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A Study For The Use Of Statistical Techniques For The Analysis Of Financial Statements
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Book Synopsis A Study for the Use of Statistical Techniques for the Analysis of Financial Statements by : Charles D. Mecimore
Download or read book A Study for the Use of Statistical Techniques for the Analysis of Financial Statements written by Charles D. Mecimore and published by . This book was released on 1966 with total page 290 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis A Study of the Use of Statistical Techniques for the Analysis of Financial Statements by : Charles Douglas Mecimore
Download or read book A Study of the Use of Statistical Techniques for the Analysis of Financial Statements written by Charles Douglas Mecimore and published by . This book was released on 1969 with total page 580 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Statistical Analysis of Financial Data in R by : René Carmona
Download or read book Statistical Analysis of Financial Data in R written by René Carmona and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2013-12-13 with total page 595 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Although there are many books on mathematical finance, few deal with the statistical aspects of modern data analysis as applied to financial problems. This textbook fills this gap by addressing some of the most challenging issues facing financial engineers. It shows how sophisticated mathematics and modern statistical techniques can be used in the solutions of concrete financial problems. Concerns of risk management are addressed by the study of extreme values, the fitting of distributions with heavy tails, the computation of values at risk (VaR), and other measures of risk. Principal component analysis (PCA), smoothing, and regression techniques are applied to the construction of yield and forward curves. Time series analysis is applied to the study of temperature options and nonparametric estimation. Nonlinear filtering is applied to Monte Carlo simulations, option pricing and earnings prediction. This textbook is intended for undergraduate students majoring in financial engineering, or graduate students in a Master in finance or MBA program. It is sprinkled with practical examples using market data, and each chapter ends with exercises. Practical examples are solved in the R computing environment. They illustrate problems occurring in the commodity, energy and weather markets, as well as the fixed income, equity and credit markets. The examples, experiments and problem sets are based on the library Rsafd developed for the purpose of the text. The book should help quantitative analysts learn and implement advanced statistical concepts. Also, it will be valuable for researchers wishing to gain experience with financial data, implement and test mathematical theories, and address practical issues that are often ignored or underestimated in academic curricula. This is the new, fully-revised edition to the book Statistical Analysis of Financial Data in S-Plus. René Carmona is the Paul M. Wythes '55 Professor of Engineering and Finance at Princeton University in the department of Operations Research and Financial Engineering, and Director of Graduate Studies of the Bendheim Center for Finance. His publications include over one hundred articles and eight books in probability and statistics. He was elected Fellow of the Institute of Mathematical Statistics in 1984, and of the Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics in 2010. He is on the editorial board of several peer-reviewed journals and book series. Professor Carmona has developed computer programs for teaching statistics and research in signal analysis and financial engineering. He has worked for many years on energy, the commodity markets and more recently in environmental economics, and he is recognized as a leading researcher and expert in these areas.
Book Synopsis Statistical Analysis of Financial Data in S-Plus by : René Carmona
Download or read book Statistical Analysis of Financial Data in S-Plus written by René Carmona and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2006-04-18 with total page 456 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This is the first book at the graduate textbook level to discuss analyzing financial data with S-PLUS. Its originality lies in the introduction of tools for the estimation and simulation of heavy tail distributions and copulas, the computation of measures of risk, and the principal component analysis of yield curves. The book is aimed at undergraduate students in financial engineering; master students in finance and MBA's, and to practitioners with financial data analysis concerns.
Book Synopsis Introduction to Statistical Methods for Financial Models by : Thomas A Severini
Download or read book Introduction to Statistical Methods for Financial Models written by Thomas A Severini and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2017-07-06 with total page 698 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book provides an introduction to the use of statistical concepts and methods to model and analyze financial data. The ten chapters of the book fall naturally into three sections. Chapters 1 to 3 cover some basic concepts of finance, focusing on the properties of returns on an asset. Chapters 4 through 6 cover aspects of portfolio theory and the methods of estimation needed to implement that theory. The remainder of the book, Chapters 7 through 10, discusses several models for financial data, along with the implications of those models for portfolio theory and for understanding the properties of return data. The audience for the book is students majoring in Statistics and Economics as well as in quantitative fields such as Mathematics and Engineering. Readers are assumed to have some background in statistical methods along with courses in multivariate calculus and linear algebra.
Book Synopsis Statistical Techniques for Forensic Accounting by : Saurav K. Dutta
Download or read book Statistical Techniques for Forensic Accounting written by Saurav K. Dutta and published by FT Press. This book was released on 2013-06-13 with total page 285 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Master powerful statistical techniques for uncovering fraud or misrepresentation in complex financial data. The discipline of statistics has developed sophisticated, well-accepted approaches for identifying financial fraud and demonstrating that it is deliberate. Statistical Techniques for Forensic Accounting is the first comprehensive guide to these tools and techniques. Leading expert Dr. Saurav Dutta explains their mathematical underpinnings, shows how to use them properly, and guides you in communicating your findings to other interested and knowledgeable parties, or assessing others' analyses. Dutta is singularly well-qualified to write this book: he has been engaged as an expert in many of the world's highest-profile financial fraud cases, including Worldcom, Global Crossing, Cendant, and HealthSouth. Here, he covers everything professionals need to know to construct and conduct valid and defensible statistical tests, perform analyses, and interpret others' analyses. Coverage includes: exploratory data analysis to identify the "Fraud Triangle" and other red flags... data mining tools, usage, and limitations... statistical terms and methods applicable to forensic accounting... relevant uncertainty and probability concepts... Bayesian analysis and networks... statistical inference, sampling, sample size, estimation, regression, correlation, classification, prediction, and much more. For all forensic accountants, auditors, investigators, and litigators involved with corporate financial reporting; and for all students interested in forensic accounting and related fields.
Book Synopsis Statistical Models and Methods for Financial Markets by : Tze Leung Lai
Download or read book Statistical Models and Methods for Financial Markets written by Tze Leung Lai and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2008-09-08 with total page 363 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The idea of writing this bookarosein 2000when the ?rst author wasassigned to teach the required course STATS 240 (Statistical Methods in Finance) in the new M. S. program in ?nancial mathematics at Stanford, which is an interdisciplinary program that aims to provide a master’s-level education in applied mathematics, statistics, computing, ?nance, and economics. Students in the programhad di?erent backgroundsin statistics. Some had only taken a basic course in statistical inference, while others had taken a broad spectrum of M. S. - and Ph. D. -level statistics courses. On the other hand, all of them had already taken required core courses in investment theory and derivative pricing, and STATS 240 was supposed to link the theory and pricing formulas to real-world data and pricing or investment strategies. Besides students in theprogram,thecoursealso attractedmanystudentsfromother departments in the university, further increasing the heterogeneity of students, as many of them had a strong background in mathematical and statistical modeling from the mathematical, physical, and engineering sciences but no previous experience in ?nance. To address the diversity in background but common strong interest in the subject and in a potential career as a “quant” in the ?nancialindustry,thecoursematerialwascarefullychosennotonlytopresent basic statistical methods of importance to quantitative ?nance but also to summarize domain knowledge in ?nance and show how it can be combined with statistical modeling in ?nancial analysis and decision making. The course material evolved over the years, especially after the second author helped as the head TA during the years 2004 and 2005.
Book Synopsis Advanced Statistical Methods for the Analysis of Large Data-Sets by : Agostino Di Ciaccio
Download or read book Advanced Statistical Methods for the Analysis of Large Data-Sets written by Agostino Di Ciaccio and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-03-05 with total page 464 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The theme of the meeting was “Statistical Methods for the Analysis of Large Data-Sets”. In recent years there has been increasing interest in this subject; in fact a huge quantity of information is often available but standard statistical techniques are usually not well suited to managing this kind of data. The conference serves as an important meeting point for European researchers working on this topic and a number of European statistical societies participated in the organization of the event. The book includes 45 papers from a selection of the 156 papers accepted for presentation and discussed at the conference on “Advanced Statistical Methods for the Analysis of Large Data-sets.”
Book Synopsis Statistics and Data Analysis for Financial Engineering by : David Ruppert
Download or read book Statistics and Data Analysis for Financial Engineering written by David Ruppert and published by Springer. This book was released on 2015-04-21 with total page 736 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The new edition of this influential textbook, geared towards graduate or advanced undergraduate students, teaches the statistics necessary for financial engineering. In doing so, it illustrates concepts using financial markets and economic data, R Labs with real-data exercises, and graphical and analytic methods for modeling and diagnosing modeling errors. These methods are critical because financial engineers now have access to enormous quantities of data. To make use of this data, the powerful methods in this book for working with quantitative information, particularly about volatility and risks, are essential. Strengths of this fully-revised edition include major additions to the R code and the advanced topics covered. Individual chapters cover, among other topics, multivariate distributions, copulas, Bayesian computations, risk management, and cointegration. Suggested prerequisites are basic knowledge of statistics and probability, matrices and linear algebra, and calculus. There is an appendix on probability, statistics and linear algebra. Practicing financial engineers will also find this book of interest.
Book Synopsis Detecting Falsified Financial Statements by : Charalambos Spathis
Download or read book Detecting Falsified Financial Statements written by Charalambos Spathis and published by . This book was released on 2009 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Falsifying Financial Statements involves the manipulation of financial accounts by overstating assets, sales and profit, or understating liabilities, expenses, or losses. This paper explores the effectiveness of an innovative classification methodology in detecting firms that issue falsified financial statements (FFS) and the identification of the factors associated to FFS. The methodology is based on the concepts of multicriteria decision aid (MCDA) and the application of the UTADIS classification method (Utilites Additives Discriminantes). A sample of 76 Greek firms (38 with FFS and 38 non-FFS) described over ten financial ratios is used for detecting factors associated with FFS. A Jackknife procedure approach is employed for model validation and comparison with multivariate statistical techniques, namely discriminant and logit analysis. The results indicate that the proposed MCDA methodology outperforms traditional statistical techniques which are widely used for FFS detection purposes. Furthermore, the results indicate that the investigation of financial information can be helpful towards the identification of FFS and highlight the importance of financial ratios such as the total debt to total assets ratio, the inventories to sales ratio, the net profit to sales ratio and the sales to total assets ratio.
Book Synopsis The Role of Statistics in Business and Industry by : Gerald J. Hahn
Download or read book The Role of Statistics in Business and Industry written by Gerald J. Hahn and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2011-09-20 with total page 302 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: An insightful guide to the use of statistics for solving key problems in modern-day business and industry This book has been awarded the Technometrics Ziegel Prize for the best book reviewed by the journal in 2010. Technometrics is a journal of statistics for the physical, chemical and engineering sciences, published jointly by the American Society for Quality and the American Statistical Association. Criteria for the award include that the book brings together in one volume a body of material previously only available in scattered research articles and having the potential to significantly improve practice in engineering and science. Highlighting the relevance of statistical methods in everyday applications, The Role of Statistics in Business and Industry bridges the gap between the tools of statistics and their use in today's business world. This one-of-a-kind resource encourages the proactive use of statistics in three well-organized and succinct parts: Setting the Stage provides an introduction to statistics, with a general overview of its uses in business and industry Manufactured Product Applications explains how statistical techniques assist in designing, building, improving, and ensuring the reliability of a wide variety of manufactured products such as appliances, plastic materials, aircraft engines, and locomotives Other Applications describe the role of statistics in pharmaceuticals, finance, and business services, as well as more specialized areas including the food, semiconductor, and communications industries This book is truly unique in that it first describes case studies and key business problems, and then shows how statistics is used to address them, while most literature on the topic does the reverse. This approach provides a comprehensive understanding of common issues and the most effective methods for their treatment. Each chapter concludes with general questions that allow the reader to test their understanding of the presented statistical concepts as well as technical questions that raise more complex issues. An extensive FTP site provides additional material, including solutions to some of the applications. With its accessible style and real-world examples, The Role of Statistics in Business and Industry is a valuable supplement for courses on applied statistics and statistical consulting at the upper-undergraduate and graduate levels. It is also an ideal resource for early-career statisticians and practitioners who would like to learn the value of applying statistics to their everyday work.
Book Synopsis Basic Computational Techniques for Data Analysis by : D Narayana
Download or read book Basic Computational Techniques for Data Analysis written by D Narayana and published by Taylor & Francis. This book was released on 2023-06-20 with total page 301 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book is designed to equip students to navigate through MS Excel and basic data computation methods, which are essential tools in research or professional settings and in classrooms. It illustrates the concepts used in research and data analysis and economic and financial decision-making in business and in daily life. The book will help students acquire knowledge and develop skills in statistical techniques and financial analysis using MS Excel. With illustrations and examples, it will help the readers to: Visualize, present, and analyze data through MS Excel spreadsheets and tables and create personal or business spreadsheets Learn how to work with spreadsheets, use formulae, and perform calculations and analysis Create tables including Pivot Tables Become familiar with basic statistical and financial measures Design creative spread sheets and communicate effectively in business using spreadsheets and data analysis This revised and updated second edition will be an essential resource for students of economics, commerce, management, and other social science subjects, and will be useful to those studying econometrics, financial technology, basic computational techniques, data analysis, and applied economics. Content The book is developed through three phases, with each phase standing on its own as well as providing a foundation for the next. In the first phase, Excel is introduced for the students to learn entry of data, manipulation of data, carrying out operations and develop presentations. The second phase introduces basic statistical measures of data summarisation and analysis, following which these are illustrated in Excel spreadsheets with the techniques introduced in the first phase. In addition, a few advanced tools of statistical analysis are introduced and illustrated in Excel. The third phase introduces financial measures of common use, their general computation and working them out in Excel. The book intends to illustrate the concepts used in economic and financial decision-making in business and in daily life; it helps demonstrate a deeper understanding from both theoretical and practical perspectives. An effort has been made to make the book student-friendly by using simple language and giving a number of illustrations in each chapter, solved in such a simple manner that they can be easily understood by the students. Practical questions have been included at the end of each chapter so that the students can independently solve them and test their understanding of the concepts and computations introduced in the chapter. Outcome At the end, students will be able to describe what a spreadsheet is and what Excel’s capabilities are and can work with elements that make up the structure of a worksheet. They will be able to work with spreadsheets and enter data in Excel, use formulae and calculations, and create tables, charts and pivot tables. They will be familiar with basic statistical and financial measures of general use. They will be able to do basic computations in statistics and finance in Excel. Students will acquire the capacity to create personal and/or business spreadsheets following current professional and/or industry standards. Their potential for critical thinking to design and create spreadsheets and communicate in a business setting using spreadsheet vocabulary will be enhanced. In the digital age, students necessarily need to know data, data sources and how to ‘dirty’ their hands with data. There can be no substitute to ‘talking through numbers’. The book introduces students to a variety of Indian and International data sources and teaches them how to import data-be it social, economic, financial and so on-to the Excel sheet. Once they master it, the data world is there for them to conquer! The educational background required for the student to understand the text is some basic English and Mathematics of school-leaving level. Some fl air for numbers will be an asset and for them it will be a breeze; others will have to make an effort but ample illustrations and practice questions make life simple, whether it is basic statistics or slightly intricate finance!
Book Synopsis Methods and Applications of Statistics in Business, Finance, and Management Science by : Narayanaswamy Balakrishnan
Download or read book Methods and Applications of Statistics in Business, Finance, and Management Science written by Narayanaswamy Balakrishnan and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2010-07-13 with total page 735 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Inspired by the Encyclopedia of Statistical Sciences, Second Edition, this volume presents the tools and techniques that are essential for carrying out best practices in the modern business world The collection and analysis of quantitative data drives some of the most important conclusions that are drawn in today's business world, such as the preferences of a customer base, the quality of manufactured products, the marketing of products, and the availability of financial resources. As a result, it is essential for individuals working in this environment to have the knowledge and skills to interpret and use statistical techniques in various scenarios. Addressing this need, Methods and Applications of Statistics in Business, Finance, and Management Science serves as a single, one-of-a-kind resource that guides readers through the use of common statistical practices by presenting real-world applications from the fields of business, economics, finance, operations research, and management science. Uniting established literature with the latest research, this volume features classic articles from the acclaimed Encyclopedia of Statistical Sciences, Second Edition along with brand-new contributions written by today's leading academics and practitioners. The result is a compilation that explores classic methodology and new topics, including: Analytical methods for risk management Statistical modeling for online auctions Ranking and selection in mutual funds Uses of Black-Scholes formula in finance Data mining in prediction markets From auditing and marketing to stock market price indices and banking, the presented literature sheds light on the use of quantitative methods in research relating to common financial applications. In addition, the book supplies insight on common uses of statistical techniques such as Bayesian methods, optimization, simulation, forecasting, mathematical modeling, financial time series, and data mining in modern research. Providing a blend of traditional methodology and the latest research, Methods and Applications of Statistics in Business, Finance, and Management Science is an excellent reference for researchers, managers, consultants, and students in the fields of business, management science, operations research, supply chain management, mathematical finance, and economics who must understand statistical literature and carry out quantitative practices to make smart business decisions in their everyday work.
Book Synopsis Business and Financial Statistics Using Minitab 12 and Microsoft Excel 97 by : John C. Lee
Download or read book Business and Financial Statistics Using Minitab 12 and Microsoft Excel 97 written by John C. Lee and published by World Scientific. This book was released on 2000 with total page 374 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The personal computer has made statistical analysis easier and cheaper. Previously, statistical analysis was difficult for many reasons. Two of the reasons were: (1) statistical analysis was slow and tedious because calculations were done by hand; (2) it was costly because it was done on mainframes and mainframe time was expensive. This book discusses statistical analysis using two personal computer software packages, Minitab 12 and Microsoft Excel 97, Minitab was chosen because it is powerful and is one of the more user-friendly statistical software packages. Microsoft Excel 97 was selected because it is one of the most important software packages to learn and most companies use Microsoft Excel. Excel is a software package that is not dedicated to statistical analysis like Minitab, but it has many statistical features and a very powerful development environment for writing customized statistical analysis. The book is organized in a textbook format. Each chapter discusses statistical conceptsand illustrates the use of Minitab and/or Excel. Often it becomes necessary to write macros (programs) in order to do specific statistical analysis. This books prints the codes of the macros for the reader to use and study. This is valuable because usually the difficult part is how to write the code. What the reader will find after studying this book is that statistical analysis will become more fun because he will have more time doing statistical analysis and make less statistical calculations.
Book Synopsis Statistical Techniques by : Kenneth W. Stringer
Download or read book Statistical Techniques written by Kenneth W. Stringer and published by Wiley. This book was released on 1996-04-19 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Based on the continuing success of STAR, the computer-based auditing system first pioneered by Deloitte & Touche LLP almost 25 years ago, Statistical Techniques for Analytical Review in Auditing, Second Edition builds on its original text to provide a comprehensive, up-to-date, and practical guide to using this highly effective and efficient system for planning, performing, and evaluating analytical procedures. The first edition of this unrivaled work was published in 1986, following 15 years and thousands of effective applications of the STAR Program worldwide. This Second Edition has been thoroughly updated to reflect the changes required by SAS 56, and features additional practical examples and all new graphics and printouts. Without using complicated mathematics, the authors take the reader through the understanding and implementation of STAR in four stages: Beginning with a description of the audit philosophy behind its success, they provide an overview of STAR's role in analytical procedures. They then cover the basic statistical concepts of regression analysis and other statistical techniques utilized by STAR. The authors then explain the practical aspects of designing and improving STAR models and of interpreting and evaluating their results. Finally, they describe in detail the statistical tests and transformations performed by STAR and explain the mathematics behind multivariate regression. Pertinent examples are used throughout to illustrate both theory and practice. The only text currently available on this successful and widely used auditing program, Statistical Techniques for Analytical Review in Auditing, Second Edition is designed to be an invaluable resource for external as well as internal auditors involved in business, government, and nonprofit organizations. A new and updated edition of a classic text for the auditing professional STAR, the premier computer-based auditing system for performing statistical procedures, has been successfully implemented in thousands of worldwide audits. Developed by Deloitte & Touche LLP, STAR is designed to integrate statistical modeling techniques and professional judgments in a manner that is optimized for auditors. Statistical Techniques for Analytical Review in Auditing was written to explain the concepts and techniques implemented through STAR and to encourage their use by other auditors. In this new and thoroughly updated Second Edition, the authors continue to provide the audit marketplace with an important and far-reaching resource. Written from the perspective of the practitioner, Statistical Techniques for Analytical Review in Auditing, Second Edition features: An overview of the auditing environment and the role of analytical procedures Intuitively appealing, nontechnical coverage of regression analysis and other statistical techniques used in STAR Practical guidance on building and evaluating STAR applications Details of mathematical and computational technology in STAR Many practice-based examples
Book Synopsis An Introduction to Analysis of Financial Data with R by : Ruey S. Tsay
Download or read book An Introduction to Analysis of Financial Data with R written by Ruey S. Tsay and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2014-08-21 with total page 388 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A complete set of statistical tools for beginning financial analysts from a leading authority Written by one of the leading experts on the topic, An Introduction to Analysis of Financial Data with R explores basic concepts of visualization of financial data. Through a fundamental balance between theory and applications, the book supplies readers with an accessible approach to financial econometric models and their applications to real-world empirical research. The author supplies a hands-on introduction to the analysis of financial data using the freely available R software package and case studies to illustrate actual implementations of the discussed methods. The book begins with the basics of financial data, discussing their summary statistics and related visualization methods. Subsequent chapters explore basic time series analysis and simple econometric models for business, finance, and economics as well as related topics including: Linear time series analysis, with coverage of exponential smoothing for forecasting and methods for model comparison Different approaches to calculating asset volatility and various volatility models High-frequency financial data and simple models for price changes, trading intensity, and realized volatility Quantitative methods for risk management, including value at risk and conditional value at risk Econometric and statistical methods for risk assessment based on extreme value theory and quantile regression Throughout the book, the visual nature of the topic is showcased through graphical representations in R, and two detailed case studies demonstrate the relevance of statistics in finance. A related website features additional data sets and R scripts so readers can create their own simulations and test their comprehension of the presented techniques. An Introduction to Analysis of Financial Data with R is an excellent book for introductory courses on time series and business statistics at the upper-undergraduate and graduate level. The book is also an excellent resource for researchers and practitioners in the fields of business, finance, and economics who would like to enhance their understanding of financial data and today's financial markets.
Book Synopsis Statistical Techniques for Bankruptcy Prediction by : Volodymyr Perederiy
Download or read book Statistical Techniques for Bankruptcy Prediction written by Volodymyr Perederiy and published by . This book was released on 2015-07-10 with total page 106 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Master's Thesis from the year 2005 in the subject Business economics - Accounting and Taxes, grade: 1,0, European University Viadrina Frankfurt (Oder), course: International Business Administration, language: English, abstract: Bankruptcy prediction has become during the past 3 decades a matter of ever rising academic interest and intensive research. This is due to the academic appeal of the problem, combined with its importance in practical applications. The practical importance of bankruptcy prediction models grew recently even more, with "Basle-II" regulations, which were elaborated by Basle Committee on Banking Supervision to enhance the stability of international financial system. These regulations oblige financial institutions and banks to estimate the probability of default of their obligors. There exist some fundamental economic theory to base bankruptcy prediction models on, but this typically relies on stock market prices of companies under consideration. These prices are, however, only available for large public listed companies. Models for private firms are therefore empirical in their nature and have to rely on rigorous statistical analysis of all available information for such firms. In 95% of cases, this information is limited to accounting information from the financial statements. Large databases of financial statements (e.g. Compustat in the USA) are maintained and often available for research purposes. Accounting information is particularly important for bankruptcy prediction models in emerging markets. This is because the capital markets in these countries are often underdeveloped and illiquid and don't deliver sufficient stock market data, even for public/listed companies, for structural models to be applied. The accounting information is normally summarized in so-called financial ratios. Such ratios (e.g. leverage ratio, calculated as Debt to Total Assets of a company) have a long tradition in accounting analysis. Many of these ratios are be
