Vague Objects

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Vague Objects and Vague Identity

Author : Ken Akiba
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 940077978X
Total Pages : 357 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (7 download)

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Book Synopsis Vague Objects and Vague Identity by : Ken Akiba

Download or read book Vague Objects and Vague Identity written by Ken Akiba and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2014-03-18 with total page 357 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This unique anthology of new, contributed essays offers a range of perspectives on various aspects of ontic vagueness. It seeks to answer core questions pertaining to onticism, the view that vagueness exists in the world itself. The questions to be addressed include whether vague objects must have vague identity, and whether ontic vagueness has a distinctive logic, one that is not shared by semantic or epistemic vagueness. The essays in this volume explain the motivations behind onticism, such as the plausibility of mereological vagueness and indeterminacy in quantum mechanics and they offer various arguments both for and against ontic vagueness; onticism is also compared with other, competing theories of vagueness such as semanticism, the view that vagueness exists only in our linguistic representation of the world. Gareth Evans’s influential paper of 1978, “Can There Be Vague Objects?” gave a simple but cogent argument against the coherence of ontic vagueness. Onticism was subsequently dismissed by many. However, in recent years, researchers have become aware of the logical gaps in Evans’s argument and this has triggered a new wave of interest in onticism. Onticism is now widely regarded as at least a coherent view. Reflecting this growing consensus, the present anthology for the first time puts together essays that are focused on onticism and its various facets and it fills in the lacuna in the literature on vagueness, a much-discussed subject in contemporary philosophy.

Vagueness

Author : Rosanna Keefe
Publisher : MIT Press
ISBN 13 : 0262112256
Total Pages : 363 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (621 download)

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Book Synopsis Vagueness by : Rosanna Keefe

Download or read book Vagueness written by Rosanna Keefe and published by MIT Press. This book was released on 1996 with total page 363 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Vagueness is currently the subject of vigorous debate in the philosophy of logic and language. Vague terms-such as "tall", "red", "bald", and "tadpole" -- have borderline cases (arguably, someone may be neither tall nor not tall); and they lack well-defined extensions (there is no sharp boundary between tall people and the rest). The phenomenon of vagueness poses a fundamental challenge to classical logic and semantics, which assumes that propositions are either true or false and that extensions are determinate. Another striking problem to which vagueness gives rise is the sorites paradox. If you remove one grain from a heap of sand, surely you must be left with a heap. Yet apply this principle repeatedly as you remove grains one by one, and you end up, absurdly, with a solitary grain that counts as a heap. This anthology collects papers in the field. After an introduction that surveys the field, the essays form four groups, starting with some historically notable pieces. The 1970s saw an explosion of interest in vagueness, and the second group of essays reprints classic papers from this period. The following group of papers represent current work on the logic and semantics of vagueness. The essays in the final group are contributions to the continuing debate about vague objects and vague identity.

Vagueness in Context

Author : Stewart Shapiro
Publisher : Oxford University Press on Demand
ISBN 13 : 0199280398
Total Pages : 241 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (992 download)

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Book Synopsis Vagueness in Context by : Stewart Shapiro

Download or read book Vagueness in Context written by Stewart Shapiro and published by Oxford University Press on Demand. This book was released on 2006-01-05 with total page 241 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Stewart Shapiro's aim in Vagueness in Context is to develop both a philosophical and a formal, model-theoretic account of the meaning, function, and logic of vague terms in an idealized version of a natural language like English. It is a commonplace that the extensions of vague terms vary with such contextual factors as the comparison class and paradigm cases. A person can be tall with respect to male accountants and not tall (even short) with respect to professionalbasketball players. The main feature of Shapiro's account is that the extensions (and anti-extensions) of vague terms also vary in the course of a conversation, even after the external contextual features, such as the comparison class, are fixed. A central thesis is that in some cases, a competent speaker ofthe language can go either way in the borderline area of a vague predicate without sinning against the meaning of the words and the non-linguistic facts. Shapiro calls this open texture, borrowing the term from Friedrich Waismann.The formal model theory has a similar structure to the supervaluationist approach, employing the notion of a sharpening of a base interpretation. In line with the philosophical account, however, the notion of super-truth does not play a central role in the development of validity. The ultimate goal of the technical aspects of the work is to delimit a plausible notion of logical consequence, and to explore what happens with the sorites paradox.Later chapters deal with what passes for higher-order vagueness - vagueness in the notions of 'determinacy' and 'borderline' - and with vague singular terms, or objects. In each case, the philosophical picture is developed by extending and modifying the original account. This is followed with modifications to the model theory and the central meta-theorems.As Shapiro sees it, vagueness is a linguistic phenomenon, due to the kinds of languages that humans speak. But vagueness is also due to the world we find ourselves in, as we try to communicate features of it to each other. Vagueness is also due to the kinds of beings we are. There is no need to blame the phenomenon on any one of those aspects.

Vagueness as Arbitrariness

Author : Sagid Salles
Publisher : Springer Nature
ISBN 13 : 3030667812
Total Pages : 206 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (36 download)

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Book Synopsis Vagueness as Arbitrariness by : Sagid Salles

Download or read book Vagueness as Arbitrariness written by Sagid Salles and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2021-03-12 with total page 206 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book proposes a new solution to the problem of vagueness. There are several different ways of addressing this problem and no clear agreement on which one is correct. The author proposes that it should be understood as the problem of explaining vague predicates in a way that systematizes six intuitions about the phenomenon and satisfies three criteria of adequacy for an ideal theory of vagueness. The third criterion, which is called the “criterion of precisification”, is the most controversial one. It is based on the intuition that a predicate is vague only if it is imprecise. The author considers some different definitions of linguistic imprecision, proposing that a predicate is imprecise if and only if there is no sharp boundary between objects to which its application yields some particular truth-value and objects to which its application does not yield that truth-value. The volume critically reviews the current theories of vagueness and proposes a new one, the Theory of Vagueness as Arbitrariness, which defines a vague predicate as an arbitrary predicate that must be precisified in order to contribute to a sentence that has truth-conditions. The main advantages of this theory over the current alternatives are that it satisfies all three criteria and systematizes the relevant intuitions.

Vague Objects

Author : Ólafur Páll Jónsson
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 145 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (496 download)

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Book Synopsis Vague Objects by : Ólafur Páll Jónsson

Download or read book Vague Objects written by Ólafur Páll Jónsson and published by . This book was released on 2001 with total page 145 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: (Cont.) However, ontological vagueness has met strong objections. It has been argued that it is a fallacy of verbalism, that it is inconsistent and that once formulated in a consistent way it is not distinguishable from the linguistic view. These objections can be met, but not without cost. To avoid the charge of being inconsistent, friends of the ontological view have to give up the law of excluded middle. A positive account of vague parthood has two parts. First, parthood is not primitive but dependent on other primitive facts. The most important of the primitive facts are facts about to what kinds objects belong and how objects are causally related. Second, sometimes the primitive facts fail do determine of two objects whether one is part of the other. Given a notion of vague parthood, a notion of vague object can be defined roughly in the following way: An object 0 is vague iff there is an object a such that it is indeterminate whether a is part of 0.

Eliminativism, Objects, and Persons

Author : Jiri Benovsky
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 0429816618
Total Pages : 289 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (298 download)

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Book Synopsis Eliminativism, Objects, and Persons by : Jiri Benovsky

Download or read book Eliminativism, Objects, and Persons written by Jiri Benovsky and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2018-09-03 with total page 289 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In Eliminativism, Objects, and Persons, Jiri Benovsky defends the view that he doesn't exist. In this book, he also defends the view that this book itself doesn't exist. But this did not prevent him to write the book, and although in Benovsky's view you don't exist either, this does not prevent you to read it. Benovsky defends a brand of non-exceptionalist eliminativism. Some eliminativists, typically focusing on ordinary material objects such as chairs and hammers, make exceptions, for instance for blue whales (that is, living beings) or for persons (that is, conscious organisms). Benovsky takes one by one all types of allegedly existing objects like chairs, whales, and persons and shows that from the metaphysical point of view they are more trouble than they are worth—we are much better off without them. He thus defends an eliminativist view about ordinary objects as well as the 'no-Self' view, where he explores connections between metaphysics, phenomenology, and Buddhist thought. He then also considers the case of aesthetic objects, focusing on musical works and photographs, and shows that the claim of their non-existence solves the many problems that arise when one tries to find an appropriate ontological category for them, and that such an eliminativist view is more natural than what we might have thought. The arguments provided here are always topic-specific: each type of entity is given its own type of treatment, thus proving a varied and solid foundation for a generalized, non-exceptionalist, full-blown eliminativist worldview.

Vagueness

Author : Delia Graff
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1351876198
Total Pages : 473 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (518 download)

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Book Synopsis Vagueness by : Delia Graff

Download or read book Vagueness written by Delia Graff and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2017-09-08 with total page 473 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Vagueness, volume XX, contains twenty-seven essays, with issues covered including: nihilism, phenomenal sorites, degrees of truth, epistemicism, higher-order vagueness, contextualism, and intuitionism. Written by leading contemporary philosophers, these essays will be of interest to researchers in philosophy of language, philosophical logic, metaphysics and epistemology; as well as those in natural language semantics, artificial intelligence and cognitive science more generally. A substantial introduction written by the editors provides a guide to the topic and to the essays in the volume.

A Modern Introduction to Fuzzy Mathematics

Author : Apostolos Syropoulos
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 1119445280
Total Pages : 382 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (194 download)

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Book Synopsis A Modern Introduction to Fuzzy Mathematics by : Apostolos Syropoulos

Download or read book A Modern Introduction to Fuzzy Mathematics written by Apostolos Syropoulos and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2020-07-28 with total page 382 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Provides readers with the foundations of fuzzy mathematics as well as more advanced topics A Modern Introduction to Fuzzy Mathematics provides a concise presentation of fuzzy mathematics., moving from proofs of important results to more advanced topics, like fuzzy algebras, fuzzy graph theory, and fuzzy topologies. The authors take the reader through the development of the field of fuzzy mathematics, starting with the publication in 1965 of Lotfi Asker Zadeh's seminal paper, Fuzzy Sets. The book begins with the basics of fuzzy mathematics before moving on to more complex topics, including: Fuzzy sets Fuzzy numbers Fuzzy relations Possibility theory Fuzzy abstract algebra And more Perfect for advanced undergraduate students, graduate students, and researchers with an interest in the field of fuzzy mathematics, A Modern Introduction to Fuzzy Mathematics walks through both foundational concepts and cutting-edge, new mathematics in the field.

The Theory of the Knowledge Square: The Fuzzy Rational Foundations of the Knowledge-Production Systems

Author : Kofi Kissi Dompere
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 3642311199
Total Pages : 232 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (423 download)

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Book Synopsis The Theory of the Knowledge Square: The Fuzzy Rational Foundations of the Knowledge-Production Systems by : Kofi Kissi Dompere

Download or read book The Theory of the Knowledge Square: The Fuzzy Rational Foundations of the Knowledge-Production Systems written by Kofi Kissi Dompere and published by Springer. This book was released on 2012-08-28 with total page 232 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The monograph is about a meta-theory of knowledge-production process and the logical pathway that connects the epistemic possibility to the epistemic reality. It examines the general conditions of paradigms for information processing and isolates the classical and fuzzy paradigms for comparative analysis. The sets of conditions that give rise to them are defined, stated and analyzed to abstract the corresponding sets of laws of thought. The fuzzy paradigm with its corresponding logic and mathematics is related to inexact symbolism for the defective information structure where the results of the knowledge production must satisfy the epistemic conditionality, composed of fuzzy conditionality and fuzzy-stochastic conditionality under the principle of logical duality with continuum. The classical paradigm with its corresponding logic and mathematics is related to exact symbolism for exact information structure where the vagueness component of the defectiveness is assumed away, and where the results of the knowledge production must satisfy no epistemic conditionality or at the maximum only the stochastic conditionality under the principle of logical dualism with excluded middle. It is argued that the epistemic path that links ontological space to the epistemological space is information. The ontological space is taken as the primary category of reality while the epistemological space is shone to be a derivative. Such information is universally defective and together with assumptions imposed guides the development of paradigms with their laws of thought, logic of reasoning, mathematics and computational techniques. The relational structure is seen in terms of logical trinity with a given example as matter-information-energy transformational trinity which is supported by the time trinity of past-present-future relationality. The book is written for professionals, researchers and students working in philosophy of science, decision-choice theories, economies, sciences, computer science, engineering, cognitive psychology and researchers working on, or interested in fuzzy paradigm, fuzzy logic, fuzzy decisions, and phenomena of vagueness and ambiguities, fuzzy mathematics, fuzzy-stochastic processes and theory of knowledge. It is further aimed at research institutions and libraries. The subject matter belongs to extensive research and development taking place on fuzzy phenomena and the debate between the fuzzy paradigm and the classical paradigm relative to informatics, synergetic science and complexity theory. The book will have a global appeal and across disciplines. Its strength, besides the contents, is the special effort that is undertaken to make it relevant and accessible to different areas of sciences and knowledge production.

Types

Author : Eddy M. Zemach
Publisher : BRILL
ISBN 13 : 9789004095007
Total Pages : 360 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (95 download)

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Book Synopsis Types by : Eddy M. Zemach

Download or read book Types written by Eddy M. Zemach and published by BRILL. This book was released on 1992 with total page 360 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book is based on two new nominalistic theses: first, that material things (houses, cats, people, symphonies, and also hair, milk, red, and love) are recurrent types, and second, that things are ontologically incomplete. Using these ideas, simple solutions are offered to a plethora of questions in ontology, philosophy of mind, and aesthetics.

Sociative Logics and Their Applications: Essays by the Late Richard Sylvan

Author : Dominic Hyde
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1351723723
Total Pages : 441 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (517 download)

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Book Synopsis Sociative Logics and Their Applications: Essays by the Late Richard Sylvan by : Dominic Hyde

Download or read book Sociative Logics and Their Applications: Essays by the Late Richard Sylvan written by Dominic Hyde and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2017-11-01 with total page 441 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This title was first published in 2003. Richard Sylvan died in 1996, he had made contributions to many areas of philosophy, such as, relevant and paraconsistent logic, Meinongianism and metaphysics and environmental ethics. One of his "trademarks" was the taking up of unpopular views and defending them. To Richard Sylvan ideas were important, wether they were his or not. This is a book of ideas, based on a collection of work found after his death, a chance for readers to see his vision of his projects. This collected works represents material drafted between 1982 and 1996, and the theme is that a small band of logics, namely pararelevant logics, offer solutions to many problems, puzzles and paradoxes in the philosophy of science.

Second Philosophy

Author : Penelope Maddy
Publisher : Oxford University Press
ISBN 13 : 0199273669
Total Pages : 461 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (992 download)

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Book Synopsis Second Philosophy by : Penelope Maddy

Download or read book Second Philosophy written by Penelope Maddy and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2007-04-19 with total page 461 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Many philosophers these days consider themselves naturalists, but it's doubtful any two of them intend the same position by the term. In this book, Penelope Maddy describes and practises a particularly austere form of naturalism called 'Second Philosophy'. Without a definitive criterion for what counts as 'science' and what doesn't, Second Philosophy can't be specified directly - 'trust only the methods of science!' or some such thing - so Maddy proceeds instead by illustratingthe behaviours of an idealized inquirer she calls the 'Second Philosopher'. This Second Philosopher begins from perceptual common sense and progresses from there to systematic observation, active experimentation, theory formation and testing, working all the while to assess, correct and improve hermethods as she goes. Second Philosophy is then the result of the Second Philosopher's investigations.Maddy delineates the Second Philosopher's approach by tracing her reactions to various familiar skeptical and transcendental views (Descartes, Kant, Carnap, late Putnam, van Fraassen), comparing her methods to those of other self-described naturalists (especially Quine), and examining a prominent contemporary debate (between disquotationalists and correspondence theorists in the theory of truth) to extract a properly second-philosophical line of thought. She then undertakes to practise SecondPhilosophy in her reflections on the ground of logical truth, the methodology, ontology and epistemology of mathematics, and the general prospects for metaphysics naturalized.

The Soul Hypothesis

Author : Mark C. Baker
Publisher : Bloomsbury Publishing USA
ISBN 13 : 1441199497
Total Pages : 303 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (411 download)

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Book Synopsis The Soul Hypothesis by : Mark C. Baker

Download or read book The Soul Hypothesis written by Mark C. Baker and published by Bloomsbury Publishing USA. This book was released on 2010-12-16 with total page 303 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: What do we mean when we speak about the soul? What are the arguments for the existence of the soul as distinct from the physical body? Do animals have souls? What is the difference between the mind and the soul? The Soul Hypothesis brings together experts from philosophy, linguistics and science to discuss the validity of these questions in the modern world. They contend that there is an aspect of the nature of human beings that is not reducible to the matter that makes up our bodies. This perspective is part of a family of views traditionally classified in philosophy as substance dualism, and has something serious in common with the ubiquitous human belief in the soul. The Soul Hypothesis presents views from a range of sciences and the resulting big picture shows, more clearly than could a single author with one area of expertise, that there is room for a soul hypothesis.

Philosophical Papers: Volume 3, Realism and Reason

Author : Hilary Putnam
Publisher : Cambridge University Press
ISBN 13 : 9780521313940
Total Pages : 334 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (139 download)

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Book Synopsis Philosophical Papers: Volume 3, Realism and Reason by : Hilary Putnam

Download or read book Philosophical Papers: Volume 3, Realism and Reason written by Hilary Putnam and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 1983-04-29 with total page 334 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This is the third volume of Hilary Putnam's philosophical papers, published in paperback for the first time. The volume contains his major essays from 1975 to 1982, which reveal a large shift in emphasis in the 'realist' position developed in his earlier work. While not renouncing those views, Professor Putnam has continued to explore their epistemological consequences and conceptual history. He now, crucially, sees theories of truth and of meaning that derive from a firm notion of reference as inadequate.

Vagueness

Author : Rosanna Keefe
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9780262276887
Total Pages : 352 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (768 download)

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Book Synopsis Vagueness by : Rosanna Keefe

Download or read book Vagueness written by Rosanna Keefe and published by . This book was released on 1996 with total page 352 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Vagueness is currently the subject of vigorous debate in the philosophy of logic and language. Vague terms-such as "tall", "red", "bald", and "tadpole"--have borderline cases (arguably, someone may be neither tall nor not tall); and they lack well-defined extensions (there is no sharp boundary between tall people and the rest). The phenomenon of vagueness poses a fundamental challenge to classical logic and semantics, which assumes that propositions are either true or false and that extensions are determinate. Another striking problem to which vagueness gives rise is the sorites paradox. If you remove one grain from a heap of sand, surely you must be left with a heap. Yet apply this principle repeatedly as you remove grains one by one, and you end up, absurdly, with a solitary grain that counts as a heap. This anthology collects papers in the field. After an introduction that surveys the field, the essays form four groups, starting with some historically notable pieces. The 1970s saw an explosion of interest in vagueness, and the second group of essays reprints classic papers from this period. The following group of papers represent current work on the logic and semantics of vagueness. The essays in the final group are contributions to the continuing debate about vague objects and vague identity.

Terrain Vague

Author : PATRICK BARRON
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 113407154X
Total Pages : 456 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (34 download)

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Book Synopsis Terrain Vague by : PATRICK BARRON

Download or read book Terrain Vague written by PATRICK BARRON and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2013-08-15 with total page 456 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: As planners and designers have turned their attentions to the blighted, vacant areas of the city, the concept of "terrain vague," has become increasingly important. Terrain Vague seeks to explore the ambiguous spaces of the city -- the places that exist outside the cultural, social, and economic circuits of urban life. From vacant lots and railroad tracks, to more diverse interstitial spaces, this collection of original essays and cases presents innovative ways of looking at marginal urban space, with studies from the United States, Europe and the Middle East, from a diverse group of planners, geographers, and urban designers. Terrain Vague is a cooperative effort to redefine these marginal spaces as a central concept for urban planning and design. Presenting innovative ways of looking at marginal urban space, and focusing on its positive uses and aspects, the book will be of interest to all those wishing to understand our increasingly complex everyday surroundings, from planners, cultural theorists, and academics, to designers and architects.

Unruly Words

Author : Diana Raffman
Publisher : Oxford University Press, USA
ISBN 13 : 0199915105
Total Pages : 241 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (999 download)

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Book Synopsis Unruly Words by : Diana Raffman

Download or read book Unruly Words written by Diana Raffman and published by Oxford University Press, USA. This book was released on 2014-02 with total page 241 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In Unruly Words, Diana Raffman advances a new theory of vagueness which, unlike previous accounts, is genuinely semantic while preserving bivalence. According to this new approach, called the multiple range theory, vagueness consists essentially in a term's being applicable in multiple arbitrarily different, but equally competent, ways, even when contextual factors are fixed.