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Wind Waves In Sea Ice Of The Western Arctic And A Global Coupled Wave Ice Model
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Book Synopsis Wind Waves in Sea Ice of the Western Arctic and a Global Coupled Wave-ice Model by : Vincent T. Cooper
Download or read book Wind Waves in Sea Ice of the Western Arctic and a Global Coupled Wave-ice Model written by Vincent T. Cooper and published by . This book was released on 2022 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The retreat of Arctic sea ice is enabling increased ocean wave activity at the ice edge, yet the interactions between surface waves and sea ice are not fully understood. Here, we examine in situ observations of wave spectra spanning 2012-2021 in the western Arctic marginal ice zone (MIZ). Swell waves are rarely observed beyond 100 km inside the MIZ. However, local wind waves are observed forming in patches of open water amid partial ice cover during summer. These local waves remain fetch-limited between ice floes with heights less than 1 m. To investigate the physics of these waves, we conduct experiments varying wave attenuation and generation in ice in a global model with coupled interactions between waves and sea ice. A weak high-frequency attenuation rate is required to simulate the wind waves reported in observations. The choice of attenuation scheme and the wind input in ice have a remarkable impact on the extent of wave activity in sea ice across polar oceans, particularly in the Southern Hemisphere. As well as demonstrating the need for stronger constraints on wave attenuation, our results suggest further attention should be paid to locally generated wind waves and their role in sea ice evolution.
Book Synopsis On the Generation and Directional Recording of Waves in the Arctic Ocean by : Leonard A. LeSchack
Download or read book On the Generation and Directional Recording of Waves in the Arctic Ocean written by Leonard A. LeSchack and published by . This book was released on 1965 with total page 58 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: An experiment to investigate the directional nature and the possible generation mechanisms for waves on the Arctic Ocean, an ocean almost entirely covered with sea ice, is described. The waves under consideration have periods between 10 and 100 seconds and amplitudes between 0.001 and 2.0 centimeters. In the present work an array of two continuously recording gravimeters 1,240 meters apart was established at drift station ARLIS II. Observed waves with distinct periods were associated with a storm over Siberia. A continuously recording microbarograph sensitive to atmospheric micropressure oscillations in the 10- to 100-second period range was also installed at ARLIS II. Distinct oscillations were observed in this period range having amplitude of from 20 to 400 dynes/sq cm. Power spectra of micropressure records made before, during, and after a storm show that oscillation amplitude is proportional to the period of the oscillation and speed of local winds. Cross correlation between the micropressure records and wave records taken with a gravimeter at the same location as the microbarograph shows a positive correlation between the micropressure waves and the ocean waves. This correlation appears to vary with the direction of the local surface wind. These micropressure waves contained sufficient force to bend the ice and generate the observed water waves. (Author).
Book Synopsis The Role of Waves in the Autumn Arctic Ocean by : Madison Smith
Download or read book The Role of Waves in the Autumn Arctic Ocean written by Madison Smith and published by . This book was released on 2019 with total page 161 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Recent decline of sea ice coverage in the Arctic Ocean has resulted in a substantial seasonal wave climate. Waves generated in the open water are attenuated far into the sea ice, but are a defining feature of the marginal ice zone (MIZ). In autumn, waves in the MIZ can be large due to the significant open water area following the minimum ice extent. Waves are expected to affect ice cover development through both kinematic and thermodynamic processes. In this research, I use observations from 2015 in the Beaufort Sea region to improve understanding of key feedbacks between waves and sea ice, and describe implications for autumn ice formation. In the MIZ, where surface waves are often present, much of the ice forms through the 'pancake cycle'. Gradients in wave orbital velocities across the surface cause small ice crystals to be herded into increasingly larger, rounded floes. Modeling the relative motion between ice floes is the basis for describing pancake ice growth, as well as the attenuation of wave energy associated with their motion. Here, existing models for ice motion and growth are evaluated using coincident measurements of waves and pancake sea ice made using shipboard stereo video. The observations are well captured by existing models, and relative velocities of floes are typically small compared to the mean orbital velocities. The models for relative motion of pancake sea ice due to waves can be subsequently used to estimate attenuation of wave energy due to floe motion. Under the conditions observed, estimates of wave energy loss from ice-ocean turbulence are much larger than those from pancake collisions, and can account for most of the observed wave attenuation. In addition to the general trends of sea ice growth in the Arctic in autumn, ice edge advance can be temporarily reversed as a result of upper ocean mixing by wind and waves. Observations during a high wind and wave event demonstrate how heat released from the upper ocean can melt significant amounts of newly formed pancake sea ice. Measurements from drifting buoys and ship-based platforms are used to construct heat and salt budgets, which give a consistent picture of the air-ice-ocean evolution. Following the event, there was less heat remaining in the upper ocean and sea ice formation quickly resumed. The young ice cover formed throughout the autumn significantly changes the way in which momentum is transferred from the wind to the waves, and into the ocean below. Using coincident measurements of sea ice, wind, surface waves, and near-surface turbulence across a range of conditions, I quantify the relationship between new sea ice formation, attenuation of waves, and suppression of near-surface turbulence. Sea ice formation reduces the wind input transfer velocity by attenuating the short waves, which simultaneously suppresses the wave-driven near-surface turbulence. As ice thickens and grows, the ice provides the dominant roughness for wind input. Based on the observations, I suggest parameters for estimating near-surface turbulence in thin pancake and frazil ice, which are ubiquitous in autumn marginal ice zones. The results of this research provide validation and parameterization for a new class of sea ice models that include dynamic and thermodynamic floe processes. Constraining rates of pancake ice growth is important as it occurs at a much faster rate than simple thermodynamic ice growth, and it is believed to be more common in the Arctic Ocean in recent years. Yet, as the timing of the ice-edge advance shifts later into stormier autumn months, waves from storm events may play an increasing role in delaying ice advance. Thus, the coupled wave-ice interactions examined are likely to become increasingly important in determining the state of the autumn Arctic Ocean with the growing wave climate.
Book Synopsis Seasonal to Decadal Predictions of Arctic Sea Ice by : National Research Council
Download or read book Seasonal to Decadal Predictions of Arctic Sea Ice written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2013-01-03 with total page 93 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Recent well documented reductions in the thickness and extent of Arctic sea ice cover, which can be linked to the warming climate, are affecting the global climate system and are also affecting the global economic system as marine access to the Arctic region and natural resource development increase. Satellite data show that during each of the past six summers, sea ice cover has shrunk to its smallest in three decades. The composition of the ice is also changing, now containing a higher fraction of thin first-year ice instead of thicker multi-year ice. Understanding and projecting future sea ice conditions is important to a growing number of stakeholders, including local populations, natural resource industries, fishing communities, commercial shippers, marine tourism operators, national security organizations, regulatory agencies, and the scientific research community. However, gaps in understanding the interactions between Arctic sea ice, oceans, and the atmosphere, along with an increasing rate of change in the nature and quantity of sea ice, is hampering accurate predictions. Although modeling has steadily improved, projections by every major modeling group failed to predict the record breaking drop in summer sea ice extent in September 2012. Establishing sustained communication between the user, modeling, and observation communities could help reveal gaps in understanding, help balance the needs and expectations of different stakeholders, and ensure that resources are allocated to address the most pressing sea ice data needs. Seasonal-to-Decadal Predictions of Arctic Sea Ice: Challenges and Strategies explores these topics.
Book Synopsis The Evolution of Wind-driven Surface Waves in Partial Sea Ice Cover in the Southern Beaufort Sea by : Yanique Campbell
Download or read book The Evolution of Wind-driven Surface Waves in Partial Sea Ice Cover in the Southern Beaufort Sea written by Yanique Campbell and published by . This book was released on 2019 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Surface waves play an important role in how energy is transported and distributed to both sea ice and atmosphere in Arctic seas. The region of marginal sea ice, termed the Marginal Ice Zone (MIZ), has been increasing alongside temperature, introducing even more open water spaces within the sea ice field. Little research has focused on the development of waves within these open water spaces, and how the wave field evolves under such restricted fetch environments. This study considers a set of observations collected using moorings from ASL Environmental Sciences in the southern Beaufort Sea. These observations suggest local wave development as the dominant source of wave energy tens of kilometers in the MIZ throughout the month of August. The significant wave heights (H_s) and peak periods (T_p) were kept low throughout the month, mainly remaining below a H_s of 0.6 m and a T_p of 6 s in sea ice. At the end of the month, open water waves were able to influence the wave characteristics and there were notable increases in both heights and periods. This study examines how the attenuation of such waves by sea ice differs from the attenuation of open water waves moving into the MIZ. The coherence and positive correlation between H_s and T_p were found to be predominant in the sea ice field. This differs from the classic attenuation of open water waves in sea ice where peak periods increase while wave heights decrease, producing a distinct negative relationship with distance in sea ice. There was no preferential increase or lengthening of the dominant waves under easterly and southerly winds where the wave fetches were long, and the wind speed was found to have limited influence on wave growth after development. Estimations of fetch using empirical relationships, supplemented by satellite imagery, indicate that the short fetches were the dominant factor in terms of wave growth, which indicates an evolution similar to open water waves until they reach an sea ice floe interface and are scattered, a process which depends greatly on the sea ice type, size, rheology and the length of the waves. The interplay among the sea ice (size, structure and concentration) and the wind during a storm event provides an interesting look at the behavior of locally developed waves and the transition to more open water characteristics and development as the sea ice becomes eroded close to the end of the month. While waves developed locally in sea ice are expected to be fairly low compared to open water waves, they play an important role in the fluxes of energy and momentum in the MIZ and the expansion of this region has implications for the overall energy balance in Arctic marine systems.
Book Synopsis Atlas of the Oceans by : Ian R. Young
Download or read book Atlas of the Oceans written by Ian R. Young and published by . This book was released on 1996 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Ice in the Ocean written by Peter Wadhams and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2014-04-21 with total page 364 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: ICe in the Ocean examines sea ice and icebergs and their role in the global climate system. It is comprehensive textbook suitablefor students, pure and applied researchers, and anyone interested in the polar oceans; the distribution of sea ice; the mechanisms of growth, development and decay; the thermodynamics and dynamics of sea ice; sea ice defo
Book Synopsis Waves in Oceanic and Coastal Waters by : Leo H. Holthuijsen
Download or read book Waves in Oceanic and Coastal Waters written by Leo H. Holthuijsen and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2010-02-04 with total page 9 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Waves in Oceanic and Coastal Waters describes the observation, analysis and prediction of wind-generated waves in the open ocean, in shelf seas, and in coastal regions with islands, channels, tidal flats and inlets, estuaries, fjords and lagoons. Most of this richly illustrated book is devoted to the physical aspects of waves. After introducing observation techniques for waves, both at sea and from space, the book defines the parameters that characterise waves. Using basic statistical and physical concepts, the author discusses the prediction of waves in oceanic and coastal waters, first in terms of generalised observations, and then in terms of the more theoretical framework of the spectral energy balance. He gives the results of established theories and also the direction in which research is developing. The book ends with a description of SWAN (Simulating Waves Nearshore), the preferred computer model of the engineering community for predicting waves in coastal waters.
Book Synopsis Sea-ice and Climate by : Working Group on Sea Ice and Climate. Session
Download or read book Sea-ice and Climate written by Working Group on Sea Ice and Climate. Session and published by . This book was released on 1990 with total page 810 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Internal Waves in the Western Arctic Ocean by : Hayley V. Dosser
Download or read book Internal Waves in the Western Arctic Ocean written by Hayley V. Dosser and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page 167 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The importance of internal waves in the Western Arctic Ocean is assessed using a combination of observations from Ice-Tethered Profilers drifting in the Canada Basin between Fall 2005 and Fall 2014 and numerical simulations of internal wave propagation and stability in measured stratifications typical of the Western Arctic. The Ice-Tethered Profiler dataset provides the first decade-long record, with broad spatial coverage, for the near-inertial internal wave field in the Arctic Ocean. Since the Ice-Tethered Profiler sampling pattern only marginally resolves the near-inertial frequency, complex demodulation is used to estimate wave amplitudes from vertical isopycnal displacements. Using this technique, a seasonal cycle in average near-inertial wave vertical displacement amplitude is identified for the upper ocean. Waves are largest during summer when sea-ice extent and speed are at a minimum, with a second peak in early winter associated with strong storms. Seasonal variations in wave amplitude are connected to changes in sea-ice properties that affect how readily the ice responds to wind forcing. In addition to seasonal variability, near-inertial wave amplitude has a slight increasing trend paralleling the decline in sea-ice extent over the last decade. Variance in the distribution of wave amplitudes doubled between 2005-2007 and 2012-2014, with larger-than-average waves generated more frequently in both summer and winter. Numerical solutions for the vertical structure of internal waves propagating through observed stratification profiles from the Canada Basin indicate that the double-diffusive staircase within the Atlantic Water layer significantly modifies the internal wave field, causing reflection for discrete vertical wavenumber bands and amplifying wave energy at depths where constructive interference occurs. Near-inertial internal waves of average amplitude are predicted to be stable within the Atlantic Water layer, but the fraction of larger-than-average waves that are potentially shear unstable has more than doubled over the last decade. An increase in episodic internal wave mixing events is predicted in the Canada Basin. The internal wave field in the Western Arctic Ocean will likely continue to evolve as sea-ice extent and thickness decline, and multiyear ice is replaced by first-year ice.
Book Synopsis Linkages Between Arctic Warming and Mid-Latitude Weather Patterns by : National Research Council
Download or read book Linkages Between Arctic Warming and Mid-Latitude Weather Patterns written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2014-05-29 with total page 98 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Arctic has been undergoing significant changes in recent years. Average temperatures are rising twice as fast as they are elsewhere in the world. The extent and thickness of sea ice is rapidly declining. Such changes may have an impact on atmospheric conditions outside the region. Several hypotheses for how Arctic warming may be influencing mid-latitude weather patterns have been proposed recently. For example, Arctic warming could lead to a weakened jet stream resulting in more persistent weather patterns in the mid-latitudes. Or Arctic sea ice loss could lead to an increase of snow on high-latitude land, which in turn impacts the jet stream resulting in cold Eurasian and North American winters. These and other potential connections between a warming Arctic and mid-latitude weather are the subject of active research. Linkages Between Arctic Warming and Mid-Latitude Weather Patterns is the summary of a workshop convened in September 2013 by the National Research Council to review our current understanding and to discuss research needed to better understand proposed linkages. A diverse array of experts examined linkages between a warming Arctic and mid-latitude weather patterns. The workshop included presentations from leading researchers representing a range of views on this topic. The workshop was organized to allow participants to take a global perspective and consider the influence of the Arctic in the context of forcing from other components of the climate system, such as changes in the tropics, ocean circulation, and mid-latitude sea surface temperature. This report discusses our current understanding of the mechanisms that link declines in Arctic sea ice cover, loss of high-latitude snow cover, changes in Arctic-region energy fluxes, atmospheric circulation patterns, and the occurrence of extreme weather events; possible implications of more severe loss of summer Arctic sea ice upon weather patterns at lower latitudes; major gaps in our understanding, and observational and/or modeling efforts that are needed to fill those gaps; and current opportunities and limitations for using Arctic sea ice predictions to assess the risk of temperature/precipitation anomalies and extreme weather events over northern continents.
Author :National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine Publisher :National Academies Press ISBN 13 :0309456002 Total Pages :83 pages Book Rating :4.3/5 (94 download)
Book Synopsis Antarctic Sea Ice Variability in the Southern Ocean-Climate System by : National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine
Download or read book Antarctic Sea Ice Variability in the Southern Ocean-Climate System written by National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2017-04-24 with total page 83 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The sea ice surrounding Antarctica has increased in extent and concentration from the late 1970s, when satellite-based measurements began, until 2015. Although this increasing trend is modest, it is surprising given the overall warming of the global climate and the region. Indeed, climate models, which incorporate our best understanding of the processes affecting the region, generally simulate a decrease in sea ice. Moreover, sea ice in the Arctic has exhibited pronounced declines over the same period, consistent with global climate model simulations. For these reasons, the behavior of Antarctic sea ice has presented a conundrum for global climate change science. The National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine held a workshop in January 2016, to bring together scientists with different sets of expertise and perspectives to further explore potential mechanisms driving the evolution of recent Antarctic sea ice variability and to discuss ways to advance understanding of Antarctic sea ice and its relationship to the broader ocean-climate system. This publication summarizes the presentations and discussions from the workshop.
Download or read book Sea Ice written by David N. Thomas and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2009-11-06 with total page 641 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: As the Arctic perennial sea ice continues to disappear at an alarming rate, a full understanding of sea ice as a crucial global ecosystem, and the effects of its loss is vital for all those working with and studying global climate change. Building on the success of the previous edition, the second edition of Sea Ice, now much expanded and in full colour throughout, includes six completely new chapters with complete revisions of all the chapters included from the first edition. The Editors, Professor David Thomas and Dr Gerhard Dieckmann have once again drawn together an extremely impressive group of internationally respected contributing authors, ensuring a comprehensive worldwide coverage of this incredibly important topic. Sea Ice, second edition, is an essential purchase for oceanographers and marine scientists, environmental scientists, biologists, geochemists and geologists. All those involved in the study of global climate change will find this book to contain a wealth of important information. All libraries in universities and research establishments where these subjects are studied and taught will need multiple copies of this book on their shelves. truly multidisciplinary approach world leading authors and editors international in scope, covering both Arctic and Antarctic work of vital interest to all those involved in global warming and climate change research highly illustrated full colour book with colour images throughout
Book Synopsis Wind, Sea Ice, Inertial Oscillations and Upper Ocean Mixing in Marguerite Bay, Western Antarctic Peninsula: Observations and Modeling by :
Download or read book Wind, Sea Ice, Inertial Oscillations and Upper Ocean Mixing in Marguerite Bay, Western Antarctic Peninsula: Observations and Modeling written by and published by . This book was released on 2006 with total page 171 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements of the degree of Doctor of Philosophy at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution September 2006.
Book Synopsis Ice Drift, Ocean Circulation and Climate Change by : Jens Bischof
Download or read book Ice Drift, Ocean Circulation and Climate Change written by Jens Bischof and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2000-11 with total page 254 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The issue of global warming and climate change is of continuous concern. Since the 1970s, it bas been shown that the pack-ice around the Arctic Ocean is thinning, the margin of permafrost is moving north and the vegetation in the high northern parts of the world is changing (the 'greening' of the Arctic). But are these changes the result of human activity or simply regular variations of the Earth's climate system? Over thousands of years, a continuous archive of iceberg and sea ice drift bas formed in the deep-sea sediments, revealing the place of the ice's origin and allowing a reconstruction of the surface currents and the climate of the past. However, the drift of floating ice from one place to another is not just a passive record of past ocean circulation. It actively influences and changes the surface ocean circulation, thus having a profound effect on climate change. Ice Drift, Ocean Circulation and Climate Change is the first book to focus on the interactions between ice, the ocean and the atmosphere and to describe how these three components of the climate system influence each other. It makes clear the positive contribution of paleoclimatology and paleoceanography and should be read by anyone concerned with global warming and climate change.
Book Synopsis The Drift of Sea Ice by : Matti Leppäranta
Download or read book The Drift of Sea Ice written by Matti Leppäranta and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2007-03-06 with total page 282 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book presents the fundamental laws of sea ice drift, as derived from the material properties of sea ice, the basic laws of mechanics, and the latest modeling techniques. Topics covered include the science of sea ice drift, forecasting velocity based on volume, size and shape, sea ice ridging and remote sensing, modelling of ice conditions, and the role of sea ice drift in oceanography, marine ecology and engineering.
Book Synopsis The Geophysics of Sea Ice by : Norbert Untersteiner
Download or read book The Geophysics of Sea Ice written by Norbert Untersteiner and published by Springer. This book was released on 2013-12-19 with total page 1197 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Based on the proceedings of the NATO Advanced Study Institute on Air-Sea-Ice Interaction held September 28-October 10, 1981 in Acquafredda di maratea, Italy. Intent is to present the topic of sea ice in the broad and interdisciplinary context of atmospheric and oceanographic science.
