The Uses and Abuses of Weaponized Interdependence

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Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9780815738374
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (383 download)

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Book Synopsis The Uses and Abuses of Weaponized Interdependence by : Daniel W. Drezner

Download or read book The Uses and Abuses of Weaponized Interdependence written by Daniel W. Drezner and published by . This book was released on 2021 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: How globalized information networks can be used for strategic advantage Until recently, globalization was viewed, on balance, as an inherently good thing that would benefit people and societies nearly everywhere. Now there is growing concern that some countries will use their position in globalized networks to gain undue influence over other societies through their dominance of information and financial networks, a concept known as "weaponized interdependence." In exploring the conditions under which China, Russia, and the United States might be expected to weaponize control of information and manipulate the global economy, the contributors to this volume challenge scholars and practitioners to think differently about foreign economic policy, national security, and statecraft for the twenty-first century. The book addresses such questions as: What areas of the global economy are most vulnerable to unilateral control of information and financial networks? How sustainable is the use of weaponized interdependence? What are the possible responses from targeted actors? And how sustainable is the open global economy if weaponized interdependence becomes a default tool for managing international relations?

Likewar

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Publisher : Eamon Dolan Books
ISBN 13 : 1328695743
Total Pages : 421 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (286 download)

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Book Synopsis Likewar by : Peter Warren Singer

Download or read book Likewar written by Peter Warren Singer and published by Eamon Dolan Books. This book was released on 2018 with total page 421 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Social media has been weaponized, as state hackers and rogue terrorists have seized upon Twitter and Facebook to create chaos and destruction. This urgent report is required reading, from defense experts P.W. Singer and Emerson T. Brooking.

Weaponized Lies

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Publisher : Penguin
ISBN 13 : 1524742228
Total Pages : 199 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (247 download)

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Book Synopsis Weaponized Lies by : Daniel J. Levitin

Download or read book Weaponized Lies written by Daniel J. Levitin and published by Penguin. This book was released on 2017-03-07 with total page 199 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Previously Published as A Field Guide to Lies We’re surrounded by fringe theories, fake news, and pseudo-facts. These lies are getting repeated. New York Times bestselling author Daniel Levitin shows how to disarm these socially devastating inventions and get the American mind back on track. Here are the fundamental lessons in critical thinking that we need to know and share now. Investigating numerical misinformation, Daniel Levitin shows how mishandled statistics and graphs can give a grossly distorted perspective and lead us to terrible decisions. Wordy arguments on the other hand can easily be persuasive as they drift away from the facts in an appealing yet misguided way. The steps we can take to better evaluate news, advertisements, and reports are clearly detailed. Ultimately, Levitin turns to what underlies our ability to determine if something is true or false: the scientific method. He grapples with the limits of what we can and cannot know. Case studies are offered to demonstrate the applications of logical thinking to quite varied settings, spanning courtroom testimony, medical decision making, magic, modern physics, and conspiracy theories. This urgently needed book enables us to avoid the extremes of passive gullibility and cynical rejection. As Levitin attests: Truth matters. A post-truth era is an era of willful irrationality, reversing all the great advances humankind has made. Euphemisms like “fringe theories,” “extreme views,” “alt truth,” and even “fake news” can literally be dangerous. Let's call lies what they are and catch those making them in the act.

Cultural Populism

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Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1134924100
Total Pages : 433 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (349 download)

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Book Synopsis Cultural Populism by : Jim McGuigan

Download or read book Cultural Populism written by Jim McGuigan and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2002-11-01 with total page 433 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: First Published in 2004. This book provides a novel understanding of current thought and enquiry in the study of popular culture and communications media. The populist sentiments and impulses underlying cultural studies and its postmodernist variants are explored and criticized sympathetically. An exclusively consumptionist trend of analysis is identified and shown to be an unsatisfactory means of accounting for the complex material conditions and mediations that shape ordinary people’s pleasures and opportunities for personal and political expression. Through detailed consideration of the work of Raymond Williams, Stuart Hall and ‘the Birmingham School’, John Fiske, youth subcultural analysis, popular television study, and issues generally concerned with public communication (including advertising, arts and broadcasting policies, children’s television, tabloid journalism, feminism and pornography, the Rushdie affair, and the collapse of communism), Jim McGuigan sets out a distinctive case for recovering critical analysis of popular culture in a rapidly changing, conflict-ridden world. The book is an accessible introduction to past and present debates for undergraduate students, and it poses some challenging theses for postgraduate students, researchers and lecturers.

Information Wars

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Publisher : Atlantic Monthly Press
ISBN 13 : 0802147992
Total Pages : 359 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (21 download)

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Book Synopsis Information Wars by : Richard Stengel

Download or read book Information Wars written by Richard Stengel and published by Atlantic Monthly Press. This book was released on 2019-10-08 with total page 359 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A “well-told” insider account of the State Department’s twenty-first-century struggle to defend America against malicious propaganda and disinformation (The Washington Post). Disinformation is nothing new. When Satan told Eve nothing would happen if she bit the apple, that was disinformation. But today, social media has made disinformation even more pervasive and pernicious. In a disturbing turn of events, authoritarian governments are increasingly using it to create their own false narratives, and democracies are proving not to be very good at fighting it. During the final three years of the Obama administration, Richard Stengel, former editor of Time, was an Under Secretary of State on the front lines of this new global information war—tasked with unpacking, disproving, and combating both ISIS’s messaging and Russian disinformation. Then, during the 2016 election, Stengel watched as Donald Trump used disinformation himself. In fact, Stengel quickly came to see how all three had used the same playbook: ISIS sought to make Islam great again; Putin tried to make Russia great again; and we know the rest. In Information Wars, Stengel moves through Russia and Ukraine, Saudi Arabia and Iraq, and introduces characters from Putin to Hillary Clinton, John Kerry, and Mohamed bin Salman, to show how disinformation is impacting our global society. He illustrates how ISIS terrorized the world using social media, and how the Russians launched a tsunami of disinformation around the annexation of Crimea—a scheme that would became a model for future endeavors. An urgent book for our times, now with a new preface from the author, Information Wars challenges us to combat this ever-growing threat to democracy. “[A] refreshingly frank account . . . revealing.” —Kirkus Reviews “This sobering book is indeed needed to help individuals better understand how information can be massaged to produce any sort of message desired.” —Library Journal

Threatcasting

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Publisher : Springer Nature
ISBN 13 : 303102575X
Total Pages : 285 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (31 download)

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Book Synopsis Threatcasting by : Brian David Johnson

Download or read book Threatcasting written by Brian David Johnson and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2022-06-01 with total page 285 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Impending technological advances will widen an adversary’s attack plane over the next decade. Visualizing what the future will hold, and what new threat vectors could emerge, is a task that traditional planning mechanisms struggle to accomplish given the wide range of potential issues. Understanding and preparing for the future operating environment is the basis of an analytical method known as Threatcasting. It is a method that gives researchers a structured way to envision and plan for risks ten years in the future. Threatcasting uses input from social science, technical research, cultural history, economics, trends, expert interviews, and even a little science fiction to recognize future threats and design potential futures. During this human-centric process, participants brainstorm what actions can be taken to identify, track, disrupt, mitigate, and recover from the possible threats. Specifically, groups explore how to transform the future they desire into reality while avoiding an undesired future. The Threatcasting method also exposes what events could happen that indicate the progression toward an increasingly possible threat landscape. This book begins with an overview of the Threatcasting method with examples and case studies to enhance the academic foundation. Along with end-of-chapter exercises to enhance the reader’s understanding of the concepts, there is also a full project where the reader can conduct a mock Threatcasting on the topic of “the next biological public health crisis.” The second half of the book is designed as a practitioner’s handbook. It has three separate chapters (based on the general size of the Threatcasting group) that walk the reader through how to apply the knowledge from Part I to conduct an actual Threatcasting activity. This book will be useful for a wide audience (from student to practitioner) and will hopefully promote new dialogues across communities and novel developments in the area.

Weaponizing Maps

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Publisher : Guilford Publications
ISBN 13 : 1462521967
Total Pages : 297 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (625 download)

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Book Synopsis Weaponizing Maps by : Joe Bryan

Download or read book Weaponizing Maps written by Joe Bryan and published by Guilford Publications. This book was released on 2015-03-11 with total page 297 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Maps play an indispensable role in indigenous peoples’ efforts to secure land rights in the Americas and beyond. Yet indigenous peoples did not invent participatory mapping techniques on their own; they appropriated them from techniques developed for colonial rule and counterinsurgency campaigns, and refined by anthropologists and geographers. Through a series of historical and contemporary examples from Nicaragua, Canada, and Mexico, this book explores the tension between military applications of participatory mapping and its use for political mobilization and advocacy. The authors analyze the emergence of indigenous territories as spaces defined by a collective way of life--and as a particular kind of battleground.

Weaponized Words

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Publisher : Cambridge University Press
ISBN 13 : 1108474527
Total Pages : 305 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (84 download)

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Book Synopsis Weaponized Words by : Kurt Braddock

Download or read book Weaponized Words written by Kurt Braddock and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2020-04-16 with total page 305 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Discover theories of persuasion that show how terrorist messages promote radicalization and how counter-messages fight terrorist propaganda.

The Case for a Maximum Wage

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Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 1509524959
Total Pages : 140 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (95 download)

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Book Synopsis The Case for a Maximum Wage by : Sam Pizzigati

Download or read book The Case for a Maximum Wage written by Sam Pizzigati and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2018-06-04 with total page 140 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Modern societies set limits, on everything from how fast motorists can drive to how much waste factory owners can dump in our rivers. But incomes in our deeply unequal world have no limits. Could capping top incomes tackle rising inequality more effectively than conventional approaches? In this engaging book, leading analyst Sam Pizzigati details how egalitarians worldwide are demonstrating that a “maximum wage” could be both economically viable and politically practical. He shows how, building on local initiatives, governments could use their tax systems to enforce fair income ratios across the board. The ultimate goal? That ought to be, Pizzigati argues, a world without a super rich. He explains why we need to create that world — and how we could speed its creation.

Weaponizing Information

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Publisher : Createspace Independent Publishing Platform
ISBN 13 : 9781523262649
Total Pages : 110 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (626 download)

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Book Synopsis Weaponizing Information by : Sidney E. Dean

Download or read book Weaponizing Information written by Sidney E. Dean and published by Createspace Independent Publishing Platform. This book was released on 2016-01-06 with total page 110 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: (Dis-)Information Age Warfare: Countering ISIS, Putin & Co. Sidney E. Dean, Editor The phrase "hearts and minds" might be relatively new to global politics, but influencing popular opinion - that of your own citizens and allies, that of your adversaries, and that of the neutral world - has always been a vital element of international politics and of warfare. Early evidence can be found in Egyptian reliefs touting the invincibility of the pharaoh, who was depicted larger than life and surrounded by fallen foes. The message was simple, but clear: Egyptians should support their ruler who defended and brought glory to their nation, while foreigners should submit to his will rather than risk destruction. Propaganda warfare became more sophisticated over time. During the Cold War the Soviet Union dedicated a huge apparatus to so-called "agitational propaganda" or "AGITPROP." The goal was to promote pro-Soviet movements in the Third World while creating sympathy for Soviet aspirations among western populations. The rise of terrorist violence in the second half of the 20th Century was also paralleled by (dis-)information campaigns designed to gain sympathy for the extremists. At the same time western governments did their best to undermine communist regimes and promote democracy, primarily through broadcast media such as the BBC, Deutsche Welle, Radio Liberty/ Radio Free Europe, or Radio Marti. Ironically the free societies faced (and face) greater communications challenges than tyrants and terrorists. The latter's willingness to lie and distort allows them to present more intense arguments which resonate with many people. The recent revolution in communications technology has taken 21st Century propaganda warfare into a new dimension. It has also leveled the playing field to the point that a small organization or even one skilled communicator can disseminate a message around the world within minutes. The snowball-potential offered by social media means that one film clip or blog post can be re-tweeted, liked, friended and forwarded to millions of people within days. Traditional media outlets tendency to monitor the net further increases the potential exposure for propaganda messages. Unfortunately, the more outrageous, threatening or extreme the message, the more likely it will be viewed. The internet's potential as a propaganda dissemination tool was quickly recognized by well-organized and funded groups such as al Qaeda and ISIS, groups which have recruited large numbers of technology- and media-savvy specialists who churn out e-zines, blog posts, twitter campaigns, and eye-popping violent videos. Even pop music and video games have become terrorist recruiting tools. Meanwhile Vladimir Putin's nationalist Russia has also revived disinformation as a major foreign policy tool, albeit with a different tack than ISIS et al. While the latter seek to recruit and incite youth, Russia hopes to convince middle-class, educated Europeans and Americans that, "objectively," Putin is pursuing legitimate national aims, even defending Russia and Russians from an aggressive United States or Ukraine. And once western governments are playing catch-up in their struggle to discredit adversarial propaganda. This volume brings together fifteen subject experts who discuss the phenomenon of (Dis-)Information Age Warfare; analyze the Russian and Islamist propaganda machines; introduce the civilian and military counter-efforts currently conducted by the United States (including the Special Operations Command Military Information Support Operation or MISO, the State Department's Center for Strategic Counterterrorism Communication or CSCC, and the work of the private media through the Broadcasting Board of Governors or BBG); and propose additional strategies for countering the flow of propaganda. As always, we wish you interesting reading.

The Weaponization of Weather in the Phony Climate War

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Author :
Publisher : Gatekeeper Press
ISBN 13 : 1662903669
Total Pages : 87 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (629 download)

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Book Synopsis The Weaponization of Weather in the Phony Climate War by : Joe Bastardi

Download or read book The Weaponization of Weather in the Phony Climate War written by Joe Bastardi and published by Gatekeeper Press. This book was released on 2020-09-08 with total page 87 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: What if climate change is naturally occurring and cyclical? What if trillions of dollars will be spent to accomplish nothing? What if the real agenda is not about science, climate and weather, but simply uses this as a tool to disrupt and destroy the foundational concepts of one nation, under God, that have led to the greatest quality of life and liberty the world has ever known? At 65, Joe Bastardi is one of the most experienced meteorologists in the world today. His knowledge of past major events puts into perspective the extreme weather events seen today, that are nothing new, and in fact, not as severe as before. In this book, Bastardi goes in-depth to document naturally occurring climate and weather events to question those whose agenda it is to weaponize each weather event for the pursuit of a political and social aim. Of course, the climate is changing, and with the many natural influencers constantly in play, it always will. Thanks to an ever-fluctuating level of activity in the large natural drivers that have always controlled it, such as our Sun, the oceans, stochastic events and the very design of the system itself, climate change is natural. “A single attribution to man as the climate control knob in the face of this is questionable, if not a stretch. The reader should at least look at the ideas presented here,” said Bastardi. Joe understands the fear today, given what has been nothing short of public indoctrination. His new book offers an environmentally friendly and inexpensive solution to alleviate those fears, that will not destroy the economic lifeline of this nation as the Green New Deal surely will. It begins with removing the fear that has been pushed to create what is becoming irrational panic, especially with our young. So, is this book important on multiple levels? You decide.

A Field Guide to Lies

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Publisher : Penguin
ISBN 13 : 0698409795
Total Pages : 191 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (984 download)

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Book Synopsis A Field Guide to Lies by : Daniel J. Levitin

Download or read book A Field Guide to Lies written by Daniel J. Levitin and published by Penguin. This book was released on 2016-09-06 with total page 191 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: From The New York Times bestselling author of THE ORGANIZED MIND and THIS IS YOUR BRAIN ON MUSIC, a primer to the critical thinking that is more necessary now than ever. We are bombarded with more information each day than our brains can process—especially in election season. It's raining bad data, half-truths, and even outright lies. New York Times bestselling author Daniel J. Levitin shows how to recognize misleading announcements, statistics, graphs, and written reports revealing the ways lying weasels can use them. It's becoming harder to separate the wheat from the digital chaff. How do we distinguish misinformation, pseudo-facts, distortions, and outright lies from reliable information? Levitin groups his field guide into two categories—statistical infomation and faulty arguments—ultimately showing how science is the bedrock of critical thinking. Infoliteracy means understanding that there are hierarchies of source quality and bias that variously distort our information feeds via every media channel, including social media. We may expect newspapers, bloggers, the government, and Wikipedia to be factually and logically correct, but they so often aren't. We need to think critically about the words and numbers we encounter if we want to be successful at work, at play, and in making the most of our lives. This means checking the plausibility and reasoning—not passively accepting information, repeating it, and making decisions based on it. Readers learn to avoid the extremes of passive gullibility and cynical rejection. Levitin's charming, entertaining, accessible guide can help anyone wake up to a whole lot of things that aren't so. And catch some lying weasels in their tracks!

Weaponizing Conspiracy Theories

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Author :
Publisher : Taylor & Francis
ISBN 13 : 1040100007
Total Pages : 144 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (41 download)

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Book Synopsis Weaponizing Conspiracy Theories by : Eirikur Bergmann

Download or read book Weaponizing Conspiracy Theories written by Eirikur Bergmann and published by Taylor & Francis. This book was released on 2024-08-01 with total page 144 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book analyses the discursive weaponization of conspiracy theories. In an era where truth and fiction converge, nativist populist leaders wield conspiracy theories as political weapons. This text examines the interplay between populism and conspiracism, probing their impact on democratic processes and exploring their broader political implications. The work dissects three predominant conspiracy theories: The Eurabia theory in Europe, the Deep State in the United States, and anti-Western narratives in Russia. It shows their evolution from fringe ideas to mainstream political tools and reveals the leaders’ triple strategy: Constructing external threats, demonizing internal elites, and positioning themselves as protectors of the ‘true people.’ It also examines how digital media facilitates the spread of these narratives, undermining institutional trust and fuelling extremism. Weaponizing Conspiracy Theories serves as a guide to recognize and navigate the distorted realities reshaping our world. It offers essential insights into the complex dynamics of 21st-century global politics. The author argues that to properly understand the functions of contemporary politics, into which conspiracy theories and populism are now deeply integrated, we must both examine the impact that conspiracy theories have on people’s understandings of the world and how populist politicians can appeal to these beliefs. The book will be of interest to students and scholars of conspiracy theories, populism, and contemporary politics.

Weaponizing Cyberspace

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Publisher : Bloomsbury Publishing USA
ISBN 13 : 1440876924
Total Pages : 284 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (48 download)

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Book Synopsis Weaponizing Cyberspace by : Nicholas Michael Sambaluk

Download or read book Weaponizing Cyberspace written by Nicholas Michael Sambaluk and published by Bloomsbury Publishing USA. This book was released on 2022-02-04 with total page 284 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Russian regime's struggle for internal control drives multifaceted actions in cyberspace that do not stop at national borders. Cybercrime, technical hacking, and disinformation are complementary tools to preserve national power internally while projecting effects onto myriad neighbors and rivals. Russian activity in the cyber domain is infamous in the United States and other Western countries. Weaponizing Cyberspace explores the Russian proclivity, particularly in the 21st century, for using cyberspace as an environment in which to launch technical attacks and disinformation campaigns that sow chaos and distraction in ways that provide short-term advantage to autocrats in the Kremlin. Arguing that Russia's goal is to divide people, Sambaluk explains that Russia's modus operandi in disinformation campaigning is specifically to find and exploit existing sore spots in other countries. In the U.S., this often means inflaming political tensions among people on the far left and far right. Russia's actions have taken different forms, including the sophisticated surveillance and sabotage of critical infrastructure, the ransoming of data by criminal groups, and a welter of often mutually contradictory disinformation messages that pollute online discourse within and beyond Russia. Whether deployed to contribute to hybrid war or to psychological fracture and disillusionment in targeted societies, the threat is real and must be understood and effectively addressed.

The Weaponizing of Language in the Classroom and Beyond

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Author :
Publisher : Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG
ISBN 13 : 3110799545
Total Pages : 241 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (17 download)

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Book Synopsis The Weaponizing of Language in the Classroom and Beyond by : Kisha C. Bryan

Download or read book The Weaponizing of Language in the Classroom and Beyond written by Kisha C. Bryan and published by Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. This book was released on 2023-12-04 with total page 241 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In this edited volume, language weaponization — or the weaponization of language — is used to describe the process in which words, discourse, and language in any form can be used to inflict harm on others. The term harm is of vital importance because it refers to how specific groups of people are affected by ideologies and practices that normalize inequity and injustice in their environments. The contributions in this book explore how language ideologies, practices, and policies can physically, emotionally, socially, and/or economically disadvantage or harm minoritized individuals, as well as their cultures and languages.

Weapons of Mass Migration

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Publisher : Cornell University Press
ISBN 13 : 0801457424
Total Pages : 357 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (14 download)

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Book Synopsis Weapons of Mass Migration by : Kelly M. Greenhill

Download or read book Weapons of Mass Migration written by Kelly M. Greenhill and published by Cornell University Press. This book was released on 2011-06-23 with total page 357 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: At first glance, the U.S. decision to escalate the war in Vietnam in the mid-1960s, China's position on North Korea's nuclear program in the late 1990s and early 2000s, and the EU resolution to lift what remained of the arms embargo against Libya in the mid-2000s would appear to share little in common. Yet each of these seemingly unconnected and far-reaching foreign policy decisions resulted at least in part from the exercise of a unique kind of coercion, one predicated on the intentional creation, manipulation, and exploitation of real or threatened mass population movements. In Weapons of Mass Migration, Kelly M. Greenhill offers the first systematic examination of this widely deployed but largely unrecognized instrument of state influence. She shows both how often this unorthodox brand of coercion has been attempted (more than fifty times in the last half century) and how successful it has been (well over half the time). She also tackles the questions of who employs this policy tool, to what ends, and how and why it ever works. Coercers aim to affect target states' behavior by exploiting the existence of competing political interests and groups, Greenhill argues, and by manipulating the costs or risks imposed on target state populations. This "coercion by punishment" strategy can be effected in two ways: the first relies on straightforward threats to overwhelm a target's capacity to accommodate a refugee or migrant influx; the second, on a kind of norms-enhanced political blackmail that exploits the existence of legal and normative commitments to those fleeing violence, persecution, or privation. The theory is further illustrated and tested in a variety of case studies from Europe, East Asia, and North America. To help potential targets better respond to—and protect themselves against—this kind of unconventional predation, Weapons of Mass Migration also offers practicable policy recommendations for scholars, government officials, and anyone concerned about the true victims of this kind of coercion—the displaced themselves.

Children at War

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Author :
Publisher : Vintage
ISBN 13 : 1101970057
Total Pages : 290 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (19 download)

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Book Synopsis Children at War by : Peter W. Singer

Download or read book Children at War written by Peter W. Singer and published by Vintage. This book was released on 2015-03-04 with total page 290 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Children at War is the first comprehensive book to examine the growing and global use of children as soldiers. P.W. Singer, an internationally recognized expert in twenty-first-century warfare, explores how a new strategy of war, utilized by armies and warlords alike, has targeted children, seeking to turn them into soldiers and terrorists. Singer writes about how the first American serviceman killed by hostile fire in Afghanistan—a Green Beret—was shot by a fourteen-year-old Afghan boy; how suspected militants detained by U.S. forces in Iraq included more than one hundred children under the age of seventeen; and how hundreds who were taken hostage in Thailand were held captive by the rebel "God's Army," led by twelve-year-old twins. Interweaving the voices of child soldiers throughout the book, Singer looks at the ways these children are recruited, abducted, trained, and finally sent off to fight in war-torn hot spots, from Colombia and the Sudan to Kashmir and Sierra Leone. He writes about children who have been indoctrinated to fight U.S. forces in Iraq and Afghanistan; of Iraqui boys between the ages of ten and fifteen who had been trained in military arms and tactics to become Saddam Hussein's Ashbal Saddam (Lion Cubs); of young refugees from Pakistani madrassahs who were recruited to help bring the Taliban to power in the Afghan civil war. The author, National Security Fellow at the Brookings Institution and director of the Brookings Project on U.S. Policy Towards the Islamic World, explores how this phenomenon has come about, and how social disruptions and failures of development in modern Third World nations have led to greater global conflict and an instability that has spawned a new pool of recruits. He writes about how technology has made today's weapons smaller and lighter and therefore easier for children to carry and handle; how one billion people in the world live in developing countries where civil war is part of everyday life; and how some children—without food, clothing, or family—have volunteered as soldiers as their only way to survive. Finally, Singer makes clear how the U.S. government and the international community must face this new reality of modern warfare, how those who benefit from the recruitment of children as soldiers must be held accountable, how Western militaries must be prepared to face children in battle, and how rehabilitation programs can undo this horrific phenomenon and turn child soldiers back into children.