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A Unified Model Of Secondary Electron Cascades In Diamond
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Book Synopsis A Unified Model of Secondary Electron Cascades in Diamond by :
Download or read book A Unified Model of Secondary Electron Cascades in Diamond written by and published by . This book was released on 2004 with total page 35 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In this paper we present a detailed and unified theoretical treatment of secondary electron cascades that follow the absorption of an X-ray photon. A Monte Carlo model has been constructed that treats in detail the evolution of electron cascades induced by photoelectrons and by Auger electrons following inner shell ionizations. Detailed calculations are presented for cascades initiated by electron energies between 0.1-10 keV. The present paper expands our earlier work by extending the primary energy range, by improving the treatment of secondary electrons, especially at low electron energies, by including ionization by holes, and by taking into account their coupling to the crystal lattice. The calculations describe the three-dimensional evolution of the electron cloud, and monitor the equivalent instantaneous temperature of the free-electron gas as the system cools. The dissipation of the impact energy proceeds predominantly through the production of secondary electrons whose energies are comparable to the binding energies of the valence (40-50 eV) and of the core electrons (300 eV). The electron cloud generated by a 10 keV electron is strongly anisotropic in the early phases of the cascade (t (less-than or equal to) 1 fs). At later times, the sample is dominated by low energy electrons, and these are scattered more isotropically by atoms in the sample. Our results for the total late time number of secondary electrons agree with available experimental data, and show that the emission of secondary electrons approaches saturation within about 100 fs, following the primary impact.
Book Synopsis X-ray Free Electron Lasers by : Sébastien Boutet
Download or read book X-ray Free Electron Lasers written by Sébastien Boutet and published by Springer. This book was released on 2018-12-27 with total page 479 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The timely volume describes recent discoveries and method developments that have revolutionized Structural Biology with the advent of X-ray Free Electron Lasers. It provides, for the first time, a comprehensive examination of this cutting-edge technology. It discusses of-the-moment topics such as growth and detection of nanocrystals, Sample Delivery Techniques for serial femtosecond crystallography, data collection methods at XFELs, and more. This book aims to provide the readers with an overview of the new methods that have been recently developed as well as a prospective on new methods under development. It highlights the most important and novel Structural Discoveries made recently with XFELS, contextualized with a big-picture discussion of future developments.
Book Synopsis High-Intensity X-rays - Interaction with Matter by : Stefan P. Hau-Riege
Download or read book High-Intensity X-rays - Interaction with Matter written by Stefan P. Hau-Riege and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2012-09-19 with total page 260 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Filling the need for a book bridging the effect of matter on X-ray radiation and the interaction of x-rays with plasmas, this monograph provides comprehensive coverage of the topic. As such, it presents and explains such powerful new X-ray sources as X-ray free-electron lasers, as well as short pulse interactions with solids, clusters, molecules, and plasmas, and X-ray matter interactions as a diagnostic tool. Equally useful for researchers and practitioners working in the field.
Book Synopsis Secondary Electron Emission Spectroscopy of Diamond Surfaces by : Isay L. Krainsky
Download or read book Secondary Electron Emission Spectroscopy of Diamond Surfaces written by Isay L. Krainsky and published by . This book was released on 1999 with total page 28 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This report presents the results of the secondary electron emission spectroscopy study of hydrogenated diamond surfaces for single crystals and chemical vapor-deposited polycrystalline films. One-electron calculations of Auger spectra of diamond surfaces having various hydrogen coverages are presented, the major features of the experimental spectra are explained, and a theoretical model for Auger spectra of hydrogenated diamond surfaces is proposed. An energy shift and a change in the line shape of the carbon core-valence-valence (KVV) Auger spectra were observed for diamond surfaces after exposure to an electron beam or by annealing at temperatures higher than 950°C. This change is related to the redistribution of the valence-band local density of states caused by hydrogen desorption from the surface. A strong negative electron affinity (NEA) effect, which appeared as a large, narrow peak in the low-energy portion of the spectrum of the secondary electron energy distribution, was also observed on the diamond surfaces. A fine structure in this peak, which was found for the first time, reflected the energy structure of the bottom of the conduction band. Further, the breakup of the bulk excitons at the surface during secondary electron emission was attributed to one of the features of this structure. The study demonstrated that the NEA type depends on the extent of hydrogen coverage of the diamond surface, changing from the true type for the completely hydrogenated surface to the effective type for the partially hydrogenated surface.
Book Synopsis Secondary-electron Emission from Hydrogen-terminated Diamond by :
Download or read book Secondary-electron Emission from Hydrogen-terminated Diamond written by and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Diamond amplifiers demonstrably are an electron source with the potential to support high-brightness, high-average-current emission into a vacuum. We recently developed a reliable hydrogenation procedure for the diamond amplifier. The systematic study of hydrogenation resulted in the reproducible fabrication of high gain diamond amplifier. Furthermore, we measured the emission probability of diamond amplifier as a function of the external field and modelled the process with resulting changes in the vacuum level due to the Schottky effect. We demonstrated that the decrease in the secondary electrons average emission gain was a function of the pulse width and related this to the trapping of electrons by the effective NEA surface. The findings from the model agree well with our experimental measurements. As an application of the model, the energy spread of secondary electrons inside the diamond was estimated from the measured emission.
Book Synopsis Secondary Electron Emission from Diamond for Night Vision Applications by : Ana Carolina Parada Cabrera
Download or read book Secondary Electron Emission from Diamond for Night Vision Applications written by Ana Carolina Parada Cabrera and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Secondary Electron Emission from Diamond for Night Vision Applications by : A. C. Parada Cabrera
Download or read book Secondary Electron Emission from Diamond for Night Vision Applications written by A. C. Parada Cabrera and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Ion-Solid Interactions by : Michael Nastasi
Download or read book Ion-Solid Interactions written by Michael Nastasi and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 1996-03-29 with total page 572 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Comprehensive guide to an important materials science technique for students and researchers.
Book Synopsis The Origin of Consciousness in the Breakdown of the Bicameral Mind by : Julian Jaynes
Download or read book The Origin of Consciousness in the Breakdown of the Bicameral Mind written by Julian Jaynes and published by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. This book was released on 2000-08-15 with total page 580 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: National Book Award Finalist: “This man’s ideas may be the most influential, not to say controversial, of the second half of the twentieth century.”—Columbus Dispatch At the heart of this classic, seminal book is Julian Jaynes's still-controversial thesis that human consciousness did not begin far back in animal evolution but instead is a learned process that came about only three thousand years ago and is still developing. The implications of this revolutionary scientific paradigm extend into virtually every aspect of our psychology, our history and culture, our religion—and indeed our future. “Don’t be put off by the academic title of Julian Jaynes’s The Origin of Consciousness in the Breakdown of the Bicameral Mind. Its prose is always lucid and often lyrical…he unfolds his case with the utmost intellectual rigor.”—The New York Times “When Julian Jaynes . . . speculates that until late in the twentieth millennium BC men had no consciousness but were automatically obeying the voices of the gods, we are astounded but compelled to follow this remarkable thesis.”—John Updike, The New Yorker “He is as startling as Freud was in The Interpretation of Dreams, and Jaynes is equally as adept at forcing a new view of known human behavior.”—American Journal of Psychiatry
Book Synopsis Surface and Thin Film Analysis by : Gernot Friedbacher
Download or read book Surface and Thin Film Analysis written by Gernot Friedbacher and published by Wiley-VCH. This book was released on 2011-06-07 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Surveying and comparing all techniques relevant for practical applications in surface and thin film analysis, this second edition of a bestseller is a vital guide to this hot topic in nano- and surface technology. This new book has been revised and updated and is divided into four parts - electron, ion, and photon detection, as well as scanning probe microscopy. New chapters have been added to cover such techniques as SNOM, FIM, atom probe (AP),and sum frequency generation (SFG). Appendices with a summary and comparison of techniques and a list of equipment suppliers make this book a rapid reference for materials scientists, analytical chemists, and those working in the biotechnological industry. From a Review of the First Edition (edited by Bubert and Jenett) "... a useful resource..." (Journal of the American Chemical Society)
Book Synopsis Scientific and Technical Aerospace Reports by :
Download or read book Scientific and Technical Aerospace Reports written by and published by . This book was released on 1992 with total page 308 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Monte Carlo Transport of Electrons and Photons by : T.M. Jenkins
Download or read book Monte Carlo Transport of Electrons and Photons written by T.M. Jenkins and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 637 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: For ten days at the end of September, 1987, a group of about 75 scientists from 21 different countries gathered in a restored monastery on a 750 meter high piece of rock jutting out of the Mediterranean Sea to discuss the simulation of the transport of electrons and photons using Monte Carlo techniques. When we first had the idea for this meeting, Ralph Nelson, who had organized a previous course at the "Ettore Majorana" Centre for Scientific Culture, suggested that Erice would be the ideal place for such a meeting. Nahum, Nelson and Rogers became Co-Directors of the Course, with the help of Alessandro Rindi, the Director of the School of Radiation Damage and Protection, and Professor Antonino Zichichi, Director of the "Ettore Majorana" Centre. The course was an outstanding success, both scientifically and socially, and those at the meeting will carry the marks of having attended, both intellectually and on a personal level where many friendships were made. The scientific content of the course was at a very high caliber, both because of the hard work done by all the lecturers in preparing their lectures (e. g. , complete copies of each lecture were available at the beginning of the course) and because of the high quality of the "students", many of whom were accomplished experts in the field. The outstanding facilities of the Centre contributed greatly to the success. This volume contains the formal record of the course lectures.
Download or read book INIS Atomindex written by and published by . This book was released on 1983 with total page 842 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Time-Dependent Density-Functional Theory by : Carsten Ullrich
Download or read book Time-Dependent Density-Functional Theory written by Carsten Ullrich and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2012 with total page 541 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Time-dependent density-functional theory (TDDFT) is a quantum mechanical approach for the dynamical properties of electrons in matter. It's widely used in (bio)chemistry and physics to calculate molecular excitation energies and optical properties of materials. This is the first graduate-level text on the formal framework and applications of TDDFT.
Book Synopsis International Aerospace Abstracts by :
Download or read book International Aerospace Abstracts written by and published by . This book was released on 1999 with total page 1020 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Nanoparticle Enhanced Radiation Therapy by : Erno Sajo
Download or read book Nanoparticle Enhanced Radiation Therapy written by Erno Sajo and published by . This book was released on 2020 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Improved targeting of abnormal cells and tissue in the radiotherapy of cancer has been a long-standing goal of researchers. The central purpose in Nanoparticle-Enhanced Radiotherapy (NPRT) is to more precisely control where the radiation dose is delivered, desirably with subcellular precision, provided we can find a method to bring the nanoparticles to target and control their concentration and size distribution. The contents within this book will cover the rationale and fundamental principles of NPRT, optimal nanoparticle sizes, concentrations, design and fabrication, effective nanoparticle delivery methods, emerging clinical applications of NRT modalities, treatment planning and quality assurance and the potential of NPRT in global health. This volume will serve as a resource for researchers, educators and industry, and as a practical guide or comprehensive reference for students, research trainees and others working in cancer nanomedicine. Part of IOP Series in Global Health and Radiation Oncology.
Author :Clay Mathematics Institute. Summer School Publisher :American Mathematical Soc. ISBN 13 :9780821837153 Total Pages :396 pages Book Rating :4.8/5 (371 download)
Book Synopsis Strings and Geometry by : Clay Mathematics Institute. Summer School
Download or read book Strings and Geometry written by Clay Mathematics Institute. Summer School and published by American Mathematical Soc.. This book was released on 2004 with total page 396 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Contains selection of expository and research article by lecturers at the school. Highlights current interests of researchers working at the interface between string theory and algebraic supergravity, supersymmetry, D-branes, the McKay correspondence andFourer-Mukai transform.
