A Grammar of the Spanish, Portuguese, and Italian Languages

Download A Grammar of the Spanish, Portuguese, and Italian Languages PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 178 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (23 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis A Grammar of the Spanish, Portuguese, and Italian Languages by : Richard WOODHOUSE

Download or read book A Grammar of the Spanish, Portuguese, and Italian Languages written by Richard WOODHOUSE and published by . This book was released on 1815 with total page 178 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Comparative Grammar of Spanish, Portuguese, Italian and French

Download Comparative Grammar of Spanish, Portuguese, Italian and French PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9781982953409
Total Pages : 810 pages
Book Rating : 4.9/5 (534 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Comparative Grammar of Spanish, Portuguese, Italian and French by : Mikhail Petrunin

Download or read book Comparative Grammar of Spanish, Portuguese, Italian and French written by Mikhail Petrunin and published by . This book was released on 2018-06-25 with total page 810 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Nowadays thousands of grammar books, textbooks, outlines, references and language guides of Spanish, Portuguese, Italian and French are published year by year. However, all of them teach these languages separately. Here you will find a comparative grammar of the four major Romance languages together based on their grammatical and lexical similarities for you, lovers of foreign languages, to learn and compare Spanish, Portuguese, Italian and French simultaneously. It is an audacious endeavor to find or create a novel way of learning to speak several languages and becoming a multilingual person. It took me over 3 years to finish the book. It consists of over 800 pages, 10 chapters covering all the grammatical aspects of these 4 languages. It includes over 1000 examples, 500 easy-to-follow charts and tables. It contains 138 geographical, historical and cultural facts about Spanish, Portuguese, Italian and French countries.Below I will discuss several reasons why I decided to write this book and why you need it.1) First of all, this book is written for readers like you who are fond of or would like to learn Spanish, Portuguese, Italian and French simultaneously or just to get an all-round knowledge of all these four Romance languages. It is designed not only for beginners who do not have an extensive knowledge of grammar, yet need a guide through the grammatical concepts of all mentioned above languages, but also intermediate and advanced students who would like to have a reference book ofseveral Romance languages at once.2) Second of all I spent many years learning these languages separately, which was a complete waste of time before I realized it. This book will hopefully save you a great deal of time and allow you to study and compare at a glance the four main Neo-Latin languages.3) Knowledge of foreign languages is fast becoming a necessary requirement for those who are involved in international business, tourism, culture and education. This book offers you four languages to learn, which will make you feel at homewherever you go, whether as a tourist or businessman.4) Learning several languages simultaneously or one by one will train and strengthen your memory and can help stave off such terrible diseases as Alzheimer's.5) If you have never studied several languages at once before and you like challenges, then you should definitely try it. Because it is a really entertaining and challenging task to do.In conclusion, I would like to sincerely thank you for preordering the book and your interest in it. I hope it will help youimprove your languages and become multilingual.

A Grammar Or the Spanish, Portuguese, and Italian Languages

Download A Grammar Or the Spanish, Portuguese, and Italian Languages PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Legare Street Press
ISBN 13 : 9781015748392
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (483 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis A Grammar Or the Spanish, Portuguese, and Italian Languages by : Richard Woodhouse

Download or read book A Grammar Or the Spanish, Portuguese, and Italian Languages written by Richard Woodhouse and published by Legare Street Press. This book was released on 2022-10-27 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work is in the "public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.

A Comparative Grammar of the French, Italian, Spanish and Portuguese Languages

Download A Comparative Grammar of the French, Italian, Spanish and Portuguese Languages PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Gordon PressPubs
ISBN 13 : 9780849016523
Total Pages : pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (165 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis A Comparative Grammar of the French, Italian, Spanish and Portuguese Languages by : Edwin A. Notley

Download or read book A Comparative Grammar of the French, Italian, Spanish and Portuguese Languages written by Edwin A. Notley and published by Gordon PressPubs. This book was released on 1977-04-01 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

A Grammar of the Spanish, Portuguese, and Italian Languages, Intented to Facilitate the Acquiring of These Sister Tongues by Exhibiting in a Synoptical Form the Agreements and Differences in Their Grammatical Construction

Download A Grammar of the Spanish, Portuguese, and Italian Languages, Intented to Facilitate the Acquiring of These Sister Tongues by Exhibiting in a Synoptical Form the Agreements and Differences in Their Grammatical Construction PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Forgotten Books
ISBN 13 : 9781330413074
Total Pages : 172 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (13 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis A Grammar of the Spanish, Portuguese, and Italian Languages, Intented to Facilitate the Acquiring of These Sister Tongues by Exhibiting in a Synoptical Form the Agreements and Differences in Their Grammatical Construction by : Richard Woodhouse

Download or read book A Grammar of the Spanish, Portuguese, and Italian Languages, Intented to Facilitate the Acquiring of These Sister Tongues by Exhibiting in a Synoptical Form the Agreements and Differences in Their Grammatical Construction written by Richard Woodhouse and published by Forgotten Books. This book was released on 2015-06-26 with total page 172 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Excerpt from A Grammar of the Spanish, Portuguese, and Italian Languages, Intented to Facilitate the Acquiring of These Sister Tongues by Exhibiting in a Synoptical Form the Agreements and Differences in Their Grammatical Construction A residence of more than two years in Spain and Portugal rendered it necessary for the author of the following work to acquire some knowledge of the languages of those kingdoms; in doing which, the idea suggested itself to him, that, the two languages being originally the same, and their differences occasioned by various political and other causes, it would not be difficult to give, in a short grammatical arrangement, such a view of the leading points of agreement and difference, as should greatly facilitate the acquiring a knowledge of one language by him who had any acquaintance with the other. About the Publisher Forgotten Books publishes hundreds of thousands of rare and classic books. Find more at www.forgottenbooks.com This book is a reproduction of an important historical work. Forgotten Books uses state-of-the-art technology to digitally reconstruct the work, preserving the original format whilst repairing imperfections present in the aged copy. In rare cases, an imperfection in the original, such as a blemish or missing page, may be replicated in our edition. We do, however, repair the vast majority of imperfections successfully; any imperfections that remain are intentionally left to preserve the state of such historical works.

Comparative Grammar of Spanish, Portuguese, Italian and French

Download Comparative Grammar of Spanish, Portuguese, Italian and French PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9781790939985
Total Pages : 528 pages
Book Rating : 4.9/5 (399 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Comparative Grammar of Spanish, Portuguese, Italian and French by : Mikhail Petrunin

Download or read book Comparative Grammar of Spanish, Portuguese, Italian and French written by Mikhail Petrunin and published by . This book was released on 2018 with total page 528 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

A Grammar of the Spanish, Portuguese, and Italian Languages, Intented to Facilitate the Acquiring of These Sister Tongues by Exhibiting in a Synoptical Form the Agreements and Differences in Their Grammatical Construction (Classic Reprint)

Download A Grammar of the Spanish, Portuguese, and Italian Languages, Intented to Facilitate the Acquiring of These Sister Tongues by Exhibiting in a Synoptical Form the Agreements and Differences in Their Grammatical Construction (Classic Reprint) PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Forgotten Books
ISBN 13 : 9780267979455
Total Pages : 172 pages
Book Rating : 4.9/5 (794 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis A Grammar of the Spanish, Portuguese, and Italian Languages, Intented to Facilitate the Acquiring of These Sister Tongues by Exhibiting in a Synoptical Form the Agreements and Differences in Their Grammatical Construction (Classic Reprint) by : Richard Woodhouse

Download or read book A Grammar of the Spanish, Portuguese, and Italian Languages, Intented to Facilitate the Acquiring of These Sister Tongues by Exhibiting in a Synoptical Form the Agreements and Differences in Their Grammatical Construction (Classic Reprint) written by Richard Woodhouse and published by Forgotten Books. This book was released on 2018-02-07 with total page 172 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Excerpt from A Grammar of the Spanish, Portuguese, and Italian Languages, Intented to Facilitate the Acquiring of These Sister Tongues by Exhibiting in a Synoptical Form the Agreements and Differences in Their Grammatical Construction Publication at first did not enter into his views; but the work having gradually grown into its pre sent shape, he has been induced, by the advice of those on whose judgement he is accustomed to. About the Publisher Forgotten Books publishes hundreds of thousands of rare and classic books. Find more at www.forgottenbooks.com This book is a reproduction of an important historical work. Forgotten Books uses state-of-the-art technology to digitally reconstruct the work, preserving the original format whilst repairing imperfections present in the aged copy. In rare cases, an imperfection in the original, such as a blemish or missing page, may be replicated in our edition. We do, however, repair the vast majority of imperfections successfully; any imperfections that remain are intentionally left to preserve the state of such historical works.

Comparative Grammar of Spanish, Portuguese, Italian and French

Download Comparative Grammar of Spanish, Portuguese, Italian and French PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9781983334269
Total Pages : 810 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (342 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Comparative Grammar of Spanish, Portuguese, Italian and French by : Mikhail Petrunin

Download or read book Comparative Grammar of Spanish, Portuguese, Italian and French written by Mikhail Petrunin and published by . This book was released on 2018-07-02 with total page 810 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Nowadays thousands of grammar books, textbooks, outlines, references and language guides of Spanish, Portuguese, Italian and French are published year by year. However, all of them teach these languages separately. Here you will find a comparative grammar of the four major Romance languages together based on their grammatical and lexical similarities for you, lovers of foreign languages, to learn and compare Spanish, Portuguese, Italian and French simultaneously. It is an audacious endeavor to find or create a novel way of learning to speak several languages and becoming a multilingual person. It took me over 3 years to finish the book. It consists of over 800 pages, 10 chapters covering all the grammatical aspects of these 4 languages. It includes over 1000 examples, 500 easy-to-follow charts and tables. It contains 138 geographical, historical and cultural facts about Spanish, Portuguese, Italian and French countries.Below I will discuss several reasons why I decided to write this book and why you need it.1) First of all, this book is written for readers like you who are fond of or would like to learn Spanish, Portuguese, Italian andFrench simultaneously or just to get an all-round knowledge of all these four Romance languages. It is designed not only for beginners who do not have an extensive knowledge of grammar, yet need a guide through the grammatical concepts of all mentioned above languages, but also intermediate and advanced students who would like to have a reference book ofseveral Romance languages at once.2) Second of all I spent many years learning these languages separately, which was a complete waste of time before I realized it. This book will hopefully save you a great deal of time and allow you to study and compare at a glance the four main Neo-Latin languages.3) Knowledge of foreign languages is fast becoming a necessary requirement for those who are involved in international business, tourism, culture and education. This book offers you four languages to learn, which will make you feel at homewherever you go, whether as a tourist or businessman.4) Learning several languages simultaneously or one by one will train and strengthen your memory and can help stave off such terrible diseases as Alzheimer's.5) If you have never studied several languages at once before and you like challenges, then you should definitely try it. Because it is a really entertaining and challenging task to do.In conclusion, I would like to sincerely thank you for preordering the book and your interest in it. I hope it will help you improve your languages and become multilingual.

Elements of Comparative Grammar in Five Romance Languages

Download Elements of Comparative Grammar in Five Romance Languages PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 154 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (741 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Elements of Comparative Grammar in Five Romance Languages by : Fabio de Castro Juvencio

Download or read book Elements of Comparative Grammar in Five Romance Languages written by Fabio de Castro Juvencio and published by . This book was released on 2020-08-10 with total page 154 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: There are several Romance language elements that overlap themselves, in a way that makes possible, to a certain extent and exclusively dependent on one's ability to focus, practice and express, a certain degree of mutual comprehension. In writing and reading inasmuch as in oral communication, overcome, of course, a series of linguistic obstacles such as dialectal variations, accents and vocabulary (which can eventually present a daunting drawback), the reader of this book should be armed with enough knowledge to tackle the distinctive problem of intercomprehension.

A Grammar Or the Spanish, Portuguese, and Italian Languages - Scholar's Choice Edition

Download A Grammar Or the Spanish, Portuguese, and Italian Languages - Scholar's Choice Edition PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Scholar's Choice
ISBN 13 : 9781297334276
Total Pages : 172 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (342 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis A Grammar Or the Spanish, Portuguese, and Italian Languages - Scholar's Choice Edition by : Richard Woodhouse

Download or read book A Grammar Or the Spanish, Portuguese, and Italian Languages - Scholar's Choice Edition written by Richard Woodhouse and published by Scholar's Choice. This book was released on 2015-02-19 with total page 172 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work. This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.

A Grammar of the Spanish, Portuguese, and Italian Languages, Intended to Facilitate the Acquiring of These Sister Tongues, by Exhibiting in a Synoptical Form the Agreements and Differences in Their Grammatical Construction

Download A Grammar of the Spanish, Portuguese, and Italian Languages, Intended to Facilitate the Acquiring of These Sister Tongues, by Exhibiting in a Synoptical Form the Agreements and Differences in Their Grammatical Construction PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 160 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (341 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis A Grammar of the Spanish, Portuguese, and Italian Languages, Intended to Facilitate the Acquiring of These Sister Tongues, by Exhibiting in a Synoptical Form the Agreements and Differences in Their Grammatical Construction by : Richard Woodhouse

Download or read book A Grammar of the Spanish, Portuguese, and Italian Languages, Intended to Facilitate the Acquiring of These Sister Tongues, by Exhibiting in a Synoptical Form the Agreements and Differences in Their Grammatical Construction written by Richard Woodhouse and published by . This book was released on 1815 with total page 160 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

A Grammar of the Spanish, Portuguese, and Italian Languages, Intended to Facilitate the Acquiring of These Sister Tongues, by Exhibiting in a Synoptical Form the Agreements and Differences in Their Grammatical Construction. By Richard Woodhouse

Download A Grammar of the Spanish, Portuguese, and Italian Languages, Intended to Facilitate the Acquiring of These Sister Tongues, by Exhibiting in a Synoptical Form the Agreements and Differences in Their Grammatical Construction. By Richard Woodhouse PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 160 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (1 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis A Grammar of the Spanish, Portuguese, and Italian Languages, Intended to Facilitate the Acquiring of These Sister Tongues, by Exhibiting in a Synoptical Form the Agreements and Differences in Their Grammatical Construction. By Richard Woodhouse by : Richard Woodhouse

Download or read book A Grammar of the Spanish, Portuguese, and Italian Languages, Intended to Facilitate the Acquiring of These Sister Tongues, by Exhibiting in a Synoptical Form the Agreements and Differences in Their Grammatical Construction. By Richard Woodhouse written by Richard Woodhouse and published by . This book was released on 1815 with total page 160 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Comparative Grammar of Spanish and Portuguese

Download Comparative Grammar of Spanish and Portuguese PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9781731068026
Total Pages : 583 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (68 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Comparative Grammar of Spanish and Portuguese by : Mikhail Petrunin

Download or read book Comparative Grammar of Spanish and Portuguese written by Mikhail Petrunin and published by . This book was released on 2018-11-09 with total page 583 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This new edition of Comparative Grammar of Spanish and Portuguese is a complete reference guide to all the aspects of Spanish and Portuguese. It is the ideal reference book for those who would like to learn and compare Spanish and Portuguese simultaneously.It presents a clear and easy-to-read description of the Spanish and Portuguese grammar with chapters divided into nouns, pronouns, verbs, prepositions, articles, etc. detailing how each of the two Romance languages operate. The book is well-organized, neatly tabulated, with separate subheadings for topics that require a little more language-specific discussion.This edition features:- Coverage of Spanish and European and Brazilian Portuguese and the information on the grammatical differences between the two variants of Portuguese. - Detailed contents section and index for easy access to information.- Hundreds of illustrative and authentic examples.- Coverage of all the grammatical aspects and useful expressions- Sections on the geographical, historical and cultural facts of the Spanish and Portuguese-speaking world. This book is written for learners who are particularly fond of or would like to concentrate on learning Spanish and Portuguese or just to get an all-round knowledge of these two Romance languages.Furthermore, the author has aimed to create a useful and must-have book for all those interested in the two main and most wide-spread Neo-Latin languages - Spanish and Portuguese with concise and clear explanations of all grammatical areas and numerous practical examples taken from current Spanish and Portuguese usage.This book bears in mind all the differences between Peninsular or Castilian Spanish (espaƱol peninsular/castellano) spoken in Spain and Latin American Spanish (including different accents of Spanish in Latin America), and the divergencies between European Portuguese and Brazilian Portuguese.Part II of the book introduces language functions, which is basically a phrase book containing all the important phrases and expressions learners need to know to start and maintain a basic conversation or to express their opinion.

Essential Portuguese Grammar

Download Essential Portuguese Grammar PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Courier Corporation
ISBN 13 : 048611337X
Total Pages : 127 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (861 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Essential Portuguese Grammar by : Alexander da R. Prista

Download or read book Essential Portuguese Grammar written by Alexander da R. Prista and published by Courier Corporation. This book was released on 2012-05-11 with total page 127 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: DIVLogical, developmental presentation includes all the necessary tools for speech and comprehension and features numerous shortcuts and timesavers. Ideal as an introduction, supplement, or refresher. /div

Modern Italian Grammar

Download Modern Italian Grammar PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Psychology Press
ISBN 13 : 9780415331647
Total Pages : 436 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (316 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Modern Italian Grammar by : Anna Proudfoot

Download or read book Modern Italian Grammar written by Anna Proudfoot and published by Psychology Press. This book was released on 2005 with total page 436 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This new edition of the Modern Italian Grammar is an innovative reference guide to Italian, combining traditional and function-based grammar in a single volume. With a strong emphasis on contemporary usage, all grammar points and functions are richly illustrated with examples. Implementing feedback from users of the first edition, this text includes clearer explanations, as well as a greater emphasis on areas of particular difficulty for learners of Italian. Divided into two sections, the book covers: traditional grammatical categories such as word order, nouns, verbs and adjectives language functions and notions such as giving and seeking information, describing processes and results, and expressing likes, dislikes and preferences. This is the ideal reference grammar for learners of Italian at all levels, from beginner to advanced. No prior knowledge of grammatical terminology is needed and a glossary of grammatical terms is provided. This Grammar is complemented by the Modern Italian Grammar Workbook Second Edition which features related exercises and activities.

GRAMMAR OF THE SPANISH, PORTUGUESE, AND ITALIAN LANGUAGES, INTENTED TO FACILITATE THE ACQUIRING... OF THESE SISTER TONGUES BY EXHIBITING IN A SYNOPTI.

Download GRAMMAR OF THE SPANISH, PORTUGUESE, AND ITALIAN LANGUAGES, INTENTED TO FACILITATE THE ACQUIRING... OF THESE SISTER TONGUES BY EXHIBITING IN A SYNOPTI. PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9781033519059
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (19 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis GRAMMAR OF THE SPANISH, PORTUGUESE, AND ITALIAN LANGUAGES, INTENTED TO FACILITATE THE ACQUIRING... OF THESE SISTER TONGUES BY EXHIBITING IN A SYNOPTI. by : RICHARD. WOODHOUSE

Download or read book GRAMMAR OF THE SPANISH, PORTUGUESE, AND ITALIAN LANGUAGES, INTENTED TO FACILITATE THE ACQUIRING... OF THESE SISTER TONGUES BY EXHIBITING IN A SYNOPTI. written by RICHARD. WOODHOUSE and published by . This book was released on 2018 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

The Grammar of Romance

Download The Grammar of Romance PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9781475246636
Total Pages : 268 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (466 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis The Grammar of Romance by : Joshua Rudder

Download or read book The Grammar of Romance written by Joshua Rudder and published by . This book was released on 2012-04-30 with total page 268 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This original guide introduces you to the basic grammar of Vulgar Latin and the Romance languages. Compare related languages to understand how nouns, verbs, pronouns, adjectives, words, phrases and sentences work throughout this language family. Challenge yourself to see commonalities among a range of Romance languages and to understand their shared history from Vulgar Latin. View examples from major Romance languages like Portuguese, French and Romanian, as well as many regional languages like Catalan, Sardinian and Romansh.Clear formatting and a thorough index allow you to identify key terms and quickly cross-reference relevant sections for more information. Romance examples are printed in bold, translations in italics and key grammar terms tackled elsewhere in the book are underlined.Extra materials include comparative grammar tables with notes, a brief tour of Vulgar Latin grammar, a chapter on the pronunciation of Romance, helpful maps and a glossary of language names. Balanced explanations and examples, a thorough index and a clear table of contents make this the ideal reference guide for students and enthusiasts of the Romance languages, Vulgar Latin/Proto-Romance or Romance linguistics.