Video Coding

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High Efficiency Video Coding

Author : Mathias Wien
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 3662442760
Total Pages : 331 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (624 download)

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Book Synopsis High Efficiency Video Coding by : Mathias Wien

Download or read book High Efficiency Video Coding written by Mathias Wien and published by Springer. This book was released on 2014-09-29 with total page 331 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The video coding standard High Efficiency Video Coding (HEVC) targets at improved compression performance for video resolutions of HD and beyond, providing Ultra HD video at similar compressed bit rates as for HD video encoded with the well-established video coding standard H.264/AVC. Based on known concepts, new coding structures and improved coding tools have been developed and specified in HEVC. The standard is expected to be taken up easily by established industry as well as new endeavors, answering the needs of todays connected and ever-evolving online world. This book presents the High Efficiency Video Coding standard and explains it in a clear and coherent language. It provides a comprehensive and consistently written description, all of a piece. The book targets at both, newbies to video coding as well as experts in the field. While providing sections with introductory text for the beginner, it suits as a well-arranged reference book for the expert. The book provides a comprehensive reference for the technical details of the employed coding tools; it further outlines the algorithmic advances compared to H.264/AVC. In addition to the technical aspects, the book provides insight to the general concepts of standardization, how specification text is written, and how these concepts apply to the HEVC specification.

High Efficiency Video Coding (HEVC)

Author : Vivienne Sze
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 3319068954
Total Pages : 384 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (19 download)

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Book Synopsis High Efficiency Video Coding (HEVC) by : Vivienne Sze

Download or read book High Efficiency Video Coding (HEVC) written by Vivienne Sze and published by Springer. This book was released on 2014-08-23 with total page 384 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book provides developers, engineers, researchers and students with detailed knowledge about the High Efficiency Video Coding (HEVC) standard. HEVC is the successor to the widely successful H.264/AVC video compression standard, and it provides around twice as much compression as H.264/AVC for the same level of quality. The applications for HEVC will not only cover the space of the well-known current uses and capabilities of digital video – they will also include the deployment of new services and the delivery of enhanced video quality, such as ultra-high-definition television (UHDTV) and video with higher dynamic range, wider range of representable color, and greater representation precision than what is typically found today. HEVC is the next major generation of video coding design – a flexible, reliable and robust solution that will support the next decade of video applications and ease the burden of video on world-wide network traffic. This book provides a detailed explanation of the various parts of the standard, insight into how it was developed, and in-depth discussion of algorithms and architectures for its implementation.

Video Codec Design

Author : Iain E. Richardson
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 9780471485537
Total Pages : 318 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (855 download)

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Book Synopsis Video Codec Design by : Iain E. Richardson

Download or read book Video Codec Design written by Iain E. Richardson and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2002-05-22 with total page 318 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Codec-Algorithmen werden zur Kodierung und Dekodierung (oder Komprimierung und Dekomprimierung) von Daten wie Videofilmen benutzt, ohne daß die visuelle Qualität des dekodierten Bildes beeinträchtigt wird. Bekannt sind zum Beispiel Codecs zur Konvertierung von analoger Videosignale in komprimierte Videodateien wie MPEG. Dieses Lehrbuch vermittelt Ihnen einen Überblick über einschlägige Standards und Technologien, der Schwerpunkt liegt auf Fragen des Designs. Einleuchtende qualitative und quantitative Vergleiche von Systemalternativen werden anhand von Fallstudien vorgenommen.

Video Encoding by the Numbers

Author : Jan Lee Ozer
Publisher : Doceo Publishing
ISBN 13 : 9780998453002
Total Pages : 340 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (53 download)

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Book Synopsis Video Encoding by the Numbers by : Jan Lee Ozer

Download or read book Video Encoding by the Numbers written by Jan Lee Ozer and published by Doceo Publishing. This book was released on 2016-12-28 with total page 340 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Video Encoding by the Numbers helps readers optimize the quality and efficiency of their streaming video by objectively detailing the impact of critical configuration options with industry-standard quality metrics like PSNR and SSIMplus. This takes the guesswork out of most encoding decisions and allows readers to achieve the optimal quality/data rate tradeoff. In addition, readers learn how to use tools like the Moscow University Video Quality Measurement tool, SSIMWave Quality of Experience Monitor, and FFmpeg to perform similar quality tests on their own videos. Because all videos encode differently, the tests detailed in the book involve eight different videos, including movie footage, animations, talking head footage, a music video, and Powerpoint and Camtasia-based videos. Readers first learn how to determine the ideal data rate for their videos at different resolutions. Then the book covers configuration options like bitrate control (CBR, VBR) that impacts quality and deliverability, and I-Frame, B-Frame, and reference frame decisions that impact quality and encoding time. The next three chapters focus on codec-specific configurations like Profile and preset for H.264 and HEVC, and the various configuration options available for Google's VP9. Next the book details how to choose an adaptive bitrate (ABR) technology, how to create an encoding ladder, and the most efficient ways to encode and package video into different ABR formats. Working off the groundbreaking work by Netflix and YouTube, the final chapter teaches the reader how a use per-title encoding with their own videos to create the ideal encoding ladder for each video in their library. Each chapter concludes with a section detailing how to configure the options discussed with FFmpeg, a preferred tool for high-volume video producers, including packaging into HLS and DASH formats (the latter with MP4Box). Overall readers learn how to optimally configure their encoding ladders and how to produce their videos with FFmpeg.

The H.264 Advanced Video Compression Standard

Author : Iain E. Richardson
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 1119965306
Total Pages : 357 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (199 download)

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Book Synopsis The H.264 Advanced Video Compression Standard by : Iain E. Richardson

Download or read book The H.264 Advanced Video Compression Standard written by Iain E. Richardson and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2011-08-24 with total page 357 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: H.264 Advanced Video Coding or MPEG-4 Part 10 is fundamental to a growing range of markets such as high definition broadcasting, internet video sharing, mobile video and digital surveillance. This book reflects the growing importance and implementation of H.264 video technology. Offering a detailed overview of the system, it explains the syntax, tools and features of H.264 and equips readers with practical advice on how to get the most out of the standard. Packed with clear examples and illustrations to explain H.264 technology in an accessible and practical way. Covers basic video coding concepts, video formats and visual quality. Explains how to measure and optimise the performance of H.264 and how to balance bitrate, computation and video quality. Analyses recent work on scalable and multi-view versions of H.264, case studies of H.264 codecs and new technological developments such as the popular High Profile extensions. An invaluable companion for developers, broadcasters, system integrators, academics and students who want to master this burgeoning state-of-the-art technology. "[This book] unravels the mysteries behind the latest H.264 standard and delves deeper into each of the operations in the codec. The reader can implement (simulate, design, evaluate, optimize) the codec with all profiles and levels. The book ends with extensions and directions (such as SVC and MVC) for further research." Professor K. R. Rao, The University of Texas at Arlington, co-inventor of the Discrete Cosine Transform

Basic Prediction Techniques in Modern Video Coding Standards

Author : Byung-Gyu Kim
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 3319392417
Total Pages : 90 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (193 download)

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Book Synopsis Basic Prediction Techniques in Modern Video Coding Standards by : Byung-Gyu Kim

Download or read book Basic Prediction Techniques in Modern Video Coding Standards written by Byung-Gyu Kim and published by Springer. This book was released on 2016-06-21 with total page 90 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book discusses in detail the basic algorithms of video compression that are widely used in modern video codec. The authors dissect complicated specifications and present material in a way that gets readers quickly up to speed by describing video compression algorithms succinctly, without going to the mathematical details and technical specifications. For accelerated learning, hybrid codec structure, inter- and intra- prediction techniques in MPEG-4, H.264/AVC, and HEVC are discussed together. In addition, the latest research in the fast encoder design for the HEVC and H.264/AVC is also included.

Next-Generation Video Coding and Streaming

Author : Benny Bing
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 1119133327
Total Pages : 344 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (191 download)

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Book Synopsis Next-Generation Video Coding and Streaming by : Benny Bing

Download or read book Next-Generation Video Coding and Streaming written by Benny Bing and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2015-10-01 with total page 344 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Reviews the new High Efficiency Video Coding (HEVC) standard and advancements in adaptive streaming technologies for use in broadband networks and the Internet This book describes next-generation video coding and streaming technologies with a comparative assessment of the strengths and weaknesses. Specific emphasis is placed on the H.265/HEVC video coding standard and adaptive bit rate video streaming. In addition to evaluating the impact of different types of video content and powerful feature sets on HEVC coding efficiency, the text provides an in-depth study on the practical performance of popular adaptive streaming platforms and useful tips for streaming optimization. Readers will learn of new over-the-top (OTT) online TV advancements, the direction of the broadband telecommunications industry, and the latest developments that will help keep implementation costs down and maximize return on infrastructure investment. Reviews the emerging High Efficiency Video Coding (HEVC) standard and compares its coding performance with the MPEG-4 Advanced Video Coding (AVC) and MPEG-2 standards Provides invaluable insights into the intra and inter coding efficiencies of HEVC, such as the impact of hierarchical block partitioning and new prediction modes Evaluates the performance of the Apple and Microsoft adaptive streaming platforms and presents innovative techniques related to aggregate stream bandwidth prediction, duplicate chunk Includes end-of-chapter homework problems and access to instructor slides Next-Generation Video Coding and Streaming is written for students, researchers, and industry professionals working in the field of video communications. Benny Bing has worked in academia for over 20 years. He has published over 80 research papers and 12 books, and has 6 video patents licensed to industry. He has served as a technical editor for several IEEE journals and an IEEE Communications Society Distinguished lecturer. He also received the National Association of Broadcasters (NAB) Technology Innovation Award for demonstrations of advanced media technologies.

H.264 and MPEG-4 Video Compression

Author : Iain E. Richardson
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 0470869607
Total Pages : 306 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (78 download)

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Book Synopsis H.264 and MPEG-4 Video Compression by : Iain E. Richardson

Download or read book H.264 and MPEG-4 Video Compression written by Iain E. Richardson and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2004-02-06 with total page 306 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Following on from the successful MPEG-2 standard, MPEG-4 Visual is enabling a new wave of multimedia applications from Internet video streaming to mobile video conferencing. The new H.264 ‘Advanced Video Coding’ standard promises impressive compression performance and is gaining support from developers and manufacturers. The first book to cover H.264 in technical detail, this unique resource takes an application-based approach to the two standards and the coding concepts that underpin them. Presents a practical, step-by-step, guide to the MPEG-4 Visual and H.264 standards for video compression. Introduces the basic concepts of digital video and covers essential background material required for an understanding of both standards. Provides side-by-side performance comparisons of MPEG-4 Visual and H.264 and advice on how to approach and interpret them to ensure conformance. Examines the way that the standards have been shaped and developed, discussing the composition and procedures of the VCEG and MPEG standardisation groups. Focussing on compression tools and profiles for practical multimedia applications, this book ‘decodes’ the standards, enabling developers, researchers, engineers and students to rapidly get to grips with both H.264 and MPEG-4 Visual. Dr Iain Richardson leads the Image Communication Technology research group at the Robert Gordon University in Scotland and is the author of over 40 research papers and two previous books on video compression technology.

Advanced Video Coding Systems

Author : Wen Gao
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 3319142437
Total Pages : 244 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (191 download)

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Book Synopsis Advanced Video Coding Systems by : Wen Gao

Download or read book Advanced Video Coding Systems written by Wen Gao and published by Springer. This book was released on 2015-01-15 with total page 244 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book presents an overview of the state of the art in video coding technology. Specifically, it introduces the tools of the AVS2 standard, describing how AVS2 can help to achieve a significant improvement in coding efficiency for future video networks and applications by incorporating smarter coding tools such as scene video coding. Features: introduces the basic concepts in video coding, and presents a short history of video coding technology and standards; reviews the coding framework, main coding tools, and syntax structure of AVS2; describes the key technologies used in the AVS2 standard, including prediction coding, transform coding, entropy coding, and loop-filters; examines efficient tools for scene video coding and surveillance video, and the details of a promising intelligent video coding system; discusses optimization technologies in video coding systems; provides a review of image, video, and 3D content quality assessment algorithms; surveys the hot research topics in video compression.

Video Coding

Author : Luis Torres
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 0792396804
Total Pages : 434 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (923 download)

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Book Synopsis Video Coding by : Luis Torres

Download or read book Video Coding written by Luis Torres and published by Springer. This book was released on 1996-01-31 with total page 434 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In recent years there has been an increasing interest in Second Generation Image and Video Coding Techniques. These techniques introduce new concepts from image analysis that greatly improve the performance of the coding schemes for very high compression. This interest has been further emphasized by the future MPEG 4 standard. Second generation image and video coding techniques are the ensemble of approaches proposing new and more efficient image representations than the conventional canonical form. As a consequence, the human visual system becomes a fundamental part of the encoding/decoding chain. More insight to distinguish between first and second generation can be gained if it is noticed that image and video coding is basically carried out in two steps. First, image data are converted into a sequence of messages and, second, code words are assigned to the messages. Methods of the first generation put the emphasis on the second step, whereas methods of the second generation put it on the first step and use available results for the second step. As a result of including the human visual system, second generation can be also seen as an approach of seeing the image composed by different entities called objects. This implies that the image or sequence of images have first to be analyzed and/or segmented in order to find the entities. It is in this context that we have selected in this book three main approaches as second generation video coding techniques: Segmentation-based schemes Model Based Schemes Fractal Based Schemes £/LIST£ Video Coding: The Second Generation Approach is an important introduction to the new coding techniques for video. As such, all researchers, students and practitioners working in image processing will find this book of interest.

VLSI Design for Video Coding

Author : Youn-Long Steve Lin
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 1441909591
Total Pages : 181 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (419 download)

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Book Synopsis VLSI Design for Video Coding by : Youn-Long Steve Lin

Download or read book VLSI Design for Video Coding written by Youn-Long Steve Lin and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2009-12-29 with total page 181 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: High definition video requires substantial compression in order to be transmitted or stored economically. Advances in video coding standards from MPEG-1, MPEG-2, MPEG-4 to H.264/AVC have provided ever increasing coding efficiency, at the expense of great computational complexity which can only be delivered through massively parallel processing. This book will present VLSI architectural design and chip implementation for high definition H.264/AVC video encoding, using a state-of-the-art video application, with complete VLSI prototype, via FPGA/ASIC. It will serve as an invaluable reference for anyone interested in VLSI design and high-level (EDA) synthesis for video.

Versatile Video Coding: Latest Advances in Video Coding Standards

Author : Ochoa Dominguez, Humberto
Publisher : River Publishers
ISBN 13 : 8770220476
Total Pages : 460 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (72 download)

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Book Synopsis Versatile Video Coding: Latest Advances in Video Coding Standards by : Ochoa Dominguez, Humberto

Download or read book Versatile Video Coding: Latest Advances in Video Coding Standards written by Ochoa Dominguez, Humberto and published by River Publishers. This book was released on 2019-03-08 with total page 460 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Video is the main driver of bandwidth use, accounting for over 80 per cent of consumer Internet traffic. Video compression is a critical component of many of the available multimedia applications, it is necessary for storage or transmission of digital video over today’s band-limited networks. The majority of this video is coded using international standards developed in collaboration with ITU-T Study Group and MPEG. The MPEG family of video coding standards begun on the early 1990s with MPEG-1, developed for video and audio storage on CD-ROMs, with support for progressive video. MPEG-2 was standardized in 1995 for applications of video on DVD, standard and high definition television, with support for interlaced and progressive video. MPEG-4 part 2, also known as MPEG-2 video, was standardized in 1999 for applications of low- bit rate multimedia on mobile platforms and the Internet, with the support of object-based or content based coding by modeling the scene as background and foreground. Since MPEG-1, the main video coding standards were based on the so-called macroblocks. However, research groups continued the work beyond the traditional video coding architectures and found that macroblocks could limit the performance of the compression when using high-resolution video. Therefore, in 2013 the high efficiency video coding (HEVC) also known and H.265, was released, with a structure similar to H.264/AVC but using coding units with more flexible partitions than the traditional macroblocks. HEVC has greater flexibility in prediction modes and transform block sizes, also it has a more sophisticated interpolation and de blocking filters. In 2006 the VC-1 was released. VC-1 is a video codec implemented by Microsoft and the Microsoft Windows Media Video (VMW) 9 and standardized by the Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers (SMPTE). In 2017 the Joint Video Experts Team (JVET) released a call for proposals for a new video coding standard initially called Beyond the HEVC, Future Video Coding (FVC) or known as Versatile Video Coding (VVC). VVC is being built on top of HEVC for application on Standard Dynamic Range (SDR), High Dynamic Range (HDR) and 360° Video. The VVC is planned to be finalized by 2020. This book presents the new VVC, and updates on the HEVC. The book discusses the advances in lossless coding and covers the topic of screen content coding. Technical topics discussed include: Beyond the High Efficiency Video CodingHigh Efficiency Video Coding encoderScreen contentLossless and visually lossless coding algorithmsFast coding algorithmsVisual quality assessmentOther screen content coding algorithmsOverview of JPEG Series

High Efficiency Video Coding and Other Emerging Standards

Author : K.R. Rao
Publisher : CRC Press
ISBN 13 : 1000794636
Total Pages : 319 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (7 download)

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Book Synopsis High Efficiency Video Coding and Other Emerging Standards by : K.R. Rao

Download or read book High Efficiency Video Coding and Other Emerging Standards written by K.R. Rao and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2022-09-01 with total page 319 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: High Efficiency Video Coding and Other Emerging Standards provides an overview of high efficiency video coding (HEVC) and all its extensions and profiles. There are nearly 300 projects and problems included, and about 400 references related to HEVC alone. Next generation video coding (NGVC) beyond HEVC is also described. Other video coding standards such as AVS2, DAALA, THOR, VP9 (Google), DIRAC, VC1, and AV1 are addressed, and image coding standards such as JPEG, JPEG-LS, JPEG2000, JPEG XR, JPEG XS, JPEG XT and JPEG-Pleno are also listed.Understanding of these standards and their implementation is facilitated by overview papers, standards documents, reference software, software manuals, test sequences, source codes, tutorials, keynote speakers, panel discussions, reflector and ftp/web sites – all in the public domain. Access to these categories is also provided.

CPT Professional 2022

Author : American Medical Association
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9781640160873
Total Pages : 1200 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (68 download)

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Book Synopsis CPT Professional 2022 by : American Medical Association

Download or read book CPT Professional 2022 written by American Medical Association and published by . This book was released on 2021-09-17 with total page 1200 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: CPT(R) 2022 Professional Edition is the definitive AMA-authored resource to help healthcare professionals correctly report and bill medical procedures and services.

Intelligent Image and Video Compression

Author : David R. Bull
Publisher : Elsevier
ISBN 13 : 0128203536
Total Pages : 608 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (282 download)

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Book Synopsis Intelligent Image and Video Compression by : David R. Bull

Download or read book Intelligent Image and Video Compression written by David R. Bull and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2021-04-09 with total page 608 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Previous edition: published as Communicating pictures by David R. Bull. 2014.

Image and Video Compression for Multimedia Engineering

Author : Yun-Qing Shi
Publisher : CRC Press
ISBN 13 : 1420007262
Total Pages : 580 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (2 download)

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Book Synopsis Image and Video Compression for Multimedia Engineering by : Yun-Qing Shi

Download or read book Image and Video Compression for Multimedia Engineering written by Yun-Qing Shi and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2017-12-19 with total page 580 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Multimedia hardware still cannot accommodate the demand for large amounts of visual data. Without the generation of high-quality video bitstreams, limited hardware capabilities will continue to stifle the advancement of multimedia technologies. Thorough grounding in coding is needed so that applications such as MPEG-4 and JPEG 2000 may come to fruition. Image and Video Compression for Multimedia Engineering provides a solid, comprehensive understanding of the fundamentals and algorithms that lead to the creation of new methods for generating high quality video bit streams. The authors present a number of relevant advances along with international standards. New to the Second Edition · A chapter describing the recently developed video coding standard, MPEG-Part 10 Advances Video Coding also known as H.264 · Fundamental concepts and algorithms of JPEG2000 · Color systems of digital video · Up-to-date video coding standards and profiles Visual data, image, and video coding will continue to enable the creation of advanced hardware, suitable to the demands of new applications. Covering both image and video compression, this book yields a unique, self-contained reference for practitioners tobuild a basis for future study, research, and development.

Image and Video Compression Standards

Author : Vasudev Bhaskaran
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 146156199X
Total Pages : 461 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (615 download)

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Book Synopsis Image and Video Compression Standards by : Vasudev Bhaskaran

Download or read book Image and Video Compression Standards written by Vasudev Bhaskaran and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 461 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: New to the Second Edition: offers the latest developments in standards activities (JPEG-LS, MPEG-4, MPEG-7, and H.263) provides a comprehensive review of recent activities on multimedia enhanced processors, multimedia coprocessors, and dedicated processors, including examples from industry. Image and Video Compression Standards: Algorithms and Architectures, Second Edition presents an introduction to the algorithms and architectures that form the underpinnings of the image and video compressions standards, including JPEG (compression of still-images), H.261 and H.263 (video teleconferencing), and MPEG-1 and MPEG-2 (video storage and broadcasting). The next generation of audiovisual coding standards, such as MPEG-4 and MPEG-7, are also briefly described. In addition, the book covers the MPEG and Dolby AC-3 audio coding standards and emerging techniques for image and video compression, such as those based on wavelets and vector quantization. Image and Video Compression Standards: Algorithms and Architectures, Second Edition emphasizes the foundations of these standards; namely, techniques such as predictive coding, transform-based coding such as the discrete cosine transform (DCT), motion estimation, motion compensation, and entropy coding, as well as how they are applied in the standards. The implementation details of each standard are avoided; however, the book provides all the material necessary to understand the workings of each of the compression standards, including information that can be used by the reader to evaluate the efficiency of various software and hardware implementations conforming to these standards. Particular emphasis is placed on those algorithms and architectures that have been found to be useful in practical software or hardware implementations. Image and Video Compression Standards: Algorithms and Architectures, emSecond Edition uniquely covers all major standards (JPEG, MPEG-1, MPEG-2, MPEG-4, H.261, H.263) in a simple and tutorial manner, while fully addressing the architectural considerations involved when implementing these standards. As such, it serves as a valuable reference for the graduate student, researcher or engineer. The book is also used frequently as a text for courses on the subject, in both academic and professional settings.