Washback Effect Of Public Exam

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Washback in Language Testing

Author : Liying Cheng
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1135643032
Total Pages : 298 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (356 download)

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Book Synopsis Washback in Language Testing by : Liying Cheng

Download or read book Washback in Language Testing written by Liying Cheng and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2004-02-04 with total page 298 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Washback refers to the influence of language testing on teaching and learning. This volume, at the important intersection of language testing and teaching practices, presents theoretical, methodological, and practical guidance for current and future washback studies. In the field of language testing, researchers' major interest has traditionally been focused on issues and solving problems inherent in tests in order to increase their reliability and validity. However, the washback effect goes well beyond the test itself to include factors, such as curriculum, teacher and learner behaviors inside and outside the classroom, their perceptions of the test, and how test scores are used. Only recently have researchers started to empirically investigate the phenomenon of washback. This volume of such research serves two essential purposes by: *providing an overview of the complexity of washback and the various contextual factors entangled within testing, teaching, and learning; and *presenting empirical studies from around the world that offer insights into the effects of washback in specific educational contexts and models of research on which future studies can be based. The extensive use of test scores for various educational and social purposes in society nowadays makes the washback effect a high-interest phenomenon in the day-to-day educational activities of teachers, researchers, program coordinators/directors, policymakers, and others in the field of education. Washback in Language Testing: Research Contexts and Methods is a valuable resource for those who are interested in the application of findings to actual teaching and learning situations or conduct washback research in their own contexts, including educational and psychological testing experts, as well as alternative assessment people in all fields, and for policy- and decision-makers in educational and testing organizations.

Changing Language Teaching Through Language Testing

Author : Liying Cheng
Publisher : Cambridge University Press
ISBN 13 : 9780521544733
Total Pages : 350 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (447 download)

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Book Synopsis Changing Language Teaching Through Language Testing by : Liying Cheng

Download or read book Changing Language Teaching Through Language Testing written by Liying Cheng and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2005-10-06 with total page 350 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: There has been growing interest in recent years in the influence of tests on teaching and learning - a phenomenon commonly referred to as 'washback'. Despite persistent assertions about its nature and scope, empirical studies investigating test washback are still limited in number, and few of these make use of both qualitative and quantitative methods in washback research. This volume presents a study of how the introduction of the 1996 Hong Kong Certificate of Education in English - a high stakes public examination - impacted on classroom teaching and learning in Hong Kong secondary schools. The washback effect was observed initially at the larger 'macro' level, among different stakeholder groups within the Hong Kong educational context; and also at the more local 'micro' level, in terms of teachers' attitudes, teaching content and classroom interactions. This study: provides a theoretical background to the washback concept, discusses the need for empirical investigation of washback, describes the use of a mixed methodology approach in washback research, offers insights into the role of tests as agents of innovation and change in the classroom and broader educational context. This volume will be of particular relevance to language test developers and researchers interested in the consequential validity of tests; it will also be of interest to teachers, curriculum designers, policymakers and others in education concerned with the interface between language testing and teaching practices/programs. Book jacket.

Washback in Language Testing

Author : Liying Cheng
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1135643040
Total Pages : 260 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (356 download)

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Book Synopsis Washback in Language Testing by : Liying Cheng

Download or read book Washback in Language Testing written by Liying Cheng and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2004-02-04 with total page 260 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Washback refers to the influence of language testing on teaching and learning. This volume, at the important intersection of language testing and teaching practices, presents theoretical, methodological, and practical guidance for current and future washback studies. In the field of language testing, researchers' major interest has traditionally been focused on issues and solving problems inherent in tests in order to increase their reliability and validity. However, the washback effect goes well beyond the test itself to include factors, such as curriculum, teacher and learner behaviors inside and outside the classroom, their perceptions of the test, and how test scores are used. Only recently have researchers started to empirically investigate the phenomenon of washback. This volume of such research serves two essential purposes by: *providing an overview of the complexity of washback and the various contextual factors entangled within testing, teaching, and learning; and *presenting empirical studies from around the world that offer insights into the effects of washback in specific educational contexts and models of research on which future studies can be based. The extensive use of test scores for various educational and social purposes in society nowadays makes the washback effect a high-interest phenomenon in the day-to-day educational activities of teachers, researchers, program coordinators/directors, policymakers, and others in the field of education. Washback in Language Testing: Research Contexts and Methods is a valuable resource for those who are interested in the application of findings to actual teaching and learning situations or conduct washback research in their own contexts, including educational and psychological testing experts, as well as alternative assessment people in all fields, and for policy- and decision-makers in educational and testing organizations.

Teacher Involvement in High-Stakes Language Testing

Author : Daniel Xerri
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 9783030083908
Total Pages : 345 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (839 download)

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Book Synopsis Teacher Involvement in High-Stakes Language Testing by : Daniel Xerri

Download or read book Teacher Involvement in High-Stakes Language Testing written by Daniel Xerri and published by Springer. This book was released on 2019-02-02 with total page 345 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book advocates that teachers should play an active role in high-stakes language testing and that more weight should be given to teacher judgement. This is likely to increase the formative potential of high-stakes tests and provide teachers with a sense of ownership. The implication is that the knowledge and skills they develop by being involved in these tests will feed into their own classroom practices. The book also considers the arguments against teacher involvement, e.g. the contention that teacher involvement might entrench the practice of teaching to the test, or that teachers should not be actively involved in high-stakes language testing because their judgement is insufficiently reliable. Using contributions from a wide range of international educational contexts, the book proposes that a lack of reliability in teacher judgement is best addressed by means of training and not by barring educators from participating in high-stakes language testing. It also argues that their involvement in testing helps teachers to bolster confidence in their own judgement and develop their assessment literacy. Moreover, teacher involvement empowers them to play a role in reforming high-stakes language testing so that it is more equitable and more likely to enhance classroom practices. High-stakes language tests that adopt such an inclusive approach facilitate more effective learning on the part of teachers, which ultimately benefits all their students.

The Power of Tests

Author : Elana Shohamy
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1317875486
Total Pages : 209 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (178 download)

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Book Synopsis The Power of Tests by : Elana Shohamy

Download or read book The Power of Tests written by Elana Shohamy and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2014-09-25 with total page 209 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Language in Social Life is a major series which highlights the importance of language to an understanding of issues of social and professional concern. It will be of practical relevance to all those wanting to understand how the ways we communicate both influence and are influenced by the structures and forces of contemporary social institutions. In all modern societies individuals are subject to tests, whether to enter educational programs, to pass from one level to the next or to grant certificates to practice. Yet, tests are powerful tools which are often introduced in undemocratic and unethical ways as disciplinary tools for carrying out various policy agendas. Tests can be detrimental to people's lives as they are capable of affecting and defining the knowledge and behaviour of those who are being tested. The Power of Tests applies a critical perspective of language tests by examining their uses and consequences in education and society and by viewing tests not as isolated events but rather as embedded in social, educational and political contexts. The book is divided into four parts: the first part establishes the power of tests through echoing the voices of test takers, describing the features of the power of tests, and the temptations that tests offer to bureaucrats who use them for power and control. The second part reports on studies that provide empirical evidence about intentions and effects of a number of large scale language tests. The third part interprets the results by examining their consequences on education and society, arriving at a model of tests' use. The final section of the book offers strategies for controlling and minimising the misuses of tests by introducing the notion of Critical Language Testing which calls for the examination of the consequences and misuses of tests, monitoring of power and pointing to their unethical uses. It also provides a comprehensive discussion of the responsibilities of language testers, including a new Code of Ethics, as well as strategies for guarding and protecting the rights of test takers.

Interpreting Communicative Language Teaching

Author : Sandra J. Savignon
Publisher : Yale University Press
ISBN 13 : 0300129076
Total Pages : 254 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (1 download)

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Book Synopsis Interpreting Communicative Language Teaching by : Sandra J. Savignon

Download or read book Interpreting Communicative Language Teaching written by Sandra J. Savignon and published by Yale University Press. This book was released on 2008-10-01 with total page 254 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The emergence of English as a global language, along with technological innovations and the growing need for learner autonomy, is changing language teaching rapidly and profoundly. With these changes come new demands and challenges for teaching education programs. This authoritative collection of writings highlights some of the best work being done today in the United States and abroad to make communicative competence an attainable goal. The contributors examine what has come to be known as communicative language teaching, or CLT, from the perspectives of teachers and teacher educators. The book documents current reform initiatives in Japan, the United States, Hong Kong, Taiwan, and continental Europe to provide a global perspective on language teaching for communicative competence. Four major themes recur throughout the volume: the multifaceted nature of language teaching; the highly contextualized nature of CLT; the futility of defining a “native speaker” in the postcolonial, postmodern world; and the overwhelming influence of high-stakes tests on language teaching. The book is a useful and valuable tool for language teachers, teacher educators, and policymakers.

Language Testing and Assessment

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9783319023267
Total Pages : pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (232 download)

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Book Synopsis Language Testing and Assessment by :

Download or read book Language Testing and Assessment written by and published by . This book was released on 19?? with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Revisiting the Assessment of Second Language Abilities: From Theory to Practice

Author : Sahbi Hidri
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 3319628844
Total Pages : 493 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (196 download)

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Book Synopsis Revisiting the Assessment of Second Language Abilities: From Theory to Practice by : Sahbi Hidri

Download or read book Revisiting the Assessment of Second Language Abilities: From Theory to Practice written by Sahbi Hidri and published by Springer. This book was released on 2018-01-12 with total page 493 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book presents an overview of revisiting the assessment of language abilities. It also showcases how the measurement of such constructs can result in negative or positive washback and how outcomes might be conducive to repercussions that decide on the future of many stakeholders. The 23 chapters were selected among tens of chapters received from different contexts that addressed the issue of revisiting the assessment of language abilities, such as Tunisia, Ukraine, Algeria, Russia, KSA, Sudan, Egypt, Canada, Kurdistan, UK, USA, Iran, Turkey, etc. These contexts have highlighted the necessity to revisit the different constructs which should be assessed with a clear and straightforward foundation on students’ learning objectives and their actual language ability. To do so, most of the chapters present hands-on use of relevant statistical tests that might serve in revisiting the construct definition both theoretically and operationally. Perhaps the sole and intricate question that the authors of these contributions ask is what it means to revisit the assessment of the construct of individualized language ability and how. In addition, the book accentuates the momentousness and significance of reflecting on test fairness and validation as the mainspring and backbone for democratization of assessment. This book appeals to a broad readership, such as English Language Teaching (ELT) practitioners, language teachers, students, testing organizations, policy-makers, test designers, writers of test specifications, testing experts, researchers, program evaluators, especially in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) as well as other international contexts.

English Language Teaching Research in the Middle East and North Africa

Author : Sahbi Hidri
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 3319985337
Total Pages : 732 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (199 download)

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Book Synopsis English Language Teaching Research in the Middle East and North Africa by : Sahbi Hidri

Download or read book English Language Teaching Research in the Middle East and North Africa written by Sahbi Hidri and published by Springer. This book was released on 2018-11-23 with total page 732 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This edited collection examines a range of English Language Teaching (ELT) research in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA). While the MENA context has witnessed considerable change in recent years, it has so far been under-represented in ELT research at both the regional and the international level. This book aims to fill that gap by surveying the current state of the field, examining in detail a range of issues and concepts, and suggesting future directions for further research. It will be of interest to ELT researchers and practitioners in general - not just those based in MENA contexts themselves.

Experimenting with Uncertainty

Author : C. Elder
Publisher : Cambridge University Press
ISBN 13 : 0521772540
Total Pages : 366 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (217 download)

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Book Synopsis Experimenting with Uncertainty by : C. Elder

Download or read book Experimenting with Uncertainty written by C. Elder and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2001-05-21 with total page 366 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A collection of 28 invited papers surveying the state of the art in language testing.

In Teachers' Hands

Author : Richard J. Stiggins
Publisher : SUNY Press
ISBN 13 : 9780791409312
Total Pages : 296 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (93 download)

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Book Synopsis In Teachers' Hands by : Richard J. Stiggins

Download or read book In Teachers' Hands written by Richard J. Stiggins and published by SUNY Press. This book was released on 1992-01-01 with total page 296 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book marks the starting point of a profound shift in assessment priorities, detailing the results of a decade-long program of research on classroom assessment environments. It demonstrates how important sound classroom assessments are to student well-being, and provides insights into the complex demands of day-to-day classroom assessment on teachers who have been taught little about assessment in their training programs. As a nation, we spend billions of dollars on educational assessment, including hundreds of millions for international and national assessments, and additional hundreds of millions for statewide testing programs. On top of these, the standardized tests that form the basis of district-wide testing programs represent a billion dollar industry. If we total all of these expensive highly-visible, politically-important assessments, we still account for less than one percent of all the assessments conducted in America's schools. The other 99 percent are conducted by teachers in their classrooms on a moment-to-moment, day-to-day, and week-to-week basis. Paradoxically, virtually all of our national, state, and local assessment resources are being devoted to research and development for large-scale assessments. This book provides specific action programs for improving the quality of the other 99 percent--the assessments that really drive what students learn and how they feel about it.

Consequential Validity of the Chinese Proficiency Test (HSK) from Macro and Micro Perspectives

Author : Shujiao Wang
Publisher : Cambridge Scholars Publishing
ISBN 13 : 1527576167
Total Pages : 205 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (275 download)

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Book Synopsis Consequential Validity of the Chinese Proficiency Test (HSK) from Macro and Micro Perspectives by : Shujiao Wang

Download or read book Consequential Validity of the Chinese Proficiency Test (HSK) from Macro and Micro Perspectives written by Shujiao Wang and published by Cambridge Scholars Publishing. This book was released on 2021-10-15 with total page 205 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This comprehensive study investigates the consequential validity of the central Chinese Proficiency Test- HSK from micro- (classroom) to macro- (society) perspectives. It advances the scope of validity studies and addresses pedagogical and methodological issues in Chinese as a Second/foreign/heritage (CSL) teaching and learning, but also complements efforts made to broaden the understanding of foreign language education. This work also provides implications for HSK’s future development and revision, and will also help HSK developers clarify how the test can be used and help the test users to build their assessment literacy.

Public Examinations Examined

Author : Thomas Kellaghan
Publisher : World Bank Publications
ISBN 13 : 1464814198
Total Pages : 282 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (648 download)

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Book Synopsis Public Examinations Examined by : Thomas Kellaghan

Download or read book Public Examinations Examined written by Thomas Kellaghan and published by World Bank Publications. This book was released on 2019-11-19 with total page 282 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: High-stakes public examinations exert a dominant influence in most education systems. They affect both teacher and student behavior, especially at the middle and upper levels of secondary education. The content of past examinations tends to dictate what is taught and how it is taught and, more important, what is learned and how it is learned. By changing aspects of these examinations, especially their content and format, education systems can have a strong positive impact on teacher behavior and student learning, help raise student achievement levels, and better prepare students for tertiary-level education and for employment. Examination agencies, many of which have followed the same procedures over decades, can learn from the successes and failures of other systems. This book addresses current issues related to the development, administration, scoring, and usage of these high-stakes public examinations, identifying key issues and problems related to examinations in many emerging market economies as well as in advanced economies. The book’s primary audience consists of public examination officials on national, regional, and state examination boards, but the book should also be of interest to senior education policy makers concerned with certification and learning achievement standards, to academics and researchers interested in educational assessment, to governmental and education agencies responsible for student selection, and to professionals at development organizations. “This extremely well-written and comprehensive book offers a timely review of the diversity of public examination practices worldwide; of the tensions between examinations and learning; and of the technical expertise involved in the creation of valid, reliable, and fair assessments. It reminds us that as “the diploma disease†? takes hold with an ever-greater intensity at every stage of education worldwide, and the commercial business of testing flourishes, those concerned with educational quality and meaningful learning must be on guard to prevent the assessment tail wagging the educational dog.†? Angela W. Little, Professor Emerita, Institute of Education, University College London “This book is very well structured and written and draws on the authors’ remarkable global knowledge across countries and histories. It will be a great asset both to administrators responsible for examinations and to academics and other professionals who seek to understand the nature and impact of examinations of different types and in different settings.†? Mark Bray, UNESCO Chair Professor of Comparative Education, University of Hong Kong; and former Director, UNESCO International Institute for Educational Planning “I am sure that Public Examinations Examined, which thoroughly analyzes the practice of public examinations in different countries and makes profound and well-grounded conclusions, will arouse very great interest and will serve to further improve public examinations.†? Victor Bolotov, Distinguished Professor, Higher School of Economics, National Research University, Moscow; member, Russian Academy of Education; and former Deputy Minister of Education, Russian Federation

Teacher Involvement in High-Stakes Language Testing

Author : Daniel Xerri
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 3319771779
Total Pages : 349 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (197 download)

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Book Synopsis Teacher Involvement in High-Stakes Language Testing by : Daniel Xerri

Download or read book Teacher Involvement in High-Stakes Language Testing written by Daniel Xerri and published by Springer. This book was released on 2018-04-27 with total page 349 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book advocates that teachers should play an active role in high-stakes language testing and that more weight should be given to teacher judgement. This is likely to increase the formative potential of high-stakes tests and provide teachers with a sense of ownership. The implication is that the knowledge and skills they develop by being involved in these tests will feed into their own classroom practices. The book also considers the arguments against teacher involvement, e.g. the contention that teacher involvement might entrench the practice of teaching to the test, or that teachers should not be actively involved in high-stakes language testing because their judgement is insufficiently reliable. Using contributions from a wide range of international educational contexts, the book proposes that a lack of reliability in teacher judgement is best addressed by means of training and not by barring educators from participating in high-stakes language testing. It also argues that their involvement in testing helps teachers to bolster confidence in their own judgement and develop their assessment literacy. Moreover, teacher involvement empowers them to play a role in reforming high-stakes language testing so that it is more equitable and more likely to enhance classroom practices. High-stakes language tests that adopt such an inclusive approach facilitate more effective learning on the part of teachers, which ultimately benefits all their students.

Testing for Language Teachers

Author : Arthur Hughes
Publisher : Cambridge University Press
ISBN 13 : 0521484952
Total Pages : 263 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (214 download)

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Book Synopsis Testing for Language Teachers by : Arthur Hughes

Download or read book Testing for Language Teachers written by Arthur Hughes and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2003 with total page 263 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This second edition remains the most practical guide to testing language. It has a new chapter on testing young learners.

Language Assessment Literacy

Author : Dina Tsagari
Publisher : Cambridge Scholars Publishing
ISBN 13 : 152754978X
Total Pages : 332 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (275 download)

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Book Synopsis Language Assessment Literacy by : Dina Tsagari

Download or read book Language Assessment Literacy written by Dina Tsagari and published by Cambridge Scholars Publishing. This book was released on 2020-04-21 with total page 332 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The field of language testing and assessment has recognized the importance and underlying theoretical and practical underpinnings of language assessment literacy (LAL), an area that is gradually coming to prominence. This book addresses issues that promote the concept of LAL for language research, teaching, and learning, covering a range of topics. It brings together 14 chapters based on high-stakes and classroom-based studies authored by academics, professionals and researchers in the field. The text examines diverse issues through a multifaceted approach, presenting high-quality contributions that fill a gap in a research area that has long been in need of theoretical and empirical attention.

Evaluating Change in English Language Teaching

Author : J. Lamie
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 0230598633
Total Pages : 268 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (35 download)

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Book Synopsis Evaluating Change in English Language Teaching by : J. Lamie

Download or read book Evaluating Change in English Language Teaching written by J. Lamie and published by Springer. This book was released on 2005-09-20 with total page 268 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book is an exploration of the processes of change in English language teaching. In Part I the principles and strategies of change and factors affecting educational change are presented. Part II focuses on implementing change and looks at key implementation strategies and systemic and behavioural change, before introducing a new interpersonal model of change. Part III presents various ways in which change can be measured and evaluated with reference to contemporary research in English language teaching.