A Master Passion, The Story of Alexander and Elizabeth Hamilton

Download A Master Passion, The Story of Alexander and Elizabeth Hamilton PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9781771456746
Total Pages : 500 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (567 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis A Master Passion, The Story of Alexander and Elizabeth Hamilton by : Juliet Waldron

Download or read book A Master Passion, The Story of Alexander and Elizabeth Hamilton written by Juliet Waldron and published by . This book was released on 2015-09-01 with total page 500 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A Master Passion is the story of the marriage - called by some a misalliance - of Alexander Hamilton, our First Secretary of the Treasury, and Betsy Schuyler. Although born poor and illegitimate, Hamilton courts the daughter of Major General Schuyler, an American princess. Hamilton is one of a trinity of Founders who seem to have been created on purpose to invent our nation. Like all mission-driven men, he is preoccupied, often absent, and not the best provider. The trials of making ends meet and raising an ever growing troop of children are Betsy's. This woman-behind-the-man is barely known, but through war, Indian attacks, multiple births, epidemics, infidelity, unending politics and dire tragedy, Betsy is the force which holds the family together. Conflict is built into this marriage. It does not simply spring from Alexander's childhood experience of bastardy, abuse and abandonment. To quote Alexander Pope, his favorite poet: And hence one master passion in the breast, Like Aaron's serpent, swallows up the rest. Betsy's passion is Alexander, but, sometimes, even more than this wife, Alexander loves America.

The Master Passion

Download The Master Passion PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9781771453851
Total Pages : 428 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (538 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis The Master Passion by : Juliet Waldron

Download or read book The Master Passion written by Juliet Waldron and published by . This book was released on 2015-03-30 with total page 428 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Master Passion is the story of the marriage - called by some a misalliance - of Alexander Hamilton, our First Secretary of the Treasury, and Betsy Schuyler. Although born poor and illegitimate, Hamilton courts the daughter of Major General Schuyler, an American princess. Hamilton is one of a trinity of Founders who seem to have been created on purpose to invent our nation. Like all mission-driven men, he is preoccupied, often absent, and not the best provider. The trials of making ends meet and raising an ever growing troop of children are Betsy's. This woman-behind-the-man is barely known, but through war, Indian attacks, multiple births, epidemics, infidelity, unending politics and dire tragedy, Betsy is the force which holds the family together. Conflict is built into this marriage. It does not simply spring from Alexander's childhood experience of bastardy, abuse and abandonment. To quote Alexander Pope, his favorite poet: And hence one master passion in the breast, Like Aaron's serpent, swallows up the rest. Betsy's passion is Alexander, but, sometimes, even more than this wife, Alexander loves America.

Alexander and Elizabeth Hamilton

Download Alexander and Elizabeth Hamilton PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9781772992052
Total Pages : 494 pages
Book Rating : 4.9/5 (92 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Alexander and Elizabeth Hamilton by : Juliet Waldron

Download or read book Alexander and Elizabeth Hamilton written by Juliet Waldron and published by . This book was released on 2016-08-15 with total page 494 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A Master Passion is the story of our brilliant first Secretary of the Treasury, Alexander Hamilton, and his wife, Betsy Schuyler. It begins with their Revolutionary War courtship. Although born poor and illegitimate, as an Aide de Camp to General George Washington, Hamilton dares to reach, boldly pursuing Betsy, daughter of a wealthy and prominent New York family. After the war, Hamilton engages in nation building. Like all mission-driven men, he is preoccupied, often absent, and not the best provider. The trials of making ends meet and raising their ever-growing troop of children falls to Betsy, who accomplishes her task with grace and devotion. Conflict is built into their marriage. It does not simply spring from Alexander's agonizing childhood experience of bastardy, abuse, and abandonment. To quote Alexander Pope, Hamilton's favorite poet: "And hence one Master Passion in the breast like Aaron's serpent, swallows up all the rest..." Betsy's passion is Alexander. Alexander's passion is America. Though Hamilton's financial acumen and political courage is crucial to the formation and survival of our nation, his star sets quickly. Disillusioned, political power broken, his adored eldest son killed in a duel, Hamilton goes to his own famous duel with Aaron Burr in the spirit of those noble Romans he so steadfastly admires, preferring death to dishonor. The Master Passion places the battles of Alexander Hamilton, the lonely idealist, within a family saga rich in period detail. The great edifice for which he laid the groundwork -- America -- has become, exactly as he planned, the richest and freest country on earth.

Alexander Hamilton and Elizabeth Schuyler Hamilton

Download Alexander Hamilton and Elizabeth Schuyler Hamilton PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9781772993233
Total Pages : 494 pages
Book Rating : 4.9/5 (932 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Alexander Hamilton and Elizabeth Schuyler Hamilton by : Juliet Waldron

Download or read book Alexander Hamilton and Elizabeth Schuyler Hamilton written by Juliet Waldron and published by . This book was released on 2016-11-29 with total page 494 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A Master Passion is the story of our brilliant first Secretary of the Treasury, Alexander Hamilton, and his wife, Betsy Schuyler. It begins with their Revolutionary War courtship. Although born poor and illegitimate, as an Aide de Camp to General George Washington, Hamilton dares to reach, boldly pursuing Betsy, daughter of a wealthy and prominent New York family. After the war, Hamilton engages in nation building. Like all mission-driven men, he is preoccupied, often absent, and not the best provider. The trials of making ends meet and raising their ever-growing troop of children falls to Betsy, who accomplishes her task with grace and devotion. Conflict is built into their marriage. It does not simply spring from Alexander's agonizing childhood experience of bastardy, abuse, and abandonment. To quote Alexander Pope, Hamilton's favorite poet: "And hence one Master Passion in the breastlike Aaron's serpent, swallows up all the rest..." Betsy's passion is Alexander. Alexander's passion is America. Though Hamilton's financial acumen and political courage is crucial to the formation and survival of our nation, his star sets quickly. Disillusioned, political power broken, his adored eldest son killed in a duel, Hamilton goes to his own famous duel with Aaron Burr in the spirit of those noble Romans he so steadfastly admires, preferring death to dishonor. The Master Passion places the battles of Alexander Hamilton, the lonely idealist, within a family saga rich in period detail. The great edifice for which he laid the groundwork -- America -- has become, exactly as he planned, the richest and freest country on earth.

Glory Passes, the Story of Alexander and Elizabeth Hamiton

Download Glory Passes, the Story of Alexander and Elizabeth Hamiton PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9781771454490
Total Pages : pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (544 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Glory Passes, the Story of Alexander and Elizabeth Hamiton by : Juliet Waldron

Download or read book Glory Passes, the Story of Alexander and Elizabeth Hamiton written by Juliet Waldron and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Though Hamilton's financial acumen and political courage is crucial to the formation and survival of our nation, his star sets quickly. Disillusioned, political power broken, his adored eldest son killed in a duel, Hamilton goes to his own famous duel with Aaron Burr in the spirit of those noble Romans he so steadfastly admires, preferring death to dishonor. A Master Passion places the battles of Alexander Hamilton, the lonely idealist, within a family saga rich in period detail. The great edifice for which he laid the groundwork--America--has become, exactly as he planned, the richest and freest country on earth.

Eliza Hamilton

Download Eliza Hamilton PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Gallery Books
ISBN 13 : 1501166344
Total Pages : 368 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (11 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Eliza Hamilton by : Tilar J. Mazzeo

Download or read book Eliza Hamilton written by Tilar J. Mazzeo and published by Gallery Books. This book was released on 2019-07-02 with total page 368 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: From the New York Times bestselling author of Irena’s Children comes a “vivid, compelling, and unputdownable new biography” (Christopher Andersen, #1 New York Times bestselling author) about the extraordinary life and times of Eliza Hamilton, the wife of founding father Alexander Hamilton, and a powerful, unsung hero in America’s early days. Fans fell in love with Eliza Hamilton—Alexander Hamilton’s devoted wife—in Lin-Manuel Miranda’s phenomenal musical Hamilton. But they don’t know her full story. A strong pioneer woman, a loving sister, a caring mother, and in her later years, a generous philanthropist, Eliza had many sides—and this fascinating biography brings her multi-faceted personality to vivid life. This “expertly told story” (Publishers Weekly) follows Eliza through her early years in New York, into the ups and downs of her married life with Alexander, beyond the aftermath of his tragic murder, and finally to her involvement in many projects that cemented her legacy as one of the unsung heroes of our nation’s early days. This captivating account of the woman behind the famous man is perfect for fans of the works of Ron Chernow, Lisa McCubbin, and Nathaniel Philbrick.

The Hamilton Affair

Download The Hamilton Affair PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Simon and Schuster
ISBN 13 : 1628727233
Total Pages : 409 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (287 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis The Hamilton Affair by : Elizabeth Cobbs

Download or read book The Hamilton Affair written by Elizabeth Cobbs and published by Simon and Schuster. This book was released on 2016-07-28 with total page 409 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A New York Times Bestseller and one of the best historical fiction books of 2016 and 2017! “A juicy answer to Ron Chernow's Alexander Hamilton…” --Cosmopolitan Set against the dramatic backdrop of the American Revolution, and featuring a cast of legendary characters, The Hamilton Affair tells the sweeping, tumultuous, true story of Alexander Hamilton and Elizabeth Schuyler, from passionate and tender beginnings of their romance to his fateful duel on the banks of the Hudson River. Hamilton was a bastard and orphan, raised in the Caribbean and desperate for legitimacy, who became one of the American Revolution's most dashing--and improbable--heroes. Admired by George Washington, scorned by Thomas Jefferson, Hamilton was a lightning rod: the most controversial leader of the new nation. Elizabeth was the wealthy, beautiful, adventurous daughter of the respectable Schuyler clan--and a pioneering advocate for women. Together, the unlikely couple braved the dangers of war, the perils of seduction, the anguish of infidelity, and the scourge of partisanship that menaced their family and the country itself. With flawless writing, brilliantly drawn characters, and epic scope, The Hamilton Affair tells a story of love forged in revolution and tested by the bitter strife of young America, and will take its place among the greatest novels of American history ever written.

The Cabin Faced West

Download The Cabin Faced West PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Penguin
ISBN 13 : 9780698119369
Total Pages : 132 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (193 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis The Cabin Faced West by : Jean Fritz

Download or read book The Cabin Faced West written by Jean Fritz and published by Penguin. This book was released on 2001-08-30 with total page 132 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Ann Hamilton's family has moved to the western frontier of Pennsylvania, and she misses her old home in Gettysburg. There are no girls her age on Hamilton Hill, and life is hard. But when the Hamiltons survive a terrible storm and receive a surprise visit from George Washington, Ann realizes that pioneer life is exciting and special.

My Dear Hamilton

Download My Dear Hamilton PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : HarperCollins
ISBN 13 : 0062466178
Total Pages : 672 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (624 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis My Dear Hamilton by : Stephanie Dray

Download or read book My Dear Hamilton written by Stephanie Dray and published by HarperCollins. This book was released on 2018-04-03 with total page 672 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: USA Today Bestseller "An edge-of my sear immersion into historical events...No study of Alexander Hamilton would be complete without reading this book." —Karen White, New York Times bestselling author "The best book of the year!" —Kate Quinn, New York Times bestselling author of The Alice Network Wife, Widow, and Warrior in Alexander Hamilton’s quest for a more perfect union From the New York Times bestselling authors of America’s First Daughter comes the epic story of Eliza Schuyler Hamilton—a revolutionary woman who, like her new nation, struggled to define herself in the wake of war, betrayal, and tragedy. Perfect for fans of Ron Chernow's biography Alexander Hamilton and fans of Lin-Manuel Miranda's Hamilton: the Musical. In this haunting, moving, and beautifully written novel, Dray and Kamoie used thousands of letters and original sources to tell Eliza’s story as it’s never been told before—not just as the wronged wife at the center of a political sex scandal—but also as a founding mother who shaped an American legacy in her own right. A general’s daughter… Coming of age on the perilous frontier of revolutionary New York, Elizabeth Schuyler champions the fight for independence. And when she meets Alexander Hamilton, Washington’s penniless but passionate aide-de-camp, she’s captivated by the young officer’s charisma and brilliance. They fall in love, despite Hamilton’s bastard birth and the uncertainties of war. A founding father’s wife... But the union they create—in their marriage and the new nation—is far from perfect. From glittering inaugural balls to bloody street riots, the Hamiltons are at the center of it all—including the political treachery of America’s first sex scandal, which forces Eliza to struggle through heartbreak and betrayal to find forgiveness. The last surviving light of the Revolution… When a duel destroys Eliza’s hard-won peace, the grieving widow fights her husband’s enemies to preserve Alexander’s legacy. But long-buried secrets threaten everything Eliza believes about her marriage and her own legacy. Questioning her tireless devotion to the man and country that have broken her heart, she’s left with one last battle—to understand the flawed man she married and imperfect union he could never have created without her…

Hamilton and Peggy!

Download Hamilton and Peggy! PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : HarperCollins
ISBN 13 : 0062671324
Total Pages : 464 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (626 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Hamilton and Peggy! by : L. M. Elliott

Download or read book Hamilton and Peggy! written by L. M. Elliott and published by HarperCollins. This book was released on 2018-02-13 with total page 464 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Drawing from historical journals and letters, New York Times bestselling author Laura Elliot weaves a richly detailed tale about the extraordinary Peggy Schuyler and her revolutionary friendship with Alexander Hamilton. Perfect for fans of the smash musical sensation Hamilton. Peggy Schuyler has always felt like she’s existed in the shadows of her beloved sisters: the fiery, intelligent Angelica and beautiful, sweet Eliza. But it’s in the throes of a chaotic war that Peggy finds herself a central figure amid Loyalists and Patriots, spies and traitors, friends and family. When a flirtatious aide-de-camp, Alexander Hamilton, writes to Peggy asking for her help in wooing the earnest Eliza, Peggy finds herself unable to deny such an impassioned plea. A fast friendship forms between the two, but Alexander is caught in the same war as her father, and the danger to all their lives is real. Everything is a battlefield—from the frontlines to their carefully coded letters—but will Peggy’s bravery’s and intelligence be enough to keep them all safe? Bank Street College Best Book of the Year (Historical Fiction, 2019) * 2018 Grateful American Book Prize Honorable Mention

Mozart's Wife

Download Mozart's Wife PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Hard Shell Word Factory
ISBN 13 : 0759943109
Total Pages : 354 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (599 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Mozart's Wife by : Juliet Waldron

Download or read book Mozart's Wife written by Juliet Waldron and published by Hard Shell Word Factory. This book was released on 2004-12 with total page 354 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Based on original sources, including family letters and scholarly biographies this is a biographical novel about Constanze, Moazrt's wife.

Reynolds Pamphlet

Download Reynolds Pamphlet PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Graphic Arts Books
ISBN 13 : 1513297112
Total Pages : 29 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (132 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Reynolds Pamphlet by : Alexander Hamilton

Download or read book Reynolds Pamphlet written by Alexander Hamilton and published by Graphic Arts Books. This book was released on 2021-05-11 with total page 29 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Reynolds Pamphlet (1797) is an essay by Alexander Hamilton. Written while Hamilton was serving as Secretary of the Treasury, the Pamphlet was intended as a defense against accusations that Hamilton had conspired with James Reynolds to misuse funds meant to cover unpaid wages to Revolutionary War veterans. Admitting to an affair with Maria, Reynolds’ wife, Hamilton claims that the accusation is nothing more than an attempt at blackmail. This revelation not only endangered Hamilton’s career as a public figure, but constituted perhaps the earliest sex scandal in American history. “The bare perusal of the letters from Reynolds and his wife is sufficient to convince my greatest enemy that there is nothing worse in the affair than an irregular and indelicate amour. For this, I bow to the just censure which it merits. I have paid pretty severely for the folly and can never recollect it without disgust and self condemnation. It might seem affectation to say more.” Accused of corruption in his role as Secretary of the Treasury, Alexander Hamilton was forced to confess his adultery, bringing shame to himself as a married man and supposedly honorable public figure, yet saving his political career in the process. Looking back on his affair with Maria Reynolds from a distance of five years, Hamilton expresses regret for his foolishness, yet wholeheartedly denies her husband’s accusation that he had been involved in his scheme to misuse government funds. Perhaps the first sex scandal in American history, the Reynolds affair sent shockwaves throughout the burgeoning republic, leaving many to question the motives and character of their leaders for the first time, though certainly not the last. With a beautifully designed cover and professionally typeset manuscript, this edition of Alexander Hamilton’s Reynolds Pamphlet is a classic of American literature reimagined for modern readers.

The Works of Alexander Hamilton

Download The Works of Alexander Hamilton PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 508 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (318 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis The Works of Alexander Hamilton by : Alexander Hamilton

Download or read book The Works of Alexander Hamilton written by Alexander Hamilton and published by . This book was released on 1966 with total page 508 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

I, Eliza Hamilton

Download I, Eliza Hamilton PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Kensington Books
ISBN 13 : 1496712536
Total Pages : 449 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (967 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis I, Eliza Hamilton by : Susan Holloway Scott

Download or read book I, Eliza Hamilton written by Susan Holloway Scott and published by Kensington Books. This book was released on 2017-09-26 with total page 449 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The strong-willed, heroic wife of Alexander Hamilton tells her story in this historical novel by the bestselling author of The Secret Wife of Aaron Burr. As the daughter of a respected general, Elizabeth Schuyler is accustomed to socializing with dignitaries and soldiers. But no visitor to her parents’ home has affected her so strongly as Alexander Hamilton, a charismatic, ambitious aide to George Washington. They marry quickly, and despite the tumult of the American Revolution, Eliza is confident in her husband and in her role as his helpmate. But it is in the aftermath of war, as Hamilton becomes one of the country’s most important figures, that she truly comes into her own In the new capital, Eliza becomes an adored member of society, respected for her fierce devotion to Hamilton as well as her grace. Behind closed doors, she astutely manages their expanding household and assists her husband with his political writings. Yet some challenges are impossible to prepare for. Through scandal, betrayal, heartbreak, and tragedy, she is tested again and again. In the end, it will be Eliza’s strength that makes her not only Hamilton’s most crucial ally in life, but also his most loyal advocate after his death, determined to preserve his legacy while pursuing her own path through the nation they helped shape together. “Scott expertly handles the complex history and complicated romance, moving the personal and political plots briskly. Readers will be captivated by the affecting portrait Scott has painted of Eliza as an American patriot who was witness and counsel to Alexander's enduring legacy.” —Publishers Weekly (starred review) “Your next Hamilton obsession.” —Bustle

The Secret Wife of Aaron Burr

Download The Secret Wife of Aaron Burr PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Kensington Books
ISBN 13 : 1496719190
Total Pages : 400 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (967 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis The Secret Wife of Aaron Burr by : Susan Holloway Scott

Download or read book The Secret Wife of Aaron Burr written by Susan Holloway Scott and published by Kensington Books. This book was released on 2019-09-24 with total page 400 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Inspired by a woman and events forgotten by history, bestselling author Susan Holloway Scott weaves together carefully researched fact and fiction to tell the story of Mary Emmons, and the place she held in the life—and the heart—of the notorious Aaron Burr. He was a hero of the Revolution, a brilliant politician, lawyer, and very nearly president; a skillful survivor in a raw new country filled with constantly shifting loyalties. Today Aaron Burr is remembered more for the fatal duel that killed rival Alexander Hamilton. But long before that single shot destroyed Burr’s political career, there were other dark whispers about him: that he was untrustworthy, a libertine, a man unafraid of claiming whatever he believed should be his. Sold into slavery as a child in India, Mary Emmons was brought to an America torn by war. Toughened by the experiences of her young life, Mary is intelligent, resourceful, and strong. She quickly gains the trust of her new mistress, Theodosia Prevost, and becomes indispensable in a complicated household filled with intrigue—especially when the now-widowed Theodosia marries Colonel Aaron Burr. As Theodosia sickens with the fatal disease that will finally kill her, Mary and Burr are drawn together into a private world of power and passion, and a secret, tangled union that would have shocked the nation . . . Praise for I, Eliza Hamilton “Scott’s devotion to research is evident . . . a rewarding take on a fascinating historical couple.” —Library Journal “Readers will be captivated.” —Publishers Weekly (starred review) “Packed with political and historical as well as domestic details.” —Booklist

The Revolutionary Writings of Alexander Hamilton

Download The Revolutionary Writings of Alexander Hamilton PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9780865977068
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.9/5 (77 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis The Revolutionary Writings of Alexander Hamilton by : Alexander Hamilton

Download or read book The Revolutionary Writings of Alexander Hamilton written by Alexander Hamilton and published by . This book was released on 2008 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "Alexander Hamilton was an enigma to his fellow Americans, both during his lifetime and following his early death. As one of the Founding Fathers of the United States, Hamilton occupies an eccentric, even flamboyant, position compared with Washington, Jefferson, Franklin, Adams, Madison, and Marshall. Hamilton's genius, forged during his service in the Continental Army in the Revolution, brought him not only admiration but also suspicion. As the country he helped to found grew and changed, so did his thinking." "Hamilton wrote to persuade, and he had the ability to clarify the complex issues of his time without oversimplifying them. From the basic core values established in his earlier writings to the more assertive vision of government in his mature work, we see how Hamilton's thought responded to the emerging nation, and how the nation was shaped by his ideas."--BOOK JACKET.

Class

Download Class PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Simon and Schuster
ISBN 13 : 0671792253
Total Pages : 212 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (717 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Class by : Paul Fussell

Download or read book Class written by Paul Fussell and published by Simon and Schuster. This book was released on 1992 with total page 212 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book describes the living-room artifacts, clothing styles, and intellectual proclivities of American classes from top to bottom.