2017 Justice Department Civil Rights Investigation of the Chicago Police Department

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Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9781520385693
Total Pages : 170 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (856 download)

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Book Synopsis 2017 Justice Department Civil Rights Investigation of the Chicago Police Department by : U. S. Department of Justice (DOJ)

Download or read book 2017 Justice Department Civil Rights Investigation of the Chicago Police Department written by U. S. Department of Justice (DOJ) and published by . This book was released on 2017-01-15 with total page 170 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book reproduces the complete report from the U.S. Department of Justice (DOJ) Civil Rights Division about the practices of the Chicago Police Department (CPD), along with the agreement in principle between the DOJ and the city of Chicago, as released in January 2017. Introduction * 1. Investigation of the Chicago Police Department / United States Department of Justice Civil Rights Division and United States Attorney's Office Northern District of Illinois / January 13, 2017 * 2. Agreement in Principle Between The United States Department of Justice and the City of Chicago Regarding the Chicago Police Department * 3. Factsheet * 4. Police Reform and Accountability Accomplishments The city of Chicago and the Justice Department have signed an agreement in principle to work together, with community input, to create a federal court-enforceable consent decree addressing the deficiencies found during the investigation. "One of my highest priorities as Attorney General has been to ensure that every American enjoys police protection that is lawful, responsive, and transparent," said Attorney General Loretta E. Lynch. "Sadly, our thorough investigation into the Chicago Police Department found that far too many residents of this proud city have not received that kind of policing. The resulting deficit in trust and accountability is not just bad for residents - it's also bad for dedicated police officers trying to do their jobs safely and effectively. With this announcement, we are laying the groundwork for the difficult but necessary work of building a stronger, safer, and more united Chicago for all who call it home." "The failures we identified in our findings - that we heard about from residents and officers alike - have deeply eroded community trust," said Principal Deputy Assistant Attorney General Vanita Gupta, head of the Civil Rights Division. "But today is a moment of opportunity, where we begin to move from identifying problems to developing solutions. I know our findings can lead to reform and rebuild community-police trust because we've seen it happen in community after community around the country over the past 20 years." "The findings in our report, coupled with the City of Chicago and Police Department's commitment to work together with us, are an historic turning point and a major step toward sustained change," said U.S. Attorney Zachary T. Fardon of the Northern District of Illinois. "Implementing these findings is a necessary precursor to our long-term success in fighting violent crime in Chicago." On Dec. 7, 2015, Attorney General Lynch announced the investigation into the CPD and the city's Independent Police Review Authority (IPRA). The investigation focused on CPD's use of force, including racial, ethnic and other disparities in use of force, and its systems of accountability. In the course of its pattern or practice investigation, the department interviewed and met with city leaders, current and former police officials, and numerous officers throughout all ranks of CPD. The department also accompanied line officers on over 60 ride-alongs in every police district; heard from over 1,000 community members and more than 90 community organizations; reviewed thousands of pages of police documents, including all relevant policies, procedures, training and materials; and analyzed a randomized, representative sample of force reports and the investigative files for incidents that occurred between January 2011 and April 2016, including over 170 officer-involved shooting investigations and documents related to over 400 additional force incidents.

The DOJ Investigation of the Chicago Police Department

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Author :
Publisher : Simon and Schuster
ISBN 13 : 1631582127
Total Pages : 341 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (315 download)

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Book Synopsis The DOJ Investigation of the Chicago Police Department by : U.S. Department of Justice

Download or read book The DOJ Investigation of the Chicago Police Department written by U.S. Department of Justice and published by Simon and Schuster. This book was released on 2017-10-10 with total page 341 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: “Perhaps the most damning, sweeping critique ever of the Chicago Police Department.” —Chicago Tribune Chicago, 2016. In a time of civil unrest in America, when racism, brutality, and division have taken prominent places in the daily news, the federal government conducted an investigation into the affairs of the Chicago Police Department. It is only one of many instances where the federal government has issued investigations of law enforcement across the nation before President Obama’s term expired. In a searing report, the department of justice examines Chicago’s law enforcement officers and officials for period of nearly thirteen months, digging to uncover moral and legal infractions committed within the department. Revealed is a pattern of aggression, lack of training, excessive use of force, racism and racial profiling, among other misconduct. Read the report in its entirety here. This edition is sure to provide readers with eye-opening insight into an epidemic of injustice and oppression across a divided nation.

Investigation of the Chicago Police Department

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Publisher : Createspace Independent Publishing Platform
ISBN 13 : 9781542621847
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (218 download)

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Book Synopsis Investigation of the Chicago Police Department by : U. S. Department of Justice Civil Rights Division

Download or read book Investigation of the Chicago Police Department written by U. S. Department of Justice Civil Rights Division and published by Createspace Independent Publishing Platform. This book was released on 2017-01-17 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This is the complete report of the US Department of Justice Civil Rights Division and the office of the District Attorney for the Northern District of Illinois, into the long, brutal history of the Chicago Police Department. On Dec. 7, 2015, Attorney General Lynch announced the investigation into the CPD and the city's Independent Police Review Authority (IPRA). The investigation focused on CPD's use of force, including racial, ethnic and other disparities in use of force, and its systems of accountability.In the course of its pattern or practice investigation, the department interviewed and met with city leaders, current and former police officials, and numerous officers throughout all ranks of CPD. The department also accompanied line officers on over 60 ride-alongs in every police district; heard from over 1,000 community members and more than 90 community organizations; reviewed thousands of pages of police documents, including all relevant policies, procedures, training and materials; and analyzed a randomized, representative sample of force reports and the investigative files for incidents that occurred between January 2011 and April 2016, including over 170 officer-involved shooting investigations and documents related to over 400 additional force incidents.The department found that CPD's pattern or practice of unconstitutional force is largely attributable to deficiencies in its accountability systems and in how it investigates uses of force, responds to allegations of misconduct, trains and supervises officers, and collects and reports data on officer use of force. The department also found that the lack of effective community-oriented policing strategies and insufficient support for officer wellness and safety contributed to the pattern or practice of unconstitutional force.In addition, the department also identified serious concerns about the prevalence of racially discriminatory conduct by some CPD officers and the degree to which that conduct is tolerated and in some respects caused by deficiencies in CPD's systems of training, supervision and accountability. The department's findings further note that the impact of CPD's pattern or practice of unreasonable force falls heaviest on predominantly black and Latino neighborhoods, such that restoring police-community trust will require remedies addressing both discriminatory conduct and the disproportionality of illegal and unconstitutional patterns of force on minority communities.Similar to recent Justice Department reports into police brutality and misconduct in Ferguson, Missouri, and Baltimore, Maryland, this book traces the long history of police abuse (and failures of leadership, for decades) to the present day, in an attempt to make sense of the outbreak of violence--and to explain the basis for new, enforceable actions the police department must take in order to change.

The DOJ Investigation of the Chicago Police Department

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Author :
Publisher : Racehorse
ISBN 13 : 9781631582103
Total Pages : 224 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (821 download)

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Book Synopsis The DOJ Investigation of the Chicago Police Department by : Department of Justice

Download or read book The DOJ Investigation of the Chicago Police Department written by Department of Justice and published by Racehorse. This book was released on 2017-10-10 with total page 224 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: “Perhaps the most damning, sweeping critique ever of the Chicago Police Department.” —Chicago Tribune Chicago, 2016. In a time of civil unrest in America, when racism, brutality, and division have taken prominent places in the daily news, the federal government conducted an investigation into the affairs of the Chicago Police Department. It is only one of many instances where the federal government has issued investigations of law enforcement across the nation before President Obama’s term expired. In a searing report, the department of justice examines Chicago’s law enforcement officers and officials for period of nearly thirteen months, digging to uncover moral and legal infractions committed within the department. Revealed is a pattern of aggression, lack of training, excessive use of force, racism and racial profiling, among other misconduct. Read the report in its entirety here. This edition is sure to provide readers with eye-opening insight into an epidemic of injustice and oppression across a divided nation.

Investigation of the Chicago Police Department

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Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9781457862915
Total Pages : 164 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (629 download)

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Book Synopsis Investigation of the Chicago Police Department by : Department of Justice

Download or read book Investigation of the Chicago Police Department written by Department of Justice and published by . This book was released on 2017-03-19 with total page 164 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: On December 7, 2015, the Department of Justice (DOJ), Civil Rights Division, Special Litigation Section, and the U.S. Attorney's Office for the Northern District of Illinois jointly initiated an investigation of the City of Chicago's Police Department (CPD) and the Independent Police Review Authority (IPRA). The goal was to determine whether the CPD is engaging in a pattern or practice of unlawful conduct and, if so, what systemic deficiencies or practices within CPD, IPRA, and the City might be facilitating or causing this pattern or practice. Contents: Background; CPD Engages in a Pattern or Practice of Unconstitutional Use of Force; Chicago's Deficient Accountability Systems Contribute to CPD's Pattern or Practice of Unconstitutional Conduct; CPD Does Not Provide Officers with Sufficient Direction, Supervision, or Support to Ensure Lawful and Effective Policing; CPD Must Better Support and Incentivize Policing That Is Lawful and Restores Trust among Chicago's Marginalized Communities; Recommendations. This is a print on demand report.

Investigation of the Chicago Police Department

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Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9781542622776
Total Pages : 166 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (227 download)

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Book Synopsis Investigation of the Chicago Police Department by : U. S. Department of Justice

Download or read book Investigation of the Chicago Police Department written by U. S. Department of Justice and published by . This book was released on 2017-01-14 with total page 166 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This is the complete report of the United States Department of Justice into police brutality and corruption in Chicago.On Dec. 7, 2015, Attorney General Lynch announced the investigation into the CPD and the city's Independent Police Review Authority (IPRA). The investigation focused on CPD's use of force, including racial, ethnic and other disparities in use of force, and its systems of accountability.In the course of its pattern or practice investigation, the department interviewed and met with city leaders, current and former police officials, and numerous officers throughout all ranks of CPD. The department also accompanied line officers on over 60 ride-alongs in every police district; heard from over 1,000 community members and more than 90 community organizations; reviewed thousands of pages of police documents, including all relevant policies, procedures, training and materials; and analyzed a randomized, representative sample of force reports and the investigative files for incidents that occurred between January 2011 and April 2016, including over 170 officer-involved shooting investigations and documents related to over 400 additional force incidents.The department found that CPD's pattern or practice of unconstitutional force is largely attributable to deficiencies in its accountability systems and in how it investigates uses of force, responds to allegations of misconduct, trains and supervises officers, and collects and reports data on officer use of force. The department also found that the lack of effective community-oriented policing strategies and insufficient support for officer wellness and safety contributed to the pattern or practice of unconstitutional force.In addition, the department also identified serious concerns about the prevalence of racially discriminatory conduct by some CPD officers and the degree to which that conduct is tolerated and in some respects caused by deficiencies in CPD's systems of training, supervision and accountability. The department's findings further note that the impact of CPD's pattern or practice of unreasonable force falls heaviest on predominantly black and Latino neighborhoods, such that restoring police-community trust will require remedies addressing both discriminatory conduct and the disproportionality of illegal and unconstitutional patterns of force on minority communities.In short, the United States government found a decades-long pattern of racially-motivated brutality and corruption in the Chicago police department, and now has required the city to enhance officer training in order to rectify officer attitudes and deficiencies. This report is the full accounting of the Justice department, and includes the consent decree to which Chicago has agreed.

Criminal Profiling

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Publisher : Academic Press
ISBN 13 : 0128155841
Total Pages : 922 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (281 download)

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Book Synopsis Criminal Profiling by : Brent E. Turvey

Download or read book Criminal Profiling written by Brent E. Turvey and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2022-10-04 with total page 922 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Criminal Profiling: An Introduction to Behavioral Evidence Analysis, Fifth Edition, maintains the same core foundation that made previous editions best sellers in the professional and academic community worldwide. Written for practicing behavioral analysts and aspiring students alike, this work emphasizes an honest understanding of crime and criminals. Newly updated, mechanisms for the examination and classification of both victim and offender behavior have been improved. In addition to refined approaches toward international perspectives, chapters on psychological autopsies, scene investigation reconstruction, court issues and racial profiling have also been added. Outlines the scientific principles and practice standards of BEA-oriented criminal profiling, with an emphasis on applying theory to real cases Contains contributions from law enforcement, academia, mental health fields, and forensic science communities Includes a complete glossary of terms, along with an instructor website and student companion site

The Ferguson Report

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Publisher : New Press, The
ISBN 13 : 1620971658
Total Pages : 192 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (29 download)

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Book Synopsis The Ferguson Report by : United States Department of Justice Civil Rights Division

Download or read book The Ferguson Report written by United States Department of Justice Civil Rights Division and published by New Press, The. This book was released on 2015-06-23 with total page 192 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: On August 9, 2014, Michael Brown, an unarmed African American high school senior, was shot by Officer Darren Wilson in Ferguson, Missouri. For months afterward, protestors took to the streets demanding justice, testifying to the racist and exploitative police department and court system, and connecting the shooting of Brown with the deaths of Trayvon Martin, Eric Garner, and other young black men at the hands of police across the country. In the wake of these protests, the Department of Justice launched a six-month investigation, resulting in a report that Colorlines characterizes as "so caustic it reads like an Onion article" and laying bare what the Huffington Post calls "a totalizing police regime beyond any of Kafka's ghastliest nightmares." Among the report's findings are that the Ferguson Police Department "Engages in a Pattern of Unconstitutional Stops and Arrests in Violation of the Fourth Amendment," "Detain[s] People Without Reasonable Suspicion and Arrest[s] People Without Probable Cause," "Engages in a Pattern of First Amendment Violations," "Engages in a Pattern of Excessive Force," and "Erode[s] Community Trust, Especially Among Ferguson's African-American Residents." Contextualized here in a substantial introduction by renowned legal scholar and former NAACP Legal Defense and Educational Fund president Theodore M. Shaw, The Ferguson Report is a sad, sobering, and important document, providing a snapshot of American law enforcement at the start of the twenty-first century, with resonance far beyond one small town in Missouri.

Federal Reports on Police Killings

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Publisher : Melville House
ISBN 13 : 1612196543
Total Pages : 593 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (121 download)

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Book Synopsis Federal Reports on Police Killings by : U.S. Department of Justice

Download or read book Federal Reports on Police Killings written by U.S. Department of Justice and published by Melville House. This book was released on 2017-06-27 with total page 593 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: After a series of incidents in which police officers in Chicago, Cleveland, Baltimore and Ferguson, Missouri, killed four unarmed African Americans--Laquan McDonald, Tamir Rice, Freddie Gray, and Michael Brown--resulting in widespread civic unrest and violent protests, the Department of Justice launched investigations into each incident, including in-depth probes into the police departments behind them. This is the complete and unexpurgated text of their findings.

Shielded from Justice

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Publisher : Human Rights Watch
ISBN 13 : 9781564321831
Total Pages : 460 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (218 download)

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Book Synopsis Shielded from Justice by : Allyson Collins

Download or read book Shielded from Justice written by Allyson Collins and published by Human Rights Watch. This book was released on 1998 with total page 460 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Race as a Factor

Copping Out

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Publisher : Bloomsbury Publishing USA
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 209 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (16 download)

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Book Synopsis Copping Out by : Anthony Stanford

Download or read book Copping Out written by Anthony Stanford and published by Bloomsbury Publishing USA. This book was released on 2015-03-30 with total page 209 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A Chicago journalist reveals how pervasive police misconduct, brutality, and corruption are changing the perspective of the criminal justice system and eroding the morals of the American people. In this shocking yet fascinating volume, an award-winning Chicago journalist goes behind the headlines to provide a far-reaching analysis of brutality, vice, and corruption among men and women who have sworn to serve and protect. This timely book draws on actual cases to examine the widespread phenomenon of corruption inside law enforcement agencies. It looks at the effort of criminal elements and gangs to infiltrate police departments and the criminal justice system, and it discusses how vigilante justice is encouraged by claims of police misconduct. Of particular importance to readers, the book also exposes the trickle-down effect of police corruption as it affects American values and society as a whole. But the news is not all bad. Police departments across the nation are fighting back against abuse of power, and the author sheds light on the escalating battle they are waging against rogue police officers involved in criminal activity. Through Stanford's investigative work and firsthand interviews with leading law enforcement professionals, readers will be privy to the backstory of the struggle of police commands to insulate their departments against the criminality and corruption so prevalent today.

The New World of Police Accountability

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Publisher : SAGE Publications
ISBN 13 : 1544339208
Total Pages : 261 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (443 download)

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Book Synopsis The New World of Police Accountability by : Samuel E. Walker

Download or read book The New World of Police Accountability written by Samuel E. Walker and published by SAGE Publications. This book was released on 2018-12-12 with total page 261 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "This book gives a brief yet thorough summary of the main components of police accountability in the 21st century. What works, what doesn’t, and where are we going in the future? I love to use it with my undergraduate students to help them understand the complexities of policing in the modern era." —Janne E. Gaub, East Carolina University Completely revised to cover recent events and research, the Third Edition of The New World of Police Accountability provides an original and comprehensive analysis of some of the most important developments in police accountability and reform strategies. With a keen and incisive perspective, esteemed authors and policing researchers, Samuel Walker and Carol Archbold, address the most recent developments and provide an analysis of what works, what reforms are promising, and what has proven unsuccessful. The book’s analysis draws on current research, as well as the President′s Task Force on 21st Century Policing and the reforms embodied in Justice Department consent decrees. New to the Third Edition: The national crisis over police legitimacy and use of force, is put into context through extensive discussions of recent police shootings and the response to this national crisis, providing readers a valuable perspective on the positive steps that have been taken and the limits of those steps. Coverage of the issues related to police officer uses of force is now the prevailing topic in Chapter 3 and includes detailed discussion of the topic, including de-escalation, tactical decision making, and the important changes in training related to these issues. An updated examination of the impact of technology on policing, including citizens’ use of recording devices, body-worn cameras, open data provided by police agencies, and use of social media, explores how technology contributes to police accountability in the United States. A complete, up-to-date discussion of citizen oversight of the police provides details on the work of selected oversight agencies, including the positive developments and their limitations, enabling readers to have an informed discussion of the subject. Detailed coverage of routine police activities that often generate public controversy now includes such topics as responding to mental health calls, domestic violence calls, and police "stop and frisk" practices. Issues related to policing and race relations are addressed head-on through a careful examination of the data, as well as the impact of recent reforms that have attempted to achieve professional, bias-free policing.

The Psychology and Sociology of Wrongful Convictions

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Publisher : Academic Press
ISBN 13 : 0128027029
Total Pages : 402 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (28 download)

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Book Synopsis The Psychology and Sociology of Wrongful Convictions by : Wendy J Koen

Download or read book The Psychology and Sociology of Wrongful Convictions written by Wendy J Koen and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2018-06-26 with total page 402 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Wrongful convictions are the result of faulty or false scientific evidence in 50% of the cases. Defense counsel is often at a great disadvantage in defending against evidence based on science. Illusory Evidence: The Psychology and Sociology of Wrongful Convictions is written for the non-scientist, to make complicated scientific information clear and concise enough for attorneys and judges to master. This is obtained by providing case studies to simplify issues in forensic psychology for the legal professional. Increases the courts’ knowledge about areas of psychology that have been debunked, have advanced, or have been refined by the scientific community Covers issues in psychological forensics, namely: Profiling, Psychological Defenses, Mitigation, Eyewitness Testimony/Identification, Child Testimony, Repressed Memories, False Confessions and Moral Panic Trains prosecuting attorneys about the present state of the forensic psychology, to avoid relying only on legal precedent and will not present flawed science to the court Provides defense attorneys the knowledge necessary to competently defend where forensic psychology plays a part in a prosecution Arms innocence projects and appellate attorneys with the latest information to challenge convictions Uses case studies to simplify issues in forensic psychology for the legal professional

Police Practices and the Preservation of Civil Rights

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Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 32 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (31 download)

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Book Synopsis Police Practices and the Preservation of Civil Rights by : United States Commission on Civil Rights

Download or read book Police Practices and the Preservation of Civil Rights written by United States Commission on Civil Rights and published by . This book was released on 1980 with total page 32 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

On the Principles of Social Gravity [Revised Edition]

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Author :
Publisher : Vernon Press
ISBN 13 : 1622739922
Total Pages : 221 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (227 download)

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Book Synopsis On the Principles of Social Gravity [Revised Edition] by : Tobore Tobore

Download or read book On the Principles of Social Gravity [Revised Edition] written by Tobore Tobore and published by Vernon Press. This book was released on 2020-10-06 with total page 221 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: “On the Principles of Social Gravity” proposes a radical new way of thinking about social systems. It explains that all social systems –institutions created of and for human beings e.g. healthcare system, family, military etc., – are held together or governed by nine principles or rules. Using these principles, it examined the problems facing the US healthcare system, criminal justice system, social security, student debt crisis, tax policies, immigration, the political system, and the United Nations. Then, provided novel and unique solutions to them. It expands on the meaning of social entropy and explains how it affects all social systems. It explains new terms like social gravity, de-entropification, primary and secondary contributors, negative and positive homogeneity, positive and negative homogenous group, homogenization, etc. that many readers will find enlightening and very interesting. It is a book that is likely to spark national and even global discussions about many of the institutions we have created. It’s originality and usefulness makes it very likely that it will find a wide audience and many of its terms may become popular in the wider society. Since anyone could use the same principles developed in this book to understand and solve the problems with any social system, it will be useful for adoption in the university, for researchers and professors in the social sciences.

Police Protection of the African American Community in Chicago--an Update

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Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 50 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (555 download)

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Book Synopsis Police Protection of the African American Community in Chicago--an Update by : United States Commission on Civil Rights. Illinois Advisory Committee

Download or read book Police Protection of the African American Community in Chicago--an Update written by United States Commission on Civil Rights. Illinois Advisory Committee and published by . This book was released on 1999 with total page 50 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

United States Department of Justice Civil Rights Division Investigation of the Ferguson Police Department - Practices Violate the Law and Undermine Community Trust, Especially Among African Americans

Download United States Department of Justice Civil Rights Division Investigation of the Ferguson Police Department - Practices Violate the Law and Undermine Community Trust, Especially Among African Americans PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : CreateSpace
ISBN 13 : 9781508748908
Total Pages : 106 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (489 download)

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Book Synopsis United States Department of Justice Civil Rights Division Investigation of the Ferguson Police Department - Practices Violate the Law and Undermine Community Trust, Especially Among African Americans by : U. S. Government

Download or read book United States Department of Justice Civil Rights Division Investigation of the Ferguson Police Department - Practices Violate the Law and Undermine Community Trust, Especially Among African Americans written by U. S. Government and published by CreateSpace. This book was released on 2015-03-05 with total page 106 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Civil Rights Division of the United States Department of Justice opened its investigation of the Ferguson Police Department ("FPD") on September 4, 2014. This investigation has revealed a pattern or practice of unlawful conduct within the Ferguson Police Department that violates the First, Fourth, and Fourteenth Amendments to the United States Constitution, and federal statutory law. Ferguson's law enforcement practices are shaped by the City's focus on revenue rather than by public safety needs. This emphasis on revenue has compromised the institutional character of Ferguson's police department, contributing to a pattern of unconstitutional policing, and has also shaped its municipal court, leading to procedures that raise due process concerns and inflict unnecessary harm on members of the Ferguson community. Further, Ferguson's police and municipal court practices both reflect and exacerbate existing racial bias, including racial stereotypes. Ferguson's own data establish clear racial disparities that adversely impact African Americans. The evidence shows that discriminatory intent is part of the reason for these disparities. Over time, Ferguson's police and municipal court practices have sown deep mistrust between parts of the community and the police department, undermining law enforcement legitimacy among African Americans in particular. I. REPORT SUMMARY * II. BACKGROUND * III. FERGUSON LAW ENFORCEMENT EFFORTS ARE FOCUSED ON GENERATING REVENUE * IV. FERGUSON LAW ENFORCEMENT PRACTICES VIOLATE THE LAW AND UNDERMINE COMMUNITY TRUST, ESPECIALLY AMONG AFRICAN AMERICANS * A. Ferguson's Police Practices * 1. FPD Engages in a Pattern of Unconstitutional Stops and Arrests in Violation of the Fourth Amendment * 2. FPD Engages in a Pattern of First Amendment Violations * 3. FPD Engages in a Pattern of Excessive Force in Violation of the Fourth Amendment * B. Ferguson's Municipal Court Practices * 1. Court Practices Impose Substantial and Unnecessary Barriers to the Challenge or Resolution of Municipal Code Violations * 2. The Court Imposes Unduly Harsh Penalties for Missed Payments or Appearances * C. Ferguson Law Enforcement Practices Disproportionately Harm Ferguson's African-American Residents and Are Driven in Part by Racial Bias * 1. Ferguson's Law Enforcement Actions Impose a Disparate Impact on African Americans that Violates Federal Law * 2. Ferguson's Law Enforcement Practices Are Motivated in Part by Discriminatory Intent in Violation of the Fourteenth Amendment and Other Federal Laws * D. Ferguson Law Enforcement Practices Erode Community Trust, Especially Among Ferguson's African-American Residents, and Make Policing Less Effective, More Difficult, and Less Safe * 1. Ferguson's Unlawful Police and Court Practices Have Led to Distrust and Resentment Among Many in Ferguson * 2. FPD's Exercise of Discretion, Even When Lawful, Often Undermines Community Trust and Public Safety * 3. FPD's Failure to Respond to Complaints of Officer Misconduct Further Erodes Community Trust * 4. FPD's Lack of Community Engagement Increases the Likelihood of Discriminatory Policing and Damages Public Trust * 5. Ferguson's Lack of a Diverse Police Force Further Undermines Community Trust * V. CHANGES NECESSARY TO REMEDY FERGUSON'S UNLAWFUL LAW ENFORCEMENT PRACTICES AND REPAIR COMMUNITY TRUST * VI. CONCLUSION * FOOTNOTES