A New Psychology of Men

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Publisher : Basic Books (AZ)
ISBN 13 : 9780465039166
Total Pages : 402 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (391 download)

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Book Synopsis A New Psychology of Men by : Ronald F. Levant

Download or read book A New Psychology of Men written by Ronald F. Levant and published by Basic Books (AZ). This book was released on 2003 with total page 402 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Inspired by feminist scholars who revolutionized our understanding of women's gender roles, the contributors to this pioneering book describe how men's proscribed roles are neither biological nor social givens, but rather psychological and social constructions. Questioning the traditional norms of the male role (such as the emphasis on aggression, competition, status, and emotional stoicism), they show how some male problems (such as violence, homophobia, devaluation of women, detached fathering, and neglect of health needs) are unfortunate by-products of the current process by which males are socialized. By synthesizing the latest research, clinical experience, and major theoretical perspectives on men and by figuring in cultural, class, and sexual orientation differences, the authors brilliantly illuminate the many variations of male behavior. This book will be a valuable resource not just for students of gender psychology in any discipline but also for clinicians and researchers who need to account for the relationship between men's behavior and the contradictory and inconsistent gender roles imposed on men. This new understanding of men's psychology is sure to enhance the work of clinical professionals-including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, counselors, and psychiatric nurses-in helping men reconstruct a sense of masculinity along healthier and more socially just lines.

A New Psychology Of Men

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Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 420 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (91 download)

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Book Synopsis A New Psychology Of Men by : Ronald Levant

Download or read book A New Psychology Of Men written by Ronald Levant and published by . This book was released on 1995-03-23 with total page 420 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: By synthesizing the latest research, clinical experience, and major theoretical perspectives on men and by figuring in cultural, class, and sexual orientation differences, the authors brilliantly illuminate the many variations of male behavior.

The Psychology of Men and Masculinities

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Author :
Publisher : American Psychological Association (APA)
ISBN 13 : 9781433826900
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (269 download)

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Book Synopsis The Psychology of Men and Masculinities by : Ronald F. Levant

Download or read book The Psychology of Men and Masculinities written by Ronald F. Levant and published by American Psychological Association (APA). This book was released on 2017 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume synthesizes and evaluates major theories, research, and applications in the psychology of men and masculinities--a thriving, growing field dedicated to the study of how men's lives shape, and are shaped by, sex and gender.

The Psychology of Men in Context

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Author :
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 0429958722
Total Pages : 254 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (299 download)

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Book Synopsis The Psychology of Men in Context by : Michael E. Addis

Download or read book The Psychology of Men in Context written by Michael E. Addis and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2019-09-02 with total page 254 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: What does it really mean to say that boys will be boys, men are from Mars, or that contemporary men are in crisis? Does modern psychology support or refute these notions? And how is psychological theory and research about boys and men used in society? The Psychology of Men in Context is an essential introduction to the field which challenges readers to examine psychological research on men, masculinity, and gender, and consider its impact on daily life, through everyday speech, popular media, political rhetoric, and more. The authors offer a range of lenses for studying masculinity, including biology, social learning, social constructionism, feminism, and intersectionality. Demonstrating how these frameworks can be used to understand research on pressing topics such as violence, health, and relationships, the book also considers masculinity in its broader philosophical and historical contexts, equipping readers with the tools needed to connect the psychology of men with other areas of social science. Exercises and prompts to help students relate the research to their own lives are included throughout. Designed for students at undergraduate and graduate level, but suitable for anyone curious about understanding the field from a more critical social scientific perspective, The Psychology of Men in Context is a valuable introduction to the history, current scholarship, and social implications of the psychological study of men and masculinity.

Perspectives in Male Psychology

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Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 1119685354
Total Pages : 404 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (196 download)

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Book Synopsis Perspectives in Male Psychology by :

Download or read book Perspectives in Male Psychology written by and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2021-04-26 with total page 404 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: PERSPECTIVES IN MALE PSYCHOLOGY Discover a balanced perspective on men’s psychology in this accessible new resource Male psychology is a new field within the discipline of psychology, which focuses on men and boys. Male psychology moves us towards a more scientific and balanced understanding of the ­psychology of men and of boys, drawing on a range of perspectives, and away from an overreliance on social constructionism and preoccupations with notions such as patriarchy and privilege, too often seen in the narrative about men. In Perspectives in Male Psychology: An Introduction, two of the most prominent authors in this new field, Louise Liddon and John Barry, introduce and deliver an insightful exploration of some of today’s most hotly contested issues regarding men and masculinity. This book puts forward a balanced perspective that has been missing from academic and media narratives around topics such as child development, education, sport and exercise, the workplace, crime, the military, health and wellbeing, mental health, therapy, masculinity, and sex differences, and considers the role that evolution, biology, and culture play in shaping male behavior. This book will also help readers to better understand some key issues such as: Why there are controversies around sex differences research How bias in research has led to a distorted view of the psychology of men and boys The ways in which the mental health and other needs of men and boys are routinely overlooked In turn this helps us ask some important questions such as: If there are more similarities than differences between men and women, does that mean the differences are unimportant? How can we un-distort our understanding of men and masculinity? What are the best ways of identifying and meeting the psychological needs of men and boys? Readers, whether students or lecturers, will also benefit from the inclusion of our companion Wiley website containing additional resources to support the development of knowledge and understanding of male psychology. Perfect for undergraduate and graduate students in psychology, medicine, and sociology, as well as established professionals in these and related fields, Perspectives in Male Psychology: An Introduction will also earn a place in the libraries of anyone interested in the psychology of sex and gender differences in various aspects of mental health and human behaviour.

The Psychology of Men

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Publisher : Yale University Press
ISBN 13 : 9780300066203
Total Pages : 332 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (662 download)

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Book Synopsis The Psychology of Men by : Gerald I. Fogel

Download or read book The Psychology of Men written by Gerald I. Fogel and published by Yale University Press. This book was released on 1996-01-01 with total page 332 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: What does it mean to be a man? How do men see themselves in relation to other men, to women, and to both the feminine and the masculine aspects of their own selves? In this fascinating book, a group of outstanding psychoanalysts explore the complexities and ambiguities of masculinity, offering us fresh insights into men's fantasies and conflicts; their developmental tasks, including their role as fathers; and the ways in which men are reacting to changing sexual standards and models. An excellent book. . . . [The contributors] speak with admirable erudition, achieve a choral balance that is rare in a multiauthored work, and eloquently reaffirm the relevance and vitality of contemporary psychoanalytic theory.--Justin Simon, M.D., American Journal of Psychiatry A fascinating book worthy of the attention of therapists, doctors, and nurses who work with male patients, and men and women who love and struggle with men.--Samuel Osherson, Hospital and Community Psychiatry The authors of The Psychology of Men, fifteen gifted thinkers, all well-known analysts, have contributed to this long overdue research. Their combined efforts give us a glimpse of the suffering that lies behind men's homosexual and adolescent struggles, their attempts to meet the challenge of fatherhood, the myth of invulnerability, and the ever-present injunction to 'be a man.' The authors ably demonstrate that this is no easy task.--Joyce McDougall

Men and Sex

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Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 312 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (91 download)

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Book Synopsis Men and Sex by : Ronald F. Levant

Download or read book Men and Sex written by Ronald F. Levant and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 1997-10-24 with total page 312 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "As Fresh as today’s headlines, as scholarly as cutting-edge research, as clinically useful as any volume can be, Men and Sex is a well-written compendium that is essential reading for academics and clinicians. It is the last word on this most intriguing and socially relevant subject of men and their sexual desires." —William S. Pollack Director, Center For Men, McLean Hospital/Harvard Medical School Coauthor of In a Time of Fallen Heroes: The Re-creation of Masculinity "A bold and informative book on a topic too long neglected by psychologists and other social scientists." —Lucia Gilbert Professor of Educational Psychology and Director of Women’s Studies. University of Texas at Austin "This is a truly important book. Turning conventional psychological wisdom on its head, these authors reveal that what we have long considered ‘normal’ male sexuality is, actually, a collage of pathologies — objectifying, nonrelational, aggressive." —Michael Kimmel Professor of Sociology, Suny at Stony Brook Author of Manhood in America: A Cultural History "In this excellent book, Levant and Brooks have taken a courageous and necessary step in exposing the pitfalls for men of nonrelational sex, and offer, in its place, a model of intimate and engaged sexuality. Just as women are learning to embrace their power, men can learn to embrace the nurturant and caring aspects of themselves. Ultimately, both genders will benefit from having a greater range of emotions and behaviors available to them, and their sexual experiences will be more gratifying and complete." —Dorothy W. Cantor Coauthor of Women in Power: The Secrets of Leadership

The New Psychology of Leadership

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Publisher : Psychology Press
ISBN 13 : 1136846492
Total Pages : 458 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (368 download)

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Book Synopsis The New Psychology of Leadership by : S. Alexander Haslam

Download or read book The New Psychology of Leadership written by S. Alexander Haslam and published by Psychology Press. This book was released on 2010-09-13 with total page 458 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Winner of the University of San Diego Outstanding Leadership Book Award 2012! Shortlisted for the British Psychological Society Book Award 2011! Shortlisted for the CMI (Chartered Management Institute) Management Book of the Year Award 2011–2012! According to John Adair, the most important word in the leader's vocabulary is "we" and the least important word is "I". But if this is true, it raises one important question: why do psychological analyses of leadership always focus on the leader as an individual – as the great "I"? One answer is that theorists and practitioners have never properly understood the psychology of "we-ness". This book fills this gap by presenting a new psychology of leadership that is the result of two decades of research inspired by social identity and self-categorization theories. The book argues that to succeed, leaders need to create, champion, and embed a group identity in order to cultivate an understanding of 'us' of which they themselves are representative. It also shows how, by doing this, they can make a material difference to the groups, organizations, and societies that they lead. Written in an accessible and engaging style, the book examines a range of central theoretical and practical issues, including the nature of group identity, the basis of authority and legitimacy, the dynamics of justice and fairness, the determinants of followership and charisma, and the practice and politics of leadership. The book will appeal to academics, practitioners and students in social and organizational psychology, sociology, political science and anyone interested in leadership, influence and power.

The Palgrave Handbook of Male Psychology and Mental Health

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Author :
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 3030043843
Total Pages : 734 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (3 download)

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Book Synopsis The Palgrave Handbook of Male Psychology and Mental Health by : John A. Barry

Download or read book The Palgrave Handbook of Male Psychology and Mental Health written by John A. Barry and published by Springer. This book was released on 2019-03-01 with total page 734 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This Handbook represents the first concerted effort to understand male mental health in a way that facilitates a positive step forward in both theory and treatment. An alarming number of men experience serious mental health issues, as demonstrated by high rates of suicide and violent offending. Despite these problems, the study of male psychology has either been overlooked, or viewed as a problem of defective masculinity. This handbook brings together experts from across the world to discuss men’s mental health, from prenatal development, through childhood, adolescence, and fatherhood. Men and masculinity are explored from multiple perspectives including evolutionary, cross-cultural, cognitive, biological, developmental, and existential viewpoints, with a focus on practical suggestions and demonstrations of successful clinical work with men. Throughout, chapters question existing models of understanding and treating men’s mental health and explore new approaches, theories and interventions. This definitive handbook encapsulates a new wave of positive theory and practice in the field of male psychology and will be of great value to professionals, academics, and those working with males through the lifespan in any sector related to male mental health and wellbeing.

The New Psychology of Love

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Publisher : Cambridge University Press
ISBN 13 : 110847568X
Total Pages : 355 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (84 download)

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Book Synopsis The New Psychology of Love by : Robert J. Sternberg

Download or read book The New Psychology of Love written by Robert J. Sternberg and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2018-12-06 with total page 355 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This is a much-needed update on the latest theory and research on love supplied by leading scientific experts. It is suitable for psychologists, neuroscientists, anthropologists, sociologists, and anyone with an interest in love and what has been learned from scientific studies of it.

The Tough Standard

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Publisher : Oxford University Press
ISBN 13 : 0190075880
Total Pages : 192 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (9 download)

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Book Synopsis The Tough Standard by : Ronald F. Levant

Download or read book The Tough Standard written by Ronald F. Levant and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2020-05-25 with total page 192 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Men are commonly expected to act "masculine" (e.g., self-sufficient, stoic, strong, dependable, brave, tough, and hard-working) while avoiding stereotypically "feminine" traits (e.g., emotional expressivity, empathy, and nurturance). Few, however, realize that these qualities--when taken to the extreme--can cause emotional constriction, substance abuse, depression, aggression, and violence in many men. Further, even though most men are not violent, decades of research has shown that masculinity is distinctly related to sexual and gun violence and men's poorer health. Considering how girls and women have benefitted from decades of conversations on navigation of their gender in a changing world, similar processes are urgently needed for boys and men. The Tough Standard connects the dots between masculinity and the present moment in American culture (defined by high-profile movements such as Me Too, March for Our Lives, and Black Lives Matter), synthesizes over four decades of research in the psychology of men and masculinities, and proposes solutions to corresponding social problems.

New Psychotherapy for Men

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Author :
Publisher : Wiley
ISBN 13 : 9780471177722
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (777 download)

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Book Synopsis New Psychotherapy for Men by : William S. Pollack

Download or read book New Psychotherapy for Men written by William S. Pollack and published by Wiley. This book was released on 1998-08-10 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "From childhood onward, men appear to be at risk. Infant males aremore likely to undergo complications during labor and delivery andto have more birth defects. Boys often manifest behavioraldifficulties and learning disabilities in elementary school. Byeighth grade, boys are only half as likely as girls to aspire to bea professional or career person; boys are nine times more likely tosuffer from hyperactivity and more than twice as likely to besuspended from school. Men are less likely to attend college and/orgraduate school than women. Compared to young women, young men arefour times more likely to be victims of homicide and five timesmore likely to kill themselves. "Men suffer under a code of masculinity that requires them to be:aggressive, dominant, achievement oriented, competitive, rigidlyself-sufficient, adventure seeking, willing to take risks,emotionally restricted, and constituted to avoid all thingsperceived as 'feminine.' Such a code is bound to take a toll onmen's longevity. The average life expectancy for males in theUnited States is seven years shorter than that for women.Traditional male role traits inhibit men from seeking medical helpin the early stages of disease and from being sufficiently attunedto their own internal processes to detect early warnings ofillness." --from the Introduction. Slowly, the truth emerges. In a society in which men are expectedto be strong, independent, aggressive, and impervious to emotionalstress, boys are nine times more likely than girls to suffer fromhyperactivity, young men are five times more likely to commitsuicide than young women, and men have far higher rates ofsubstance abuse and antisocial personality disorder than women.Clearly, many men are in need of psychological treatment andpsychotherapy. Ironically, however, the very qualities that areresponsible for many of their emotional and behavioral difficultiesmake it much more difficult for men to admit they have problems,seek professional help, or have faith in the efficacy oftreatment. In New Psychotherapy for Men, leading figures in the field of men'spsychology explore the psychological sources of men's emotionaldifficulties and offer specific techniques to help therapistsovercome men's resistance to therapy. With the help of full-lengthcase studies, they trace the sources of emotional and psychologicaldisturbances in men and present new models for assessing andtreating men's unique emotional difficulties. This book illuminatesthe unhealthy aspects of masculinity through the lens of genderrole strain, creating state-of-the-art, gender-specific treatmentsfor men. Major issues addressed in New Psychotherapy for Men include: * Reluctant men in couples therapy * Group therapy for traditional men * Gender role strain in the family system * Recognizing and treating depression in men * Men's shame and trauma in therapy * Gender role strain as a factor in male impotence * Treating male violence * Helping men find a voice for their feelings * Adapting psychodynamic therapy for men. This book also takes a multicultural perspective, discussing thespecial problems of anger and stress experienced by AfricanAmerican men, psychotherapy for gay men, and the difficulties thatcan arise when a female therapist treats a male patient. Groundbreaking, broad in scope, and infused with countlesspractical suggestions, New Psychotherapy for Men is anextraordinarily helpful guide for all mental health professionalswho deal with men. It is also an excellent graduate-level text,offering today's students a rich, fully developed body of newknowledge with which to begin their careers.

The Social Psychology of Female-Male Relations

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Author :
Publisher : Elsevier
ISBN 13 : 1483216209
Total Pages : 368 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (832 download)

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Book Synopsis The Social Psychology of Female-Male Relations by : Richard D. Ashmore

Download or read book The Social Psychology of Female-Male Relations written by Richard D. Ashmore and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2013-10-22 with total page 368 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Social Psychology of Female-Male Relations: A Critical Analysis of Central Concepts covers the thoughts, feelings, and behaviours of individuals in social interaction and explicitly considers women and men in relation to one another - as individuals, as representatives of social categories, and as significant social groups. Chapter One lays out the parameters of the social psychology of female-male relations. Chapter Two contains two major insights: that gender identity is a complex, multifaceted construct and that the structure and degree of differentiation of gender identity develop and change over the life course. Chapters Three and Four present a relatively general cognitive social-psychological framework for two important constructs, sex stereotypes and gender-related attitudes. Chapter Five offers a critique of analyses that explain the behavior of women and men in close, personal relationships in terms of sex differences in the individual dispositions of the participants. Chapter Six presents a strong and straightforward critique of the current usage of the term sex role to describe a global set of behavioral prescriptions that apply to all women and to all men. Chapter Seven presents a comprehensive review of research on gender-related patterns of behavior in task groups that cannot be found elsewhere. The concluding chapter summarizes points made in earlier chapters and offers a set of notes toward a theory of female-male relations. Social scientists (especially, psychologists, sociologists, and anthropologists) doing research on women, on men, or on women and men in relationships or in social interaction.

When Good Men Behave Badly

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Publisher : New Harbinger Publications
ISBN 13 : 1608827194
Total Pages : 216 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (88 download)

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Book Synopsis When Good Men Behave Badly by : David B. Wexler

Download or read book When Good Men Behave Badly written by David B. Wexler and published by New Harbinger Publications. This book was released on 2004-02-01 with total page 216 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This is the only book written specifically for men in a language that is respectful to men, about how to deal better with the most important relationships in their lives. It provides real tools for men who have trouble dealing with the emotional demands of relationships and those affected by them. The premise of this book is that good, well-intentioned men can, in times of stress and emotional conflict, act in destructive ways that don't reflect their true character. From a humanistic and empathetic perspective, this book explores the latest research about male psychological development to create a new, compassionate narrative for the struggles men face. Learn to recognize and label your internal states. Find out why displays of not-so-masculine emotions are so difficult to deal with, and why they can provoke episodes of problematic behavior. Explore the father-son relationship and the reality of male peer relations; see why these patterned interactions can reinforce bad behavior from generation to generation. Structured exercises and strategies help transfer the concepts of the book into daily experience. David B. Wexler, Ph.D., is the founder and executive director of the Relationship Training Institute, an organization designed to help couples and especially men who are having problems in relationships. His previous work includesThe Adolescent Self andThe PRISM Workbook. Visit the author at his Web site: www.rtiprojects.com.

Red Pill Psychology

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Author :
Publisher : Academic Century Press
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 127 pages
Book Rating : 4./5 ( download)

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Book Synopsis Red Pill Psychology by : Peter Wright

Download or read book Red Pill Psychology written by Peter Wright and published by Academic Century Press. This book was released on with total page 127 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Red Pill Psychology provides a new look at men's mental health while rejecting the usual approaches of the mainstream therapeutic industry - its gendered assumptions, casual misandry, default gynocentrism, and general disregard of men’s issues. The authors include a critique of modern sexual relations and offer new models with positive suggestions for improving the wellbeing of men and boys.

Men's Gender Role Conflict

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Author :
Publisher : Amer Psychological Assn
ISBN 13 : 9781433818189
Total Pages : 408 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (181 download)

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Book Synopsis Men's Gender Role Conflict by : James M. O'Neil

Download or read book Men's Gender Role Conflict written by James M. O'Neil and published by Amer Psychological Assn. This book was released on 2015 with total page 408 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Men's gender role conflict is a psychological state in which restrictive definitions of masculinity limit men's well-being and human potential. Gender role conflict (GRC) doesn't just harm boys and men, but also girls and women, transgendered people, and society at large. Extensive research relates men's GRC to myriad behavioral problems, including sexism, violence, homophobia, depression, substance abuse, and relationship issues. This book represents a call to action for researchers and practitioners, graduate students, and other mental healthcare professionals to confront men's GRC and reduce its harmful influence on individuals and society. James O'Neil is a pioneer in men's psychology who conceptualized GRC and created the Gender Role Conflict Scale. In this book, he combines numerous studies from renowned scholars in men's psychology with more than 30 years of his own clinical and research experience to promote activism and challenge the status quo. He describes multiple effects of men's GRC, including success, power, and competition issues restricted emotionality restricted affectionate behavior between men conflicts between men's work and family relations. O'Neil also explains when GRC can develop in a man's gender role journey, how to address it through preventative programs and therapy for boys and men, and what initiatives researchers and clinicians can pursue.

The Psychology of Man's Possible Evolution

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Author :
Publisher : Library of Alexandria
ISBN 13 : 1465505873
Total Pages : 121 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (655 download)

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Book Synopsis The Psychology of Man's Possible Evolution by : Peter Demianovich Ouspensky

Download or read book The Psychology of Man's Possible Evolution written by Peter Demianovich Ouspensky and published by Library of Alexandria. This book was released on 1973-01-01 with total page 121 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: I SHALL speak about the study of psychology, but I must warn you that the psychology about which I speak is very different from anything you may know under this name. To begin with I must say that practically never in history has psychology stood at so low a level as at the present time. It has lost all touch with its origin and its meaning so that now it is even difficult to define the term psychology: that is, to say what psychology is and what it studies. And this is so in spite of the fact that never in history have there been so many psychological theories and so many psychological writings. Psychology is sometimes called a new science. This is quite wrong. Psychology is, perhaps, the oldest science, and, unfortunately, in its most essential features a forgotten science. In order to understand how psychology can be denned it is necessary to realise that psychology except in modern times has never existed under its own name. For one reason or another psychology always was suspected of wrong or subversive tendencies either religious or political or moral and had to use different disguises. For thousands of years psychology existed under the name of philosophy. In India all forms of Yoga, which are essentially psychology, are described as one of the six systems of philosophy. Sufi teachings. which again are chiefly psychological, are regarded as partly religious and partly metaphysical. In Europe, even quite recently in the last decades of the nineteenth century, many works on psychology were referred to as philosophy. And in spite of the fact that almost all sub-divisions of philosophy such as logic, the theory of cognition, ethics, aesthetics, referred to the work of the human mind or senses, psychology was regarded as inferior to philosophy and as relating only to the lower or more trivial sides of human nature. Parallel with its existence under the name of philosophy, psychology existed even longer connected with one or another religion. It does not mean that religion and psychology ever were one and the same thing, or that the fact of the connection between religion and psychology was recognised. But there is no doubt that almost every known religion—certainly I do not mean modern sham religions—developed one or another kind of psychological teaching connected often with a certain practice, so that the study of religion very often included in itself the study of psychology. There are many excellent works on psychology in quite orthodox religious literature of different countries and epochs. For instance, in early Christianity there was a collection of books of different authors under the general name of Philokalia, used in our time in the Eastern Church, especially for the instruction of monks. During the time when psychology was connected with philosophy and religion it also existed in the form of Art. Poetry, Drama, Sculpture, Dancing, even Architecture, were means for transmitting psychological knowledge. For instance, the Gothic Cathedrals were in their chief meaning works on psychology. In the ancient times before philosophy, religion and art had taken their separate forms as we now know them, psychology had existed in the form of Mysteries, such as those of Egypt and of ancient Greece. Later, after the disappearance of the Mysteries, psychology existed in the form of Symbolical Teachings which were sometimes connected with the religion of the period and sometimes not connected, such as Astrology, Alchemy, Magic, and the more modern: Masonry, Occultism and Theosophy. And here it is necessary to note that all psychological systems and doctrines, those that exist or existed openly and those that were hidden or disguised, can be divided into two chief categories. First: systems which study man as they find him, or such as they suppose or imagine him to be. Modern ‘scientific’ psychology or what is known under that name belongs to this category. Second: systems which study man not from the point of view of what he is, or what he seems to be, but from the point of view of what he may become; that is, from the point of view of his possible evolution.