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Validation Of Preference Assessment Involving Persons With Varying Degrees Of Multiple Disabilities Through Contingent And Non Contingent Stimulus Use In Daily Activity Routines
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Book Synopsis Validation of Preference Assessment Involving Persons with Varying Degrees of Multiple Disabilities Through Contingent and Non-contingent Stimulus Use in Daily Activity Routines by : Vanetta R. LaRosa
Download or read book Validation of Preference Assessment Involving Persons with Varying Degrees of Multiple Disabilities Through Contingent and Non-contingent Stimulus Use in Daily Activity Routines written by Vanetta R. LaRosa and published by . This book was released on 2007 with total page 253 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: One of the most challenging issues confronting individuals with severe/profound and multiple disabilities and their caretakers is the identification of stimulus preferences or reinforcing stimuli. Methodologies used to identify stimulus preferences typically rely on the individual emitting a selection response such as choosing stimuli from an array of options. For some individuals, however, this identification is difficult or impossible due to sensory disabilities and the lack of reliable voluntary responses. As an alternative, this study conducted a three phase investigation of preference identification and use within activities of daily living instruction. In Phase 1, experienced caregiver recommendations of stimulus preferences were obtained for each of three severely or profoundly disabled children or young adults. In Phase 2, the validity of the presumed preferences was evaluated by conducting structured observations of participants' mood in the presence of different stimuli, including caregiver recommended and randomly selected stimuli. In Phase 3, an alternating treatments multiple-baseline single subject design was used to evaluate antecedent (noncontingent), consequent (contingent), and combined antecedent-consequent access to the most preferred stimuli as part of the students' Adaptive Daily Living (ADL) training. Dependent measures collected during these observations included mood, cooperativeness, and success at achieving ADL target behaviors. Results of the study generally supported the expectations that (a) caregivers' recommendations, obtained through a structured interview (the RAISD), were accurate predictors of stimuli that raised participants' mood; (b) access to the stimuli during ADL training improved mood, cooperativeness, and success compared to these measures at Baseline; (c) antecedent presentation of the stimuli was as effective as consequent presentation, and (d) the combination of both was best overall. Identifying and presenting potent positive reinforcers by means of the techniques described here should serve the dual purpose of improving quality of life and improving progress in federally-mandated training programs.
Book Synopsis Single Subject Designs in Biomedicine by : Janine E. Janosky
Download or read book Single Subject Designs in Biomedicine written by Janine E. Janosky and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2009-07-07 with total page 132 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Single Subject Designs in Biomedicine draws upon the rich history of single case research within the educational and behavioral research settings and extends the application to the field of biomedicine. Biomedical illustrations are used to demonstrate the processes of designing, implementing, and evaluating a single subject design. Strengths and limitations of various methodologies are presented, along with specific clinical areas of application in which these applications would be appropriate. Statistical and visual techniques for data analysis are also discussed. The breadth and depth of information provided is suitable for medical students in research oriented courses, primary care practitioners and medical specialists seeking to apply methods of evidence practice to improve patient care, and medical researchers who are expanding their methodological expertise to include single subject designs. Increasing awareness of the utility in the single subject design could enhance treatment approach and evaluation both in biomedical research and medical care settings.
Book Synopsis Effects of Different Assessors on Mulitple Stimulus Without Replacement Preference Assessments by : Stevee Sakuda
Download or read book Effects of Different Assessors on Mulitple Stimulus Without Replacement Preference Assessments written by Stevee Sakuda and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page 58 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Preference assessments have been proven to be an effective assessment that is often used to determine preferences for individuals with developmental disabilities. The multiple stimulus without replacement preference assessment was used with typically developing children. The current study compared assessors of the preference assessments: familiar and non-familiar. There were five participants exposed to a total of ten sessions. The researcher wanted to see if there was a consistency among the rank order of the items chosen across sessions with the familiar person administering the preference assessment. The researcher also wanted to see if the items chosen as reinforcers were different when the familiar person was the assessor compared to the non-familiar person. The results of the current did not support the hypothesis due to the variability between the rank orders of the items chosen and the assessors. There are several limitations that may have contributed to the findings that were discussed such as not using a reinforcer assessment to confirm the validity of the reinforcing value of the selected item.
Book Synopsis A Comparison of Engagement-based Stimulus Preference Assessments (SPA) by : Rebecca Duke
Download or read book A Comparison of Engagement-based Stimulus Preference Assessments (SPA) written by Rebecca Duke and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page 65 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Preference assessments are effective assessments that can be used to determine preferences for individuals with developmental disabilities. The two preference assessment methods are: approach-based and engagement-based. Engagement-based preference assessments are shorter in duration and associated with fewer problem behaviors when compared to approach-based assessments. The two types of engagement-based preference assessments are single-stimulus and multiple-stimulus engagement preference assessments. The current study compared outcomes of the single-stimulus engagement (SSE) and multiple-stimulus engagement (MSE) preference assessment methods to determine reinforcing value of the items identified during both assessments and occurrences of problem behavior. The results of the preference assessments also demonstrated that the MSE preference assessment was associated with lower occurrences of problem behavior in comparison to the SSE preference assessment. Also, the reinforcer assessments demonstrated that items never engaged with during the MSE preference assessment did act as moderately effective reinforcers for all four participants. The items engaged with at moderate to high levels during the SSE preference assessment did not act as effective reinforcers for two out of the four participants when tested for reinforcing value. There are several limitations that may have contributed to the findings that are discussed..
Book Synopsis Evaluation of a Self-instructional Manual for Conducting Paired-stimulus Preference Assessment with Individuals with Developmental Disabilities by : Carly Chand
Download or read book Evaluation of a Self-instructional Manual for Conducting Paired-stimulus Preference Assessment with Individuals with Developmental Disabilities written by Carly Chand and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Ample research has shown that direct preference assessment is an effective method for identifying reinforcers for people with developmental disabilities with limited communication skills. Research has also shown that self-instructional manuals are an effective and efficient means for teaching individuals to implement a variety of procedures with individuals with developmental disabilities. I prepared a self-instructional manual to teach individuals to conduct a paired-stimulus (PS) direct preference assessment procedure. I used a concurrent modified multiple-baseline design across participants, combined with an unbalanced crossover design between groups, to evaluate the effectiveness of the manual to teach staff and university students to conduct the assessment. The manual was compared to a description of the assessment procedure adapted from the method sections of published research articles. Four university students and six staff members who work with individuals with developmental disabilities participated. None of the participants had previous experience conducting direct preference assessments. No participant met mastery criterion during simulated preference assessments before training. All participants met mastery criterion (80% correct or higher during a PS preference assessment) after studying the self-instructional manual. No participants met mastery after studying the method description adapted from published studies; participants subsequently met mastery criteria following study of the manual. Across all phases of the study, staff members performed with slightly higher accuracy than students. Training time required to master the self-instructional manual averaged 43 min. Participants' performance remained at high levels during follow-up and generalization sessions. Participants also rated the self-instructional manual more favourably than the method description on a social validity questionnaire. The self-instructional manual offers an efficient, low-cost alternative to face-to-face training for teaching individuals to conduct paired-stimulus preference assessments.
Book Synopsis Evaluating Stimulus Inclusion Methods in Multiple-stimulus Without Replacement Preference Assessments by : Sara Jeglum
Download or read book Evaluating Stimulus Inclusion Methods in Multiple-stimulus Without Replacement Preference Assessments written by Sara Jeglum and published by . This book was released on 2020 with total page 166 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Multiple-stimulus without replacement preference assessments (MSWO) have been well-documented in the literature as evidence-based methods of identifying possible reinforcers to occasion desired behavior (e.g., task completion) for individuals with and without disabilities. Stimuli included in the MSWO are typically chosen through structured interviews, arbitrary experimenter selection, observation, informal interview with caregivers or teachers, or self-report. Based on systematic review on preference assessments with adolescents with autism or developmental disabilities, stimuli for the MSWO are primarily selected based on informal report by relevant stakeholders, or inclusion procedures are not specified. Only two out of thirty studies used student self-report of preferences to identify stimuli for inclusion. While MSWOs are efficacious, the methods by which the initial stimuli are selected for an MSWO array are highly variable or not described in the extant literature, limiting the effectiveness of interventions.This study sought to elucidate a standard for stimulus inclusion methods for adolescents with autism and other developmental disabilities. Using a single-case multi-element design, four adolescent boys with autism completed MSWOs based on the various methods of identifying stimuli for the array. Reinforcer assessments were conducted to verify the most effective stimulus inclusion procedure. The identified highest preferred stimuli were delivered contingent on completion of each participant's individualized academic work. Task performance was compared using percentage of differentiation. A social validity measure was administered to stakeholders.Results indicated that for all four participants, informants endorsed vastly different stimuli for inclusion in MSWOs. When comparing these stimuli, however, there was no differentiation in the reinforcer assessment for time to task completion. One participant engaged in rates of noncompliance that differentiated between informants and the control condition. Therefore, no uniform standard for stimulus selection was identified. Acceptability data indicate that all participants were satisfied with the preference assessment procedures and found that making choices was important for the adolescents. These results suggest that it is incumbent upon those who work with adolescents on the spectrum to gather report from multiple informants to ascertain an appropriate range of possible reinforcers. Factors contributing to the efficacy of various stimulus inclusion methods are discussed.
Book Synopsis Evaluation of the Rate of Challenging Behavior Maintained by Different Reinforcers Across Three Preference Assessments by : Soyeon Kang
Download or read book Evaluation of the Rate of Challenging Behavior Maintained by Different Reinforcers Across Three Preference Assessments written by Soyeon Kang and published by . This book was released on 2011 with total page 180 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Preference is commonly incorporated into educational interventions for individuals with developmental disabilities. Preference assessments have a solid research base indicating that they are more reliable tools for finding preference than the subjective opinions of parents and teachers. As evidence-based practices have been emphasized, the preference assessment has been a regular component of interventions and instructional programs for the population. Along with the utility, research regarding the assessment and relevant variables has also increased. However, many questions still exist and wait for more inquiry. One of the practical issues is the occurrence of challenging behaviors of individuals with disabilities during preference assessments. Highly occurring challenging behavior during an assessment may interrupt the procedure and lead to inaccurate results about the individual's preference. That may ultimately affect the effectiveness of the intervention or instructional program. Using a procedure that does not evoke challenging behavior is necessary for accurate results as well as ethically responsible. Therefore this study examined the relation between functions of challenging behavior and three commonly used preference assessment procedures: Paired-Stimulus (PS), Multiple-Stimulus without Replacement (MSWO), and Free-Operant (FO). This study had two phases: Functional analyses and preference assessments. First, functional analyses were conducted to identify the function of challenging behaviors. The participants were nine children with developmental disabilities whose functional analysis results indicated their challenging behavior was maintained by access to tangible items (5), attention (2), and escape (2) reinforcers. After identifying the behaviors' functions, preference assessments were implemented to compare the rates of the challenging behaviors. Each preference assessment format was conducted 5 times, in a random order for each participant. The results of the study demonstrate that the occurrence of challenging behavior with different functions was different depending on procedure formats. This suggests that there would be a relation between functions of challenging behavior and preference assessment formats. In other words, depending on the function of challenging behavior, the assessment procedure may act as a trigger evoking the challenging behavior. This study discussed practical guidance to prevent challenging behavior during preference assessments.
Book Synopsis Essential for Living by : Patrick McGreevy
Download or read book Essential for Living written by Patrick McGreevy and published by . This book was released on 2014-09-20 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis The Effects of Skill Training on Preference for Individuals with Severe to Profound Multiple Disabilities by : Anuradha Salil Kumar Dutt
Download or read book The Effects of Skill Training on Preference for Individuals with Severe to Profound Multiple Disabilities written by Anuradha Salil Kumar Dutt and published by . This book was released on 2010 with total page 101 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Behavioral researchers have investigated procedures for identifying preferred items for individuals with varying levels of developmental disabilities. Some researchers in this area have reported difficulties in identifying preferred items for individuals with severe to profound multiple disabilities (spmd), in part because the individuals may not possess the motor skills needed to select and manipulate the items included within the assessment. The purpose of the current study was to address three research questions: Would differences in preference patterns be observed if individuals with spmd could activate toys with a motor response that is within their repertoire (I.E., press a large microswitch to activate the toy) versus when they are required to perform a motor response that may not be within their repertoire (E.G., sliding knobs, twisting dials to activate a toy)? Would teaching specific skills to activate a toy result in increased toy engagement and a shift in preference toward directly operating the toy? Would teaching the participant a motor response to activate the toy directly affect the levels of microswitch engagement observed? Data were collected within a combination multiple baseline (across 2 participants) and multielement (across conditions) design. The results of this study showed that (a) differences in preference were observed when different measures of assessing preferences were conducted, (b) acquisition of specific motor skills resulted in an increase in preference toward directly manipulating items, and (c) acquisition of motor skills also resulted in a decrease in activating items via microswitches. These results extend the preference assessment literature by showing that the motor skills present within an individual's current repertoire may affect the results of preference assessments for individuals with spmd. [The dissertation citations contained here are published with the permission of ProQuest llc. Further reproduction is prohibited without permission. Copies of dissertations may be obtained by Telephone (800) 1-800-521-0600. Web page: http://www.proquest.com/en-US/products/dissertations/individuals.shtml.].
Book Synopsis Naturalistic Developmental Behavioral Interventions for Autism Spectrum Disorder by : Yvonne Bruinsma
Download or read book Naturalistic Developmental Behavioral Interventions for Autism Spectrum Disorder written by Yvonne Bruinsma and published by Brookes Publishing Company. This book was released on 2020 with total page 436 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book is the first to offer a comprehensive overview of Naturalistic Developmental Behavioral Interventions (NDBI), which are evidence-based interventions that integrate both behavioral and developmental approaches in the treatment of children with Autism Spectrum Disorder.
Book Synopsis Teaching Individuals to Conduct Paired-stimulus Preference Assessments for Persons with Developmental Disabilities Using Computer-aided Instruction by : Chelsey Michalyshyn
Download or read book Teaching Individuals to Conduct Paired-stimulus Preference Assessments for Persons with Developmental Disabilities Using Computer-aided Instruction written by Chelsey Michalyshyn and published by . This book was released on 2019 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Stimulus preference assessments are evidence-based methods for identifying preferred items and potential reinforcers for individuals with intellectual and developmental disabilities. In Experiment 1, the effectiveness of a Paired-Stimulus Self-Instructional Manual, delivered online using the Computer-Aided Personalized System of Instruction (CAPSI), with added videos, was evaluated. In a concurrent multiple-probe design across four groups of undergraduate university students, no participant met the mastery criterion (80%) on written knowledge tests or during simulated assessments, during baseline or after reading a method description adapted from the published literature. However, 11 of the 12 participants met mastery following the online self-instructional training package. Participants improved from a mean performance accuracy of 45.3% in baseline to a mean of 92.4% at post-CAPSI on written knowledge tests, and from a mean performance accuracy of 26.5% in baseline to 85.4% during post-CAPSI simulated assessments. Generalization assessments conducted 7 to 14 days post-CAPSI, showed that all participants performed above the mastery criterion (M = 93.3%). In Experiment 2, the online training package was implemented and managed by an Autism Consultant in a clinical setting for children with autism spectrum disorder, to teach Autism Tutors to carry out the procedure. In a concurrent multiple-probe design across three Autism Tutors, all met and exceeded the mastery criterion (80%) at post-CAPSI on both written knowledge tests and simulated assessments. Mean performance on written knowledge tests improved from 55.7% in baseline to 94.3% at post-CAPSI, and mean performance on simulated assessments improved from 31.8% in baseline to 90% at post-CAPSI. Generalization assessments conducted 7 to 14 days post-CAPSI showed that all Autism Tutors performed above the mastery criterion (M = 88.7%). The online training package was rated highly on social validity assessments in both experiments.
Book Synopsis Transforming the Workforce for Children Birth Through Age 8 by : National Research Council
Download or read book Transforming the Workforce for Children Birth Through Age 8 written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2015-07-23 with total page 587 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Children are already learning at birth, and they develop and learn at a rapid pace in their early years. This provides a critical foundation for lifelong progress, and the adults who provide for the care and the education of young children bear a great responsibility for their health, development, and learning. Despite the fact that they share the same objective - to nurture young children and secure their future success - the various practitioners who contribute to the care and the education of children from birth through age 8 are not acknowledged as a workforce unified by the common knowledge and competencies needed to do their jobs well. Transforming the Workforce for Children Birth Through Age 8 explores the science of child development, particularly looking at implications for the professionals who work with children. This report examines the current capacities and practices of the workforce, the settings in which they work, the policies and infrastructure that set qualifications and provide professional learning, and the government agencies and other funders who support and oversee these systems. This book then makes recommendations to improve the quality of professional practice and the practice environment for care and education professionals. These detailed recommendations create a blueprint for action that builds on a unifying foundation of child development and early learning, shared knowledge and competencies for care and education professionals, and principles for effective professional learning. Young children thrive and learn best when they have secure, positive relationships with adults who are knowledgeable about how to support their development and learning and are responsive to their individual progress. Transforming the Workforce for Children Birth Through Age 8 offers guidance on system changes to improve the quality of professional practice, specific actions to improve professional learning systems and workforce development, and research to continue to build the knowledge base in ways that will directly advance and inform future actions. The recommendations of this book provide an opportunity to improve the quality of the care and the education that children receive, and ultimately improve outcomes for children.
Book Synopsis Verbal Behavior by : Burrhus Frederic Skinner
Download or read book Verbal Behavior written by Burrhus Frederic Skinner and published by New York : Appleton-Century-Crofts. This book was released on 1957 with total page 478 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Ledyard Stebbins, 94 (obituary). by :
Download or read book Ledyard Stebbins, 94 (obituary). written by and published by . This book was released on 2000 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Guidelines for the Care and Use of Mammals in Neuroscience and Behavioral Research by : National Research Council
Download or read book Guidelines for the Care and Use of Mammals in Neuroscience and Behavioral Research written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2003-08-22 with total page 223 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Expanding on the National Research Council's Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals, this book deals specifically with mammals in neuroscience and behavioral research laboratories. It offers flexible guidelines for the care of these animals, and guidance on adapting these guidelines to various situations without hindering the research process. Guidelines for the Care and Use of Mammals in Neuroscience and Behavioral Research offers a more in-depth treatment of concerns specific to these disciplines than any previous guide on animal care and use. It treats on such important subjects as: The important role that the researcher and veterinarian play in developing animal protocols. Methods for assessing and ensuring an animal's well-being. General animal-care elements as they apply to neuroscience and behavioral research, and common animal welfare challenges this research can pose. The use of professional judgment and careful interpretation of regulations and guidelines to develop performance standards ensuring animal well-being and high-quality research. Guidelines for the Care and Use of Mammals in Neuroscience and Behavioral Research treats the development and evaluation of animal-use protocols as a decision-making process, not just a decision. To this end, it presents the most current, in-depth information about the best practices for animal care and use, as they pertain to the intricacies of neuroscience and behavioral research.
Book Synopsis Handbook of Developmental Disabilities by : Samuel L. Odom
Download or read book Handbook of Developmental Disabilities written by Samuel L. Odom and published by Guilford Press. This book was released on 2009-01-21 with total page 673 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This authoritative handbook reviews the breadth of current knowledge about developmental disabilities: neuroscientific and genetic foundations; the impact on health, learning, and behavior; and effective educational and clinical practices. Leading authorities analyze what works in intervening with diverse children and families, from infancy through the school years and the transition to adulthood. Chapters present established and emerging approaches to promoting communication and language abilities, academic skills, positive social relationships, and vocational and independent living skills. Current practices in positive behavior support are discussed, as are strategies for supporting family adaptation and resilience.
Book Synopsis Effects of Teaching Generalized Identity Matching on Picture Preference Assessment for Persons with Developmental Disabilities by : Chelsey Alycia Michalyshyn
Download or read book Effects of Teaching Generalized Identity Matching on Picture Preference Assessment for Persons with Developmental Disabilities written by Chelsey Alycia Michalyshyn and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Research suggests that individuals with severe developmental disabilities are able to indicate preferences during direct preference assessments with objects. However, they may not have the discrimination skills to respond effectively to pictures. Recent research has begun to focus on identifying and teaching individuals the skills needed to indicate their preferences using pictures, due to the practical advantages of presenting choices with pictures versus objects. Further, it has been suggested that generalized identity matching may be associated with successful performance during picture preference assessments. The present study evaluated whether teaching generalized identity matching with pictures would lead to improved performance on picture preference assessments. Two adults, one male and one female, diagnosed with moderate to severe mental retardation, with limited to no speech, and varying degrees of physical impairments participated in the study. Before training, participants were able to indicate their preferences using objects but not with pictures and they were unable to perform generalized identity matching. Participants were trained on an object-picture matching-to-sample relation in a multiple baseline across tasks design. Individual data showed that neither Participant 1 nor Participant 2 met the pass criterion (80% or higher correct responses) on at least one generalized identity matching task after one training task was taught. Further, both participants showed improved concordance between preference assessments using objects and pictures of the same objects after mastering one training task respectively. These findings were independent of the accuracy of responding during the generalized identity matching post-assessment for each participant. These results suggest that the ability to respond accurately on generalized picture-picture identity matching tasks may not be related to performance on picture preference assessments (i.e., for individuals to indicate their preferences with pictures).
