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Water Quality Enhancements In Corn Cropping Systems Through Optimization Of Cover Crop Establishment Technologies
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Book Synopsis Water Quality Enhancements in Corn Cropping Systems Through Optimization of Cover Crop Establishment Technologies by : Reagan L. Noland
Download or read book Water Quality Enhancements in Corn Cropping Systems Through Optimization of Cover Crop Establishment Technologies written by Reagan L. Noland and published by . This book was released on 2017 with total page 19 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Cover crop use is low in corn-soybean rotations in Minnesota due to challenges with establishment. This research project was designed and carried out to 1) identify appropriate cover crop species and establishment methods for interseeding in corn at the seven leaf collar stage and 2) estimate ecological impacts. Five cover crops were planted: common rye, field pennycress, medium red clover, hairy vetch, MIX (oat, field pea, and tillage radish).
Book Synopsis Optimizing Establishment of Corn in Cover Crops and Living Mulches to Maintain Yield While Reducing Nitrate Losses by : Julie Grossman
Download or read book Optimizing Establishment of Corn in Cover Crops and Living Mulches to Maintain Yield While Reducing Nitrate Losses written by Julie Grossman and published by . This book was released on 2017 with total page 40 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: As states in the upper Midwest focus on reducing negative water quality impacts of grain corn production, there is a need for innovative production strategies that maintain profitability while minimizing the export of nutrients, agrochemicals, and soil. Maintenance of surface vegetative cover is probably the most effective means to protect soil, but it is challenging to do so in annual row crops. This project determined the effect of differing levels of zone tillage intensity on soil carbon and nitrogen cycling in a corn-kura clover cropping system (Zea maize-Trifolium ambiguum) in an effort to determine impacts on soil N and C. Additionally, the research determined the impacts of these different zone tillage approaches on corn production.
Book Synopsis Establishing Cover Crops at Time of Corn Planting by : Paul Salon
Download or read book Establishing Cover Crops at Time of Corn Planting written by Paul Salon and published by . This book was released on 2005 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Interseeding Cover Crops in Corn by : Aaron Patrick Brooker
Download or read book Interseeding Cover Crops in Corn written by Aaron Patrick Brooker and published by . This book was released on 2019 with total page 331 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Farmers could enhance crop diversity in their farming systems by interseeding cover crops in corn in late May and June in corn rotations in the Upper Midwest. Recommendations must be developed for cover crop species, seeding rates, and interseeding timings that optimize cover crop growth and enhance corn production. Weeds must be controlled, and cover crops must establish in this system. Cover crops influence soil health in long term studies; however, the influence of interseeded cover crops on soil enzymes, soil structure, and nutrient cycling has not been reported. In Michigan, two experiments were conducted from 2015-2017 and one experiment from 2017-2019. In the first experiment, annual ryegrass, crimson clover, oilseed radish and a mixture of the three species were broadcast interseeded at each of the V1 through V7 corn stages at a single seeding rate. Cover crop and weed density and biomass were measured during the growing season, at the time of corn harvest, and the following spring. Soil samples were taken in the spring in the year following interseeding and analyzed for inorganic N, extracellular enzyme activity, and aggregate stability. Corn was planted as an indicator crop and sampled for C and N content. In the second experiment, preemergence (PRE) and postemergence (POST) herbicides were applied, and cover crops interseeded at the V3 and V6 corn stages. Cover crops were evaluated in October for injury and stand loss. A greenhouse trial was also included to evaluate cover crop response to herbicides. In the third experiment, the same three cover crop species and a mixture of annual ryegrass and crimson clover were interseeded at three seeding rates in V3 and V6 corn. Establishment, biomass, and corn grain yield were collected using the same methods as previously described. Eight on-farm locations were interseeded with the same cover crop species at the 1X rate at the V3 and V6 corn stages. All plots were flown with a fixed-wing aircraft to measure canopy temperature. Small-plots were flown with UAV to acquire multispectral imagery to determine NDVI and NDRE. In years with normal or below normal precipitation, annual ryegrass and oilseed radish produced the highest biomass. Establishment improved when seeding on tilled soil compared with no-till soil. All cover crop species established, regardless of tillage, with above normal rainfall. Both annual ryegrass and crimson clover established when interseeded as a mixture at the seeding rates used. Increasing seeding rates usually increased biomass production. Cover crops could be interseeded at any time from V1-V7 corn if weeds were controlled. No cover crop species was competitive with summer annual weeds; annual ryegrass was the only species that overwintered and suppressed winter annual weeds. There were PRE and POST options for weed control with all cover crop species, but farmers must be mindful of herbicide and cover crop combinations. Delaying interseeding until V6 may reduce injury from some PRE herbicides. In the year of interseeding, cover crops did not reduce corn grain yield; therefore, remote imagery was not able to detect changes in corn health. Remote imagery detected cover crop establishment in the V3 interseedings prior to corn canopy closure; remote imagery did not detect less thermal stress where cover crops were interseeded. Annual ryegrass plots had reduced spring inorganic N content, and this sometimes translated to reduced N in the indicator corn crop. Success of broadcast interseeded cover crops is highly depended on adequate precipitation; this practice would be especially successful where summer rainfall is consistent or in irrigated systems. Benefits of cover crops are likely to be realized over multiple years of interseeding; farmers must balance goals of cover cropping with costs of seeding when selecting species, seeding rates, and weed control options.
Book Synopsis Interseeded Cover Crops in Seed Corn Production by : Brent Edward Tharp
Download or read book Interseeded Cover Crops in Seed Corn Production written by Brent Edward Tharp and published by . This book was released on 1997 with total page 156 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Cropping Systems and Water Quality Research Unit by :
Download or read book Cropping Systems and Water Quality Research Unit written by and published by . This book was released on 2001 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The mission of Cropping Systems and Water Quality Research Unit is to develop knowledge and technology to optimize yields from crop production systems while minimizing erosion and enhancing water and soil quality.
Book Synopsis The Effect of Cover Crop on Soil Carbon and Soil Water Retention in Topographically Diverse Terrain by : Jordan Beehler
Download or read book The Effect of Cover Crop on Soil Carbon and Soil Water Retention in Topographically Diverse Terrain written by Jordan Beehler and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page 56 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Intensive Cropping by : Sohan S Prihar
Download or read book Intensive Cropping written by Sohan S Prihar and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2000-01-25 with total page 298 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Explore new concepts for maximizing crop yields! Intensive Cropping: Efficient Use of Water, Nutrients, and Tillage is a compilation of current information on the interdependence of and synergies among water, nutrients, and energy in regard to increasing crop performance. This book explains the need for intensive cropping and explores the technologies and practices necessary for proper management of water, nutrients, and energy. With Intensive Cropping you will learn how to improve the quantity of the world's most important crops using methods that will minimize harm to the environment. This essential guide is a state-of-the-art account of the concepts and practices concerning the integrated use of water, nutrients, and energy in intensive cropping. Intensive Cropping combines basic and applied aspects of soil-water, nutrients, and energy management to help you optimize your crop yields and maximize the efficiency of intensively farmed regions. In Intensive Cropping, you will explore the need for extreme farming and related concerns and concepts, including: reducing runoff, deep seepage, and evaporation losses supplementing irrigation with surface and ground water understanding the process of water uptake and its effects on root dynamics and water use reducing leaching, erosion, and gasseus losses in your fields using combinations of organic manures, crop residues, chemical fertilizers, and biofertilizers for soil maintenance implementing conventional and emerging tillage systems, such as conservation tillage for improving soil quality examining case studies of contrasting edaphic requirements of rice-wheat systems Intensive Cropping brings you up-to-date on recent advances in the field, supported by relevant experimental observations on environmentally safe and effective ways to increase crop performance. By examining this new research on increasing crop production, you will be able to successfully increase crop yields in various climates and support the growing global demand for such resources.
Book Synopsis Environmental and Economic Viability of Mid-southern USA Corn Conservation Systems by : Gene David Spencer
Download or read book Environmental and Economic Viability of Mid-southern USA Corn Conservation Systems written by Gene David Spencer and published by . This book was released on 2021 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Contemporary row-crop practices in the mid-southern, USA contribute to declining water tables and impairment of downstream waters, threatening the sustainability of irrigated agriculture and vital ecosystem services. This research was conducted to determine if various conservation practices and technologies can economically reduce negative environmental consequences of regional corn (Zea mays L.) production. The environmental, agronomic, and economic effects of implementing cover crops, manipulating traffic pattern, and integrating irrigation water management (IWM) technologies (computerized hole selection, surge irrigation, and soil moisture sensors) were investigated at either the small plot or field scale in the Delta region of Mississippi. Cover crop effects on runoff, water quality, corn grain yield, and net returns were primarily neutral or negative. Under furrow irrigation, cover crops did not affect runoff or nitrogen and phosphorus transport, but decreased erosion 16%. No cover crop decreased rainfall-induced runoff, erosion, or N and P transport. Over the four years of the experiment, cover crops maintained or decreased yield, net returns, and water use efficiency. Eliminating equipment traffic from furrows largely maintained or reduced runoff and subsequent contaminant transport. For both furrow irrigation and simulated rainfall, runoff and erosion were consistently less from nontraffic furrows than traffic furrows. Traffic effects on nutrient transport was more variable. Transport of some phosphorus constituents was decreased in the absence of furrow traffic; however, rainfall-induced nitrogen transport was greater from nontraffic furrows during the late-season event. Irrigation water management technologies improved corn grain yield, net returns, and irrigation water use efficiency across multiple locations in the mid-southern USA. Relative to standard production practices, implementing IWM technologies reduced total water applied 40% and increased corn grain yield 6.5 bu acre-1, which constituted a 51% increase in irrigation water use efficiency. The decrease in cost for irrigation water applied and increase in returns from yield gains exceeded the cost of the IWM technologies and resulted in an increase in net returns across a range of pumping depth and diesel price scenarios. Of the evaluated conservation strategies, reducing equipment traffic and implementing IWM technologies will most consistently improve the sustainability of irrigated agriculture and ecosystem services in the mid-southern USA.
Book Synopsis Monitoring of Cover Cropping Practices and Their Impacts on Agricultural Productivity and Water Quality in the Maumee River Watershed Using Remote Sensing by : Kushal KC
Download or read book Monitoring of Cover Cropping Practices and Their Impacts on Agricultural Productivity and Water Quality in the Maumee River Watershed Using Remote Sensing written by Kushal KC and published by . This book was released on 2021 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Common agricultural practices are leading to widespread soil degradation and poor soil health in the U.S., lowering agricultural productivity, increasing water quality concerns, and threatening the resilience of the agricultural systems to increasing climate variability. According to the Ohio Environmental Protection Agency, approximately 48% of Ohio’s watersheds are degraded by nutrient (phosphorus and nitrogen) loading from various sources including agricultural fields. This has resulted in increasing occurrences of harmful algal blooms in Lake Erie and inland lakes, creating several environmental, and socio-economic issues such as degradation of aquatic habitat, poor drinking water, and increased cost for water treatments. Cover cropping is one of the conservation practices which has potential to reduce soil erosion and nutrient runoffs from agricultural fields while improving or maintaining soil health. Although prior works have focused on cover crops and their impacts on soil health and water quality, they are based mainly on controlled field experimental trials. Currently, there is a limited understanding of spatial and temporal trend in cover cropping practices and their impacts at a landscape scale. Thus, the objective of this study is to develop a spatial and temporal inventory of winter cover cropping practices and assess their impacts on crop productivity and water quality in the Western Lake Erie basin. A Random Forest classification model was built upon field collected cover crop data and a long-term seasonal composites of satellite images (Landsat 5, 7, and 8) focusing on winter cover crop growing season from 2008 to 2019. The model was focused mainly on corn and soybean fields, and the information about corn and soybean fields on an annual scale was obtained from USDA cropland data layers which was then used to classify the fields into four categories – (1) Winter kill, (2) Winter hardy (3) Spring emergent, and (4) Not covered. The annual cover cropping trend was then examined with spatially explicit corn and soybean yield maps at a field scale generated by leveraging satellite and weather-based covariates with a county scale yield data and nutrient loading data from one of the water quality monitoring sites stationed at Maumee River (Heidelberg University’s National Center for Water Quality Research). The overall accuracy for the cover crop classification model was 75% with kappa coefficient of 0.63 while the yield model had R2 of 0.58 and 0.74 for prediction of corn and soybean yield, respectively. For most part of the study period, more than 50% of the corn-soybean area in the watershed was not covered with winter vegetation. But cover cropping area in the Maumee River watershed has increased by about 40% in 2019/20 season compared to 2008/09 season. While there could be multiple factors influencing cover crop areas across the seasons, based on weather data, cover crops tend to perform better when there is higher accumulated Growing Degree Days (GDD) and fall precipitation. On average, cover crops were found to have minimum to negative effects on both corn and soybean yield with only few years having positive effects. Similarly, the annual cover crop in the watershed was strongly correlated with only nitrate concentration and loads than Total Phosphorus (TP) and Soluble Reactive Phosphorus (SRP). These findings were also consistent with some of the prior works mainly done at a field scale. The study showed that cover cropping practices and their impacts can be monitored at a landscape scale utilizing publicly available images from earth observing satellites which could be crucial for developing critical public policies for improving sustainability of agricultural production system.
Book Synopsis Cover Crop and Soil Amendment Effects on Carbon Sequestration in a Silage Corn-soybean Cropping System by : Bradley Eric Fronning
Download or read book Cover Crop and Soil Amendment Effects on Carbon Sequestration in a Silage Corn-soybean Cropping System written by Bradley Eric Fronning and published by . This book was released on 2008 with total page 222 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis A Cropping Systems Approach to Improving Water Use Efficiency in Semi-arid Irrigated Production Areas by : Jeffrey Peter Mitchell
Download or read book A Cropping Systems Approach to Improving Water Use Efficiency in Semi-arid Irrigated Production Areas written by Jeffrey Peter Mitchell and published by . This book was released on 1995 with total page 306 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Integration of Cover Crops Into Midwest Corn-soybean Cropping Systems and Potential for Weed Suppression by : Joshua S. Wehrbein
Download or read book Integration of Cover Crops Into Midwest Corn-soybean Cropping Systems and Potential for Weed Suppression written by Joshua S. Wehrbein and published by . This book was released on 2019 with total page 151 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Cover crops have potential to provide benefits to agricultural systems, such as improved soil productivity, nutrient scavenging, weed suppression, and livestock forage. There are several challenges associated with cover crop integration into traditional Midwest corn-soybean cropping systems. One of these challenges is timely establishment in the fall, which is limited by the relatively late harvest of corn and soybean. Cover crop effectiveness is related to the amount of biomass produced, thus maximizing the growth period in the fall is desired. To address this challenge, we evaluated the potential to utilize early-season soybean maturity groups (MGs) to allow for earlier soybean harvest and cover crop planting to maximize cover crop growth. In addition, an integrated cover crop and herbicide management program was evaluated to determine its effect on weed suppression and corn yield. Cover crops have often been shown to be most effective when integrated with other methods of weed management such as herbicides. Cover crops have also been shown to potentially reduce subsequent corn yield. Therefore, we evaluated the influence of cover crop planting date, termination date, and herbicide program on weed density, weed biomass, and subsequent corn yield. Field experiments were conducted in 2017-2019 across six different locations in Nebraska, Ohio, and Kentucky. Results suggest use of early-season soybean MGs allow cover crops to be planted up to 30 days sooner than late-season MGs. Cover crop biomass production was highest for early cover crop planting dates associated with early-season MGs across most site-years evaluated. Soybean yield often plateaued near a 3.0 relative maturity (RM) depending on the region, suggesting that soybean RM may be reduced to 3.0 to allow for earlier cover crop planting without sacrificing soybean yield. Results further suggest that use of a residual herbicide with a postemergence herbicide was necessary to obtain the largest reduction in both weed density and biomass. Weed biomass was occasionally reduced by the cover crop, however, results were inconsistent. Cover crops generally had minimal influence on overall weed suppression, and occasionally resulted in corn yield reduction, indicating the importance of other traditional methods of weed management. Abbreviations: MG, maturity group; RM, relative maturity.
Book Synopsis The Effects of Cover Crops in an Integrated Livestock/continuous Corn Cropping System in East-central Mississippi by : Ken Randolph Waddell
Download or read book The Effects of Cover Crops in an Integrated Livestock/continuous Corn Cropping System in East-central Mississippi written by Ken Randolph Waddell and published by . This book was released on 2021 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: There is growing interest within the agricultural industry on how cover crop systems affect soil health and economic productivity in integrated crop-livestock systems. This study investigated the combined effects of cover crop species; no-till and conventional till; and grazed (G) and un-grazed (UG) in a continuous corn (Zea mays) production system in east-central Mississippi. Cover crops were established in the fall of 2019 and 2020 in two separate field studies. Corn yield was not affected by grazing or tillage but was affected by cover crop species. We then compared the difference in cover crop species treatments with their respective corn yield and observed the greatest net return with the control ($252.09 ac−1). Organic matter was greater with the G area (1.03%) as compared to the UG (0.88%). Grazing resulted in bulk densities of 1.45 and 1.47 g cm3−1 for UG and G, respectively.
Book Synopsis Cover Crop Introduction Into Corn (Zea Mays L.)-Soybean (Glycine Max L.) Cropping Systems by : Angela M. Bastidas
Download or read book Cover Crop Introduction Into Corn (Zea Mays L.)-Soybean (Glycine Max L.) Cropping Systems written by Angela M. Bastidas and published by . This book was released on 2018 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Fall-seeded cover crops are limited by the short growing season remaining between harvest and planting the succeeding crop. To address this challenge, we considered two alternative systems for introducing cover crops into corn (Zea mays L.)- soybean (Glycine max L.) cropping systems. The first alternative was to interseed the cover crops species with corn at specific developmental stages. We evaluated the effect on corn, cover crop biomass, and the subsequent soybean crop. No detrimental effects on corn were found when cover crops were interseeded at or after corn canopy closure due to the limited cover crop biomass produced during the growing season. However, corn was negatively affected with cover crops interseed at corn planting. Cover crops interseeded at canopy closure did not establish due to corn canopy shading. Cover crops interseeded at or after R5 (dent) produced greater biomass the following spring than in the fall, and cover crops interseeded at R5 and R6 (physiological maturity) produced greater biomass than cover crops interseeded at corn harvest. This indicated that the interseeding by broadcasting cover crops can be successful for improving biomass production. The second alternative was to modify corn management practices such as planting date, plant population, and comparative corn relative maturity (CRM) to allow earlier cover crop seeding dates. We attempted to understand the impact on corn yield, cover crop biomass production, and the subsequent soybean crop. Early- and early-to-medium-maturity hybrids allowed corn harvest about one month earlier and medium-maturity hybrids about 15 d earlier than late-maturity hybrids. No differences in corn yield were observed between the medium- and late-maturity hybrids planted at the earlier planting date, with a 107 CRM hybrid planted early having the highest yield of 16.0 Mg ha-1. The greatest cover crop biomass production occurred with the earliest cover crop planting date. Cover crop biomass increased with air temperature, which was measured with growing degree days (GDDC). This indicates that changes in planting date and corn CRM hybrids are important to increase the potential for use of cover crops. The subsequent soybean yield was not affected by cover crops in either alternative.
Book Synopsis Cover Crops and Irrigation Impacts on Corn and Soybean Production in the Mid-Southern USA by : Dillon Aaron Russell
Download or read book Cover Crops and Irrigation Impacts on Corn and Soybean Production in the Mid-Southern USA written by Dillon Aaron Russell and published by . This book was released on 2022 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Reducing groundwater withdrawals from the Mississippi River Valley Alluvial Aquifer is imperative to sustain future irrigated cropping systems in the mid-southern USA. This research was conducted to determine the impacts of cover crops and irrigation sensor thresholds on corn (Zea mays L.) and soybean (Glycine max L.) production, water productivity, irrigation water use efficiency, and soil physical properties in the Mississippi Delta. The cover crop treatments included cereal rye (Secale cereale L.), hairy vetch (Vicia villosa R.), wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)-radish (Raphanus sativus L.)-turnip (Brassica rapa L.) mix, and no cover crop. The irrigation thresholds included -40 kPa, -90 kPa, and no irrigation. In 2020, cover crops and irrigation thresholds showed minimal impacts on most of the measured parameters but showed improvements as the study progressed. After two years, it was determined that long-term evaluations are needed to make a recommendation to producers in the mid-southern USA.
Book Synopsis Incorporating Cover Crops and Diversified Weed Management to Improve Cropping System Productivity by : Katherine Caswell
Download or read book Incorporating Cover Crops and Diversified Weed Management to Improve Cropping System Productivity written by Katherine Caswell and published by . This book was released on 2017 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: To address the need for diversified weed management and innovative methods of cover crop incorporation, two distinct experiments were performed. The first, was based in a diverse, no-till dairy cropping systems study was established in 2010 seeking to produce enough feed, forage, and fuel to supply a 65-cow, 97 hectare dairy farm in Pennsylvania while minimizing off farm inputs. A 6-year diverse crop rotation, the Pest Management rotation, evaluated strategies that attempted to reduce herbicide inputs and the risk of herbicide resistant weeds. The rotation was composed of a sequence of annual crops, cover crops, and a perennial hay crop. A Reduced Herbicide (RH) treatment was compared to a Standard Herbicide (SH) treatment that was more reliant on chemical weed control. Both treatments utilized Integrated Weed Management where the RH treatment incorporated more cultural and mechanical methods of control. Management was altered in 2013 to address challenges faced in the first three years and results of 2013-2015 are analyzed here. Weed management was evaluated for the corn silage and soybean portion of the rotation as this is where the most intensive weed management occurs. The RH and SH treatments were compared based on crop yield, weed biomass, and net return to the farm enterprise. Both the RH and SH treatments generally maintained adequate weed control during 2013-2015 but biomass was generally greater in RH. Soybean yield varied between the treatment in one year, but these differences were not attributed to weed biomass. A greater net return to the farm was seen under SH management in soybean and RH in corn silage. The second study sought to address cover crop adoption in the Northeast, that has been slow and limited due to a number of factors. Farmers are faced with a constricted time window for cover crop planting following harvest and before weather conditions prevent fall growth. Multiple methods have been evaluated to expand this restricted planting window including aerial seeding, underseeding and relay intercropping. All of these methods face additional challenges in no-till production systems. Researchers at Penn State developed an innovative cover crop interseeder to address establishment restrictions in no-till grain production. After design of the machine was completed, a number of successful intseeder cover crops needed to be selected. A successful interseeded cover crop may require traits that are not normally associated with post-harvest established cover crops. These species need to tolerate low light and moisture conditions while being able to establish. Annual ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum) has been shown to be a strong candidate for interseeding in earlier studies and a trial was conducted to test different varieties for interseeding ability. A Species Trial was conducted to evaluate different grass and legume species in either corn or soybean. These trials were conducted in Pennsylvania (PA), New York (NY), and Maryland (MD). Several species were shown to be better candidates for interseeding based on fall and spring biomass. These species were: Medium Red Clover (Trifolium pretense), Annual ryegrass, and Orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata L.). The annual ryegrass trial showed similar performance across varieties with few performing better than others. A better understanding of appropriate cover crop selection can be used in conjunction with ongoing work with herbicide selection to create recommendations for farmers.
