A White Liberal College President In The Jim Crow South

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A White Liberal College President in the Jim Crow South

Author : Sandra E. Godwin
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9780881467901
Total Pages : 256 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (679 download)

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Book Synopsis A White Liberal College President in the Jim Crow South by : Sandra E. Godwin

Download or read book A White Liberal College President in the Jim Crow South written by Sandra E. Godwin and published by . This book was released on 2021-06 with total page 256 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A WHITE LIBERAL COLLEGE PRESIDENT IN THE JIM CROW SOUTH is a historical narrative that explores the inner turmoil of a college president who positioned himself between two opposing political ideologies. The Young Women's Christian Association represented one side and governors, state board members, judges, and other powerful anti-black groups represented the other. Guy Herbert Wells, president of Georgia State College for (white) Women, learned to manage the tension between holding true to his own values, which more closely resembled those of students in the YWCA, while working for a state system that upheld white supremacy. A 1935 YWCA interracial event became the catalyst for his first lesson on how to manage this tension. Using archival data from Georgia College (formerly Georgia State College for Women) and the YWCA, Godwin tracks Wells's positioning and identifies the motivation of his political movements right and left.

Jim Crow Campus

Author : Joy Ann Williamson-Lott
Publisher : Teachers College Press
ISBN 13 : 0807776971
Total Pages : 164 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (77 download)

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Book Synopsis Jim Crow Campus by : Joy Ann Williamson-Lott

Download or read book Jim Crow Campus written by Joy Ann Williamson-Lott and published by Teachers College Press. This book was released on 2018 with total page 164 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This well-researched volume explores how the Black freedom struggle and the anti–Vietnam War movement dovetailed with faculty and student activism in the South to undermine the traditional role of higher education and bring about social change. It uses the battles between students, faculty, presidents, trustees, elected officials, and funding agencies to explain how Black and White southern campuses transformed themselves into reputable academic centers. No matter the type of institution, these battles represented cracks in the edifice of the Old South and precipitated wide-ranging changes in southern higher education and society as well. This thought-provoking history offers scholars and others interested in institutional autonomy and the value of civil society a deep understanding of the central role that institutions of higher education can play in social and political change and the vital importance of independent institutions during times of national crisis. “The riveting prose and well-researched narrative tell the stories of the past while also teaching lessons for today.” —Marybeth Gasman, University of Pennsylvania “A must-read for every serious student of higher education, academic freedom, free speech, civil rights, student protest, and southern history.” —Robert Cohen, New York University “Takes us back to a recent period in the American South in which the suppression of speech was commonplace in government and in the routines of everyday life.” —James D. Anderson, University of Illinois

South Carolina State University

Author : William C Hine
Publisher : Univ of South Carolina Press
ISBN 13 : 1611178525
Total Pages : 497 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (111 download)

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Book Synopsis South Carolina State University by : William C Hine

Download or read book South Carolina State University written by William C Hine and published by Univ of South Carolina Press. This book was released on 2018-04-16 with total page 497 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The turbulent history of one of South Carolina's historically black colleges and its significant role in the civil rights movement Since its founding in 1896, South Carolina State University has provided vocational, undergraduate, and graduate education for generations of African Americans. Now the state's flagship historically black university, it achieved this recognition after decades of struggling against poverty, inadequate infrastructure and funding, and social and cultural isolation. In South Carolina State University: A Black Land-Grant College in Jim Crow America, William C. Hine examines South Carolina State's complicated start, its slow and long-overdue transition to a degree-granting university, and its significant role in advancing civil rights in the state and country. A product of the state's "separate but equal" legislation, South Carolina State University was a hallmark of Jim Crow South Carolina. Black and white students were indeed provided separate colleges, but the institutions were in no way equal. When established, South Carolina State emphasized vocational and agricultural subjects as well as teacher training for black students while the University of South Carolina offered white students a broad range of higher-level academic and professional course work leading to a bachelor's degree. Through the middle decades of the twentieth century, South Carolina State was an incubator for much of the civil rights activity in the state. The tragic Orangeburg massacre on February 8, 1968, occurred on its campus and resulted in the deaths of three students and the wounding of twenty-eight others. Using the university as a lens, Hine examines the state's history of race relations, poverty and progress, and the politics of higher education for whites and blacks from the Reconstruction era into the twenty-first century. Hine's work showcases what the institution has achieved as well as what was required for the school to achieve the parity it was once promised. This fascinating account is replete with revealing anecdotes, more than sixty photographs and illustrations, and a cast of famous figures including Benjamin R. Tillman, Coleman Blease, Benjamin E. Mays, Marian Birnie Wilkinson, Mary McLeod Bethune, Modjeska Simkins, Strom Thurmond, Essie Mae Washington Williams, James F. Byrnes, John Foster Dulles, James E. Clyburn, and Willie Jeffries.

Steady and Measured

Author : Travis D. Boyce
Publisher : Univ of South Carolina Press
ISBN 13 : 1643364456
Total Pages : 175 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (433 download)

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Book Synopsis Steady and Measured by : Travis D. Boyce

Download or read book Steady and Measured written by Travis D. Boyce and published by Univ of South Carolina Press. This book was released on 2023-10-19 with total page 175 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Reassesses the career of Benner C. Turner, the polarizing African American president at South Carolina State during the civil rights era Travis D. Boyce considers the full sweep of Benner C. Turner's life and career in the context of the contrary pressures of white and Black authority. Borrowing an expression from Michelle Obama's remarks to the 2016 Democratic National Convention, Boyce casts Turner, long-serving president of South Carolina State University, as a steady and measured leader who preserved the limited resources his historically Black institution possessed in the face of often hostile social, political, and economic power structures. Previous accounts of Turner and his SC State presidency portray him as unwilling to criticize the state's white power structure and unable to contend with their open resistance to civil rights. Boyce argues that the modern view of Turner flattens a complex terrain, often relying selectively on hostile sources, underplaying the political constraints on presidents of publicly funded HBCUs in the South. Considering Turner in a richer context, with a deep awareness of Turner's early life formative influences, Boyce provides a more complete critical examination of his leadership in trying times.

The Struggle and the Urban South

Author : David Taft Terry
Publisher : University of Georgia Press
ISBN 13 : 0820355089
Total Pages : 306 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (23 download)

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Book Synopsis The Struggle and the Urban South by : David Taft Terry

Download or read book The Struggle and the Urban South written by David Taft Terry and published by University of Georgia Press. This book was released on 2019-06-15 with total page 306 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Through the example of Baltimore, Maryland, David Taft Terry explores the historical importance of African American resistance to Jim Crow laws in the South’s largest cities. Terry also adds to our understanding of the underexplored historical period of the civil rights movement, prior to the 1960s. Baltimore, one of the South largest cities, was a crucible of segregationist laws and practices. In response, from the 1890s through the 1950s, African Americans there (like those in the South’s other major cities) shaped an evolving resistance to segregation across three themes. The first theme involved black southerners’ development of a counter-narrative to Jim Crow’s demeaning doctrines about them. Second, through participation in a national antisegregation agenda, urban South blacks nurtured a dynamic tension between their local branches of social justice organizations and national offices, so that southern blacks retained self-determination while expanding local resources for resistance. Third, with the rise of new antisegregation orthodoxies in the immediate post-World War II years, the urban South’s black leaders, citizens, and students and their allies worked ceaselessly to instigate confrontations between southern white transgressors and federal white enforcers. Along the way, African Americans worked to define equality for themselves and to gain the required power to demand it. They forged the protest traditions of an enduring black struggle for equality in the urban South. By 1960 that struggle had inspired a national civil rights movement.

Journalism and Jim Crow

Author : Kathy Roberts Forde
Publisher : University of Illinois Press
ISBN 13 : 0252053044
Total Pages : 534 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (52 download)

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Book Synopsis Journalism and Jim Crow by : Kathy Roberts Forde

Download or read book Journalism and Jim Crow written by Kathy Roberts Forde and published by University of Illinois Press. This book was released on 2021-12-14 with total page 534 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Winner of the American Historical Association’s 2022 Eugenia M. Palmegiano Prize. White publishers and editors used their newspapers to build, nurture, and protect white supremacy across the South in the decades after the Civil War. At the same time, a vibrant Black press fought to disrupt these efforts and force the United States to live up to its democratic ideals. Journalism and Jim Crow centers the press as a crucial political actor shaping the rise of the Jim Crow South. The contributors explore the leading role of the white press in constructing an anti-democratic society by promoting and supporting not only lynching and convict labor but also coordinated campaigns of violence and fraud that disenfranchised Black voters. They also examine the Black press’s parallel fight for a multiracial democracy of equality, justice, and opportunity for all—a losing battle with tragic consequences for the American experiment. Original and revelatory, Journalism and Jim Crow opens up new ways of thinking about the complicated relationship between journalism and power in American democracy. Contributors: Sid Bedingfield, Bryan Bowman, W. Fitzhugh Brundage, Kathy Roberts Forde, Robert Greene II, Kristin L. Gustafson, D'Weston Haywood, Blair LM Kelley, and Razvan Sibii

Reforming Jim Crow

Author : Kimberley Johnson
Publisher : Oxford University Press
ISBN 13 : 019988904X
Total Pages : 336 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (998 download)

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Book Synopsis Reforming Jim Crow by : Kimberley Johnson

Download or read book Reforming Jim Crow written by Kimberley Johnson and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2010-04-16 with total page 336 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Historians of the Civil Rights era typically treat the key events of the 1950s Brown v. Board of Education, sit-ins, bus boycotts, and marches--as a revolutionary social upheaval that upended a rigid caste system. While the 1950s was a watershed era in Southern and civil rights history, the tendency has been to paint the preceding Jim Crow era as a brutal system that featured none of the progressive reform impulses so apparent at the federal level and in the North. As Kimberley Johnson shows in this pathbreaking reappraisal of the Jim Crow era, this argument is too simplistic, and is true to neither the 1950s nor the long era of Jim Crow that finally solidified in 1910. Focusing on the political development of the South between 1910 and 1954, Johnson considers the genuine efforts by white and black progressives to reform the system without destroying it. These reformers assumed that the system was there to stay, and therefore felt that they had to work within it in order to modernize the South. Consequently, white progressives tried to install a better--meaning more equitable--separate-but-equal system, and elite black reformers focused on ameliorative (rather than confrontational) solutions that would improve the lives of African Americans. Johnson concentrates on local and state reform efforts throughout the South in areas like schooling, housing, and labor. Many of the reforms made a difference, but they had the ironic impact of generating more demand for social change among blacks. She is able to show how demands slowly rose over time, and how the system laid the seeds of its own destruction. The reformers' commitment to a system that was less unequal--albeit not truly equal--and more like the North led to significant policy changes over time. As Johnson powerfully demonstrates, our lack of knowledge about the cumulative policy transformations resulting from the Jim Crow reform impulse impoverishes our understanding of the Civil Rights revolution. Reforming Jim Crow rectifies that.

Higher Education for African Americans before the Civil Rights Era, 1900-1964

Author : Marybeth Gasman
Publisher : Transaction Publishers
ISBN 13 : 1412847249
Total Pages : 207 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (128 download)

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Book Synopsis Higher Education for African Americans before the Civil Rights Era, 1900-1964 by : Marybeth Gasman

Download or read book Higher Education for African Americans before the Civil Rights Era, 1900-1964 written by Marybeth Gasman and published by Transaction Publishers. This book was released on 2012-08-14 with total page 207 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume examines the evolution of higher education opportunities for African Americans in the early and mid-twentieth century. It contributes to understanding how African Americans overcame great odds to obtain advanced education in their own institutions, how they asserted themselves to gain control over those institutions, and how they persisted despite discrimination and intimidation in both northern and southern universities. Following an introduction by the editors are contributions by Richard M. Breaux, Louis Ray, Lauren Kientz Anderson, Timothy Reese Cain, Linda M. Perkins, and Michael Fultz. Contributors consider the expansion and elevation of African American higher education. Such progress was made against heavy odds—the "separate but equal" policies of the segregated South, less overt but pervasive racist attitudes in the North, and legal obstacles to obtaining equal rights.

The Strange Careers of the Jim Crow North

Author : Brian Purnell
Publisher : NYU Press
ISBN 13 : 1479820334
Total Pages : 356 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (798 download)

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Book Synopsis The Strange Careers of the Jim Crow North by : Brian Purnell

Download or read book The Strange Careers of the Jim Crow North written by Brian Purnell and published by NYU Press. This book was released on 2019-04-23 with total page 356 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Did American racism originate in the liberal North? An inquiry into the system of institutionalized racism created by Northern Jim Crow Jim Crow was not a regional sickness, it was a national cancer. Even at the high point of twentieth century liberalism in the North, Jim Crow racism hid in plain sight. Perpetuated by colorblind arguments about “cultures of poverty,” policies focused more on black criminality than black equality. Procedures that diverted resources in education, housing, and jobs away from poor black people turned ghettos and prisons into social pandemics. Americans in the North made this history. They tried to unmake it, too. Liberalism, rather than lighting the way to vanquish the darkness of the Jim Crow North gave racism new and complex places to hide. The twelve original essays in this anthology unveil Jim Crow’s many strange careers in the North. They accomplish two goals: first, they show how the Jim Crow North worked as a system to maintain social, economic, and political inequality in the nation’s most liberal places; and second, they chronicle how activists worked to undo the legal, economic, and social inequities born of Northern Jim Crow policies, practices, and ideas. The book ultimately dispels the myth that the South was the birthplace of American racism, and presents a compelling argument that American racism actually originated in the North.

Between Washington and Du Bois

Author : Reginald K. Ellis
Publisher : University Press of Florida
ISBN 13 : 081306368X
Total Pages : 161 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (13 download)

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Book Synopsis Between Washington and Du Bois by : Reginald K. Ellis

Download or read book Between Washington and Du Bois written by Reginald K. Ellis and published by University Press of Florida. This book was released on 2018-09-12 with total page 161 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Southern Conference on African American Studies Inc. C. Calvin Smith Book Award Between Washington and Du Bois describes the life and work of James Edward Shepard, the founder and president of the first state-supported black liberal arts college in the South. Arguing that black college presidents of the early twentieth century were not only academic pioneers but also race leaders, Reginald Ellis shows how Shepard played a vital role in the creation of a black professional class during the Jim Crow era.

Deluxe Jim Crow

Author : Karen Kruse Thomas
Publisher : University of Georgia Press
ISBN 13 : 0820341789
Total Pages : 401 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (23 download)

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Book Synopsis Deluxe Jim Crow by : Karen Kruse Thomas

Download or read book Deluxe Jim Crow written by Karen Kruse Thomas and published by University of Georgia Press. This book was released on 2011-12-01 with total page 401 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Plagued by geographic isolation, poverty, and acute shortages of health professionals and hospital beds, the South was dubbed by Surgeon General Thomas Parran "the nation's number one health problem." The improvement of southern, rural, and black health would become a top priority of the U.S. Public Health Service during the Roosevelt and Truman administrations. Karen Kruse Thomas details how NAACP lawsuits pushed southern states to equalize public services and facilities for blacks just as wartime shortages of health personnel and high rates of draft rejections generated broad support for health reform. Southern Democrats leveraged their power in Congress and used the war effort to call for federal aid to uplift the South. The language of regional uplift, Thomas contends, allowed southern liberals to aid blacks while remaining silent on race. Reformers embraced, at least initially, the notion of "deluxe Jim Crow"--support for health care that maintained segregation. Thomas argues that this strategy was, in certain respects, a success, building much-needed hospitals and training more black doctors. By the 1950s, deluxe Jim Crow policy had helped to weaken the legal basis for segregation. Thomas traces this transformation at the national level and in North Carolina, where "deluxe Jim Crow reached its fullest potential." This dual focus allows her to examine the shifting alliances--between blacks and liberal whites, southerners and northerners, activists and doctors--that drove policy. Deluxe Jim Crow provides insight into a variety of historical debates, including the racial dimensions of state building, the nature of white southern liberalism, and the role of black professionals during the long civil rights movement.

Why White Liberals Fail

Author : Anthony J. Badger
Publisher : Harvard University Press
ISBN 13 : 0674242343
Total Pages : 257 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (742 download)

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Book Synopsis Why White Liberals Fail by : Anthony J. Badger

Download or read book Why White Liberals Fail written by Anthony J. Badger and published by Harvard University Press. This book was released on 2022-06-14 with total page 257 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Anthony Badger explains why liberal campaigns for race-neutral economic policies failed to win over white Southerners. When federal programs did not deliver the economic benefits that white Southerners expected, the appeal of biracial politics was supplanted by the values-based lure of conservative Republicans.

The Deadline: Essays

Author : Jill Lepore
Publisher : Liveright Publishing
ISBN 13 : 1631496131
Total Pages : 394 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (314 download)

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Book Synopsis The Deadline: Essays by : Jill Lepore

Download or read book The Deadline: Essays written by Jill Lepore and published by Liveright Publishing. This book was released on 2023-08-29 with total page 394 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "Jill Lepore is unquestionably one of America’s best historians; it’s fair to say she’s one of its best writers too." —Jonathan Russell Clark, Los Angeles Times TIME • 10 Best Books of August 2023 A book to be read and kept for posterity, The Deadline is the art of the essay at its best. Few, if any, historians have brought such insight, wisdom, and empathy to public discourse as Jill Lepore. Arriving at The New Yorker in 2005, Lepore, with her panoptical range and razor-sharp style, brought a transporting freshness and a literary vivacity to everything from profiles of long-dead writers to urgent constitutional analysis to an unsparing scrutiny of the woeful affairs of the nation itself. The astonishing essays collected in The Deadline offer a prismatic portrait of Americans’ techno-utopianism, frantic fractiousness, and unprecedented—but armed—aimlessness. From lockdowns and race commissions to Bratz dolls and bicycles, to the losses that haunt Lepore’s life, these essays again and again cross what she calls the deadline, the “river of time that divides the quick from the dead.” Echoing Gore Vidal’s United States in its massive intellectual erudition, The Deadline, with its remarkable juxtaposition of the political and the personal, challenges the very nature of the essay—and of history—itself.

The Jim Crow Encyclopedia [2 volumes]

Author : Nikki Brown
Publisher : Bloomsbury Publishing USA
ISBN 13 : 0313341826
Total Pages : 950 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (133 download)

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Book Synopsis The Jim Crow Encyclopedia [2 volumes] by : Nikki Brown

Download or read book The Jim Crow Encyclopedia [2 volumes] written by Nikki Brown and published by Bloomsbury Publishing USA. This book was released on 2008-09-30 with total page 950 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Jim Crow refers to a set of laws in many states, predominantly in the South, after the end of Reconstruction in 1877 that severely restricted the rights and privileges of African Americans. As a caste system of enormous social and economic magnitude, the institutionalization of Jim Crow was the most significant element in African American life until the 1960s Civil Rights Movement led to its dismantling. Racial segregation, as well as responses to it and resistance against it, dominated the African American consciousness and continued to oppress African Americans and other minorities, while engendering some of the most important African American contributions to society. This major encyclopedia is the first devoted to the Jim Crow era. The era is encapsulated through more than 275 essay entries on such areas as law, media, business, politics, employment, religion, education, people, events, culture, the arts, protest, the military, class, housing, sports, and violence as well as through accompanying key primary documents excerpted as side bars. This set will serve as an invaluable, definitive resource for student research and general knowledge. The authoritative entries are written by a host of historians with expertise in the Jim Crow era. The quality content comes in an easy-to-access format. Readers can quickly find topics of interest, with alphabetical and topical lists of entries in the frontmatter, along with cross-references to related entries per entry. Further reading is provided per entry. Dynamic sidebars throughout give added insight into the topics. A chronology, selected bibliography, and photos round out the coverage. Sample entries include Advertising, Affirmative Action, Armed Forces, Black Cabinet, Blues, Brooklyn Dodgers, Bolling v. Sharpe, Confederate Flag, Congress of Racial Equality (CORE), Detroit Race Riot 1943, Ralph Ellison, Eyes on the Prize, G.I. Bill, Healthcare, Homosexuality, Intelligence Testing, Japanese Internment, Liberia, Minstrelsy, Nadir of the Negro, Poll Taxes, Rhythm and Blues, Rural Segregation, Sharecropping, Sundown Towns, Booker T. Washington, Works Project Administration, World War II.

Encyclopedia of African American History, 1896 to the Present: O-T

Author : Paul Finkelman
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 0195167791
Total Pages : 2637 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (951 download)

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Book Synopsis Encyclopedia of African American History, 1896 to the Present: O-T by : Paul Finkelman

Download or read book Encyclopedia of African American History, 1896 to the Present: O-T written by Paul Finkelman and published by . This book was released on 2009 with total page 2637 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Alphabetically-arranged entries from O to T that explores significant events, major persons, organizations, and political and social movements in African-American history from 1896 to the twenty-first-century.

Fifty Years of Segregation

Author : John A. Hardin
Publisher : University Press of Kentucky
ISBN 13 : 9780813132716
Total Pages : 206 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (327 download)

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Book Synopsis Fifty Years of Segregation by : John A. Hardin

Download or read book Fifty Years of Segregation written by John A. Hardin and published by University Press of Kentucky. This book was released on 1997 with total page 206 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book examines the history of 20th century racial segregation in Kentucky higher education, the last state in the South to enact legislation banning interracial education in private schools and the first to remove it. In five chapters and an epilogue, the book traces the growth of racism, the period of acceptance of racism, the black community's efforts for reform, the stresses of "separate and unequal," and the unrelenting pressure to desegregate Kentucky schools. Different tactics, ranging from community and religious organization support to legislative and legal measures, that were used for specific campaigns are described in detail. The final chapters of the book describe the struggles of college presidents faced with student turmoil, persistent societal resistance from whites (both locally and legislatively), and changing expectations, after the 1954 Supreme Court decision in "Brown V. Board of Education" broadened desegregation to all public schools and the responsibility for desegregation shifted from politically driven state legislators or governors to college governing boards. Appendices contain tabular data on demographics, state appropriations, and admissions to public and private colleges and universities in Kentucky. (Contains approximately 550 notes and bibliographic references.) (Bf).

Schooling Jim Crow

Author : Jay Winston Driskell Jr.
Publisher : University of Virginia Press
ISBN 13 : 0813936152
Total Pages : 320 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (139 download)

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Book Synopsis Schooling Jim Crow by : Jay Winston Driskell Jr.

Download or read book Schooling Jim Crow written by Jay Winston Driskell Jr. and published by University of Virginia Press. This book was released on 2014-12-03 with total page 320 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In 1919 the NAACP organized a voting bloc powerful enough to compel the city of Atlanta to budget $1.5 million for the construction of schools for black students. This victory would have been remarkable in any era, but in the context of the Jim Crow South it was revolutionary. Schooling Jim Crow tells the story of this little-known campaign, which happened less than thirteen years after the Atlanta race riot of 1906 and just weeks before a wave of anti-black violence swept the nation in the summer after the end of World War I. Despite the constant threat of violence, Atlanta’s black voters were able to force the city to build five black grammar schools and Booker T. Washington High School, the city’s first publicly funded black high school. Schooling Jim Crow reveals how they did it and why it matters. In this pathbreaking book, Jay Driskell explores the changes in black political consciousness that made the NAACP’s grassroots campaign possible at a time when most black southerners could not vote, let alone demand schools. He reveals how black Atlantans transformed a reactionary politics of respectability into a militant force for change. Contributing to this militancy were understandings of class and gender transformed by decades of racially segregated urban development, the 1906 Atlanta race riot, Georgia’s disfranchisement campaign of 1908, and the upheavals of World War I. On this cultural foundation, black Atlantans built a new urban black politics that would become the model for the NAACP’s political strategy well into the twentieth century.