incorporating perspectives from academia, commercial, government R&D, the book is ideal for a range of engineers and scientists concerned with in-flight icing applications.
Book Synopsis Quantification of Ice Accretions for Icing Scaling Evaluations by :
Download or read book Quantification of Ice Accretions for Icing Scaling Evaluations written by and published by . This book was released on 2003 with total page 22 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis 4th AIAA Theoretical Fluid Mechanics Meeting: 05-5053 - 05-5386 by :
Download or read book 4th AIAA Theoretical Fluid Mechanics Meeting: 05-5053 - 05-5386 written by and published by . This book was released on 2005 with total page 578 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis 41st AIAA Aerospace Sciences Meeting & Exhibit by :
Download or read book 41st AIAA Aerospace Sciences Meeting & Exhibit written by and published by . This book was released on 2003 with total page 612 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Ice Accretion with Varying Surface Tension by : Alan J. Bilanin
Download or read book Ice Accretion with Varying Surface Tension written by Alan J. Bilanin and published by . This book was released on 1995 with total page 16 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Author :National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Publisher :Createspace Independent Publishing Platform ISBN 13 :9781721588008 Total Pages :34 pages Book Rating :4.5/5 (88 download)
Book Synopsis Quantification of Ice Accretions for Icing Scaling Evaluations by : National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)
Download or read book Quantification of Ice Accretions for Icing Scaling Evaluations written by National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) and published by Createspace Independent Publishing Platform. This book was released on 2018-06-20 with total page 34 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The comparison of ice accretion characteristics is an integral part of aircraft icing research. It is often necessary to compare an ice accretion obtained from a flight test or numerical simulation to one produced in an icing wind tunnel or for validation of an icing scaling method. Traditionally, this has been accomplished by overlaying two-dimensional tracings of ice accretion shapes. This paper addresses the basic question of how to compare ice accretions using more quantitative methods. For simplicity, geometric characteristics of the ice accretions are used for the comparison. One method evaluated is a direct comparison of the percent differences of the geometric measurements. The second method inputs these measurements into a fuzzy inference system to obtain a single measure of the goodness of the comparison. The procedures are demonstrated by comparing ice shapes obtained in the Icing Research Tunnel at NASA Glenn Research Center during recent icing scaling tests. The results demonstrate that this type of analysis is useful in quantifying the similarity of ice accretion shapes and that the procedures should be further developed by expanding the analysis to additional icing data sets. Ruff, Gary A. and Anderson, David N. Glenn Research Center NASA/TM-2003-212308, NAS 1.15:212308, E-13891, AIAA Paper 98-0195
Book Synopsis Analysis and Verification of the Icing Scaling Equations. Volume 1. Revision by : Gary A. Ruff
Download or read book Analysis and Verification of the Icing Scaling Equations. Volume 1. Revision written by Gary A. Ruff and published by . This book was released on 1986 with total page 80 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Study objectives were to evaluate the equations governing the ice-accretion process to identify proposed scaling parameters and to conduct tests to determine which, is any, of the proposed methods produced scale ice accretions. Study results include: (1) A set of equations that can be used to calculate test conditions so that scaled ice shapes are produced on geometrically similar bodies was developed and experimentally verified. (2) Posttest evaluation of the scaling parameters based on the actual test conditions was necessary for accurate evaluation of test results. (3) An icing similitude computer code, SIMICE, was developed to calculate similtude conditions using the verified scaling equations. (4) The equations were applicable over the range of meteorological conditions found in natural icing, with the possible exception of velocity. (5) Velocity is the primary limitation of the scaling equations. To maintain scaled flow fields and droplet impingement characteristics, both the model and full-scale velocities must yield a Reynolds number> or = 200,000 and
Book Synopsis Super-cooled Large Droplet Experimental Reproduction, Ice Shape Modeling, and Scaling Law Assessment by : Edward Rocco
Download or read book Super-cooled Large Droplet Experimental Reproduction, Ice Shape Modeling, and Scaling Law Assessment written by Edward Rocco and published by . This book was released on 2017 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The simulation of icing conditions is sought for potential aircraft certification,and therefore test facilities that can generate conditions able to reproduce theice accretion phenomena are necessary. The icing conditions that aircraft endureare outlined in The Federal Aviation Administration regulations for airframe icingas described in Federal Aviation Regulation (FAR) 14 Part 25 Appendix C andPart 33 Appendix O. Multiple icing facilities exist for FAR 14 Part 25 AppendixC conditions, however developing facilities that can replicate super-cooled largedroplet (SLD) clouds and bi-modal SLD clouds (cloud with concentrations ofAppendix C and SLD conditions often observed in flight test) related to AppendixO is difficult due to the shortcomings of horizontal wind tunnels when generatingSLD particles (gravity effects on the large droplets). In the presented research effort,The Adverse Environment Rotor Test State (AERTS) at Penn State is assessedas a low-cost alternative to horizontal wind tunnels for the reproduction of SLDconditions. Current ice modeling techniques are also investigated for SLD regimes,existing Appendix C ice scaling techniques are evaluated in the SLD regime, andbi-modal SLD cloud impingement limits and ice shapes are investigated. Mentionedevaluation of ice accretion modeling tools is conducted via ice shape correlationsbetween experimental result and predictions.Firstly, the AERTS facility was calibrated in the SLD regime. Median VolumeDiameter (MVD) and Liquid Water Content (LWC) are the test parametersnecessary to calibrate for the reproduction of flight conditions. Phase DopplerInterferometer (PDI) data of cloud MVD was used to demonstrate that the existingnozzle spray system can provide relative MVD control of an SLD cloud. LWCcalibration is generally achieved in an icing facility utilizing a rime ice shape toensure freezing fractions close to unity (all encountered droplets freeze on impactwithout splashing or flowing aft). A rime shape in the SLD regime is unachievabledue to large particle splashing, and thus the effect splashing has on effective collectionefficiency must be considered in the LWC calculation. LEWICE, the nationsstandard ice prediction software, contains a droplet splashing model based on lowspeed test data (20 m/s). The LEWICE splashing model, coupled with a literaturebased empirical LWC adjustment, necessary due to test speeds beyond the 20 m/slimit, was utilized to effectively calibrate the LWC in the AERTS facility within16%.Secondly, ice shape modeling software known to be valid in Appendix C conditionswere assessed in the SLD regime. LEWICE, with and without an improvedheat transfer model (known as the AERTS prediction) was compared to six (6)AERTS test cases, three (3) of which had literature reference shapes. Overall, theAERTS test cases and literature reference case shapes were similar, but differencesin horn formation were observed. Overall, the ice prediction modeling tools werein agreement with the AERTS test cases, and the AERTS prediction providedimprovements in shape prediction when compared to LEWICE. When comparingthe deviation of the generated ice shapes to the prediction models, the AERTSprediction, on average, provided a 28.4% ice stagnation thickness prediction improvementsand 24.1% horn angle prediction improvements to LEWICE predictions.This is consistent with the prediction performance of LEWICE when including theheat transfer model improvements that were observed in previous, Appendix Ccondition, research efforts.Thirdly, ice condition scaling laws known to be valid in the Appendix C regimewere evaluated in SLD conditions. The modified Ruff scaling method was previouslytested at the NASA Glenn Icing Research Tunnel for SLD, but investigation of thescaling laws in other test facilities was requested to further understand SLD scaling.The results of this research, comparing six (6) scaling tests with the six (6) SLDtests previously mentioned, suggests that the ice scaling laws apply in the SLDregime as previously discussed in the literature. The mean deviation of stagnationthickness, horn angle, and horn protrusion of scale to reference test cases wereobserved to be 1.60%, 4.45%, and 1.46%, respectively. Furthermore, scalabilitydid not appear to degrade despite a large range of MVD, LWC, temperature, andspeed tested.Finally, a bi-modal cloud was studied in the SLD regime. The AERTS facilitywas modified with two independent cloud spray systems to generate a bi-modalcloud. In an SLD cloud, ice impingement limits are farther aft than in Appendix Cconditions, which is of concern for de-icing system design. Therefore, impingementlimit behavior of bi-modal clouds often observed in nature, must be understood.Impingement limits are defined by collection efficiency; a function of particletrajectory and thus MVD. Therefore, the impingement limit of a bi-modal SLD cloud should be that of a unimodal SLD cloud of the same MVD. To assess theimpingement limit trend, four (4) conditions resulting in sixteen (16) tests and fortyeight(48) data points were executed. The SLD impingement limit being that of thebi-modal cloud was observed experimentally, with a -1.58% 8.44% mean deviationof the upper impingement limit to the LEWICE prediction of the SLD impingementlimit, and a -11.0% 8.41% mean deviation of the lower impingement limit to theLEWICE prediction. When observing shape trends in the bi-modal scenario, the iceshape qualities transitioned from the 0% SLD to the 100% SLD shape consistentlyas SLD cloud content was increased. When comparing the deviation of four(4)generated ice shapes to the prediction models, the AERTS prediction forecast, onaverage, 21.4% ice stagnation thickness prediction improvements, and 18.5% hornangle prediction improvements when compared to LEWICE prediction deviations.vi.
Author :National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Publisher :Createspace Independent Publishing Platform ISBN 13 :9781721799886 Total Pages :38 pages Book Rating :4.7/5 (998 download)
Book Synopsis Overview of Icing Physics Relevant to Scaling by : National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)
Download or read book Overview of Icing Physics Relevant to Scaling written by National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) and published by Createspace Independent Publishing Platform. This book was released on 2018-06-24 with total page 38 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: An understanding of icing physics is required for the development of both scaling methods and ice-accretion prediction codes. This paper gives an overview of our present understanding of the important physical processes and the associated similarity parameters that determine the shape of Appendix C ice accretions. For many years it has been recognized that ice accretion processes depend on flow effects over the model, on droplet trajectories, on the rate of water collection and time of exposure, and, for glaze ice, on a heat balance. For scaling applications, equations describing these events have been based on analyses at the stagnation line of the model and have resulted in the identification of several non-dimensional similarity parameters. The parameters include the modified inertia parameter of the water drop, the accumulation parameter and the freezing fraction. Other parameters dealing with the leading edge heat balance have also been used for convenience. By equating scale expressions for these parameters to the values to be simulated a set of equations is produced which can be solved for the scale test conditions. Studies in the past few years have shown that at least one parameter in addition to those mentioned above is needed to describe surface-water effects, and some of the traditional parameters may not be as significant as once thought. Insight into the importance of each parameter, and the physical processes it represents, can be made by viewing whether ice shapes change, and the extent of the change, when each parameter is varied. Experimental evidence is presented to establish the importance of each of the traditionally used parameters and to identify the possible form of a new similarity parameter to be used for scaling. Anderson, David N. and Tsao, Jen-Ching Glenn Research Center NASA/CR-2005-213851, Rept-2003-01-2130, E-15221
Download or read book Aircraft Accident Report written by and published by . This book was released on 197? with total page 364 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis The Proceedings of the 2018 Asia-Pacific International Symposium on Aerospace Technology (APISAT 2018) by : Xinguo Zhang
Download or read book The Proceedings of the 2018 Asia-Pacific International Symposium on Aerospace Technology (APISAT 2018) written by Xinguo Zhang and published by Springer. This book was released on 2019-06-08 with total page 3068 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book is a compilation of peer-reviewed papers from the 2018 Asia-Pacific International Symposium on Aerospace Technology (APISAT 2018). The symposium is a common endeavour between the four national aerospace societies in China, Australia, Korea and Japan, namely, the Chinese Society of Aeronautics and Astronautics (CSAA), Royal Aeronautical Society Australian Division (RAeS Australian Division), the Korean Society for Aeronautical and Space Sciences (KSAS) and the Japan Society for Aeronautical and Space Sciences (JSASS). APISAT is an annual event initiated in 2009 to provide an opportunity for researchers and engineers from Asia-Pacific countries to discuss current and future advanced topics in aeronautical and space engineering.
Book Synopsis Proceedings of the FAA International Conference on Aircraft Inflight Icing by :
Download or read book Proceedings of the FAA International Conference on Aircraft Inflight Icing written by and published by . This book was released on 1996 with total page 266 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: