Using Soil Geospatial Properties And Environments To Explore Microbial Diversity

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Using Soil Geospatial Properties and Environments to Explore Microbial Diversity

Author : Sharon Faye Smith
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 348 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (124 download)

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Book Synopsis Using Soil Geospatial Properties and Environments to Explore Microbial Diversity by : Sharon Faye Smith

Download or read book Using Soil Geospatial Properties and Environments to Explore Microbial Diversity written by Sharon Faye Smith and published by . This book was released on 2020 with total page 348 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Soil microorganisms help maintain nutrient cycling, control carbon sequestration, impact plant productivity, and influence several soil chemical and physical properties; yet, the processes that control the microbial composition of soil and how environmental changes may affect the composition and activity of these organisms at different scales remains a difficult and intriguing puzzle for soil scientists, ecologists, and modelers. Wetlands are endangered and important ecosystems that provide several services, which are directly linked to soil function. However, few wetland assessments consider the soil environment and microbial ecology. Linking soil microbial community composition and distribution patterns to soil physio-chemical properties would provide fundamental information for the further exploration of how biogeochemical properties relate to ecosystem function, and pave the way towards developing new wetland success indicators. By using spatial ecology concepts along with soil metabarcoding, this research provides insight into the fungal and bacterial community composition and their relationship to the soil environment within a mounded wet prairie in southern United States. Generalized dissimilarity modeling (GDM), a form of nonlinear matrix regression, and amplicon metabarcoding was applied to simultaneously quantify the relative effects of geographic distance, elevation, and soil properties driving microbial community composition. The wet prairie surveyed in this research contained high spatial heterogeneity of soil chemical and physical properties, as well as distinct microtopography, which influenced the composition and diversity of soil microbial communities. The GDMs explained 28.3 and 41.5% of the total variation in bacterial and fungal beta diversity, respectively. Soil texture was an important and unexpected driver of both fungal and bacterial composition and diversity within the study site. Bacterial alpha diversity increased and fungal alpha diversity decreased with increasing sand content within the site. Sand content was also greatest on mounds in the site. Future wetland restoration studies should consider the influence of spatial heterogeneity of soil texture and micro-topography on microbial diversity, as it may affect the success of future restoration efforts. Understanding how soil microbial ecology connects to the soil environment at an ecosystem level can help inform future restoration practices, and can also be used to improve our predictive capabilities on a global scale for ecosystem services like carbon sequestration. The future applications of soil metagenomic data to infer ecosystem function and predict responses to a changing world are promising, but there are still many hurtles to overcome. While sequence databases are continuously growing, many metagenomic sequences still can't be aligned or assigned to a functional pathway. Thus, our ability to use metagenomic data for ecological models or to predict soil microbial response to climate change is dependent on continued efforts to characterize microbes and their associated environments.

Unravelling the Soil Microbiome

Author : Rama Kant Dubey
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 3030155161
Total Pages : 118 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (31 download)

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Book Synopsis Unravelling the Soil Microbiome by : Rama Kant Dubey

Download or read book Unravelling the Soil Microbiome written by Rama Kant Dubey and published by Springer. This book was released on 2019-05-24 with total page 118 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book explores the significance of soil microbial diversity to understand its utility in soil functions, ecosystem services, environmental sustainability, and achieving the sustainable development goals. With a focus on agriculture and environment, the book highlights the importance of the microbial world by providing state-of-the-art technologies for examining the structural and functional attributes of soil microbial diversity for applications in healthcare, industrial biotechnology, and bioremediation studies. In seven chapters, the book will act as a primer for students, environmental biotechnologists, microbial ecologists, plant scientists, and agricultural microbiologists. Chapter 1 introduces readers to the soil microbiome, and chapter 2 discusses the below ground microbial world. Chapter 3 addresses various methods for exploring microbial diversity, chapter 4 discusses the genomics methods, chapter 5 provides the metaproteomics and metatranscriptomics approaches and chapter 6 details the bioinformatics tools for soil microbial community analysis, and chapter 7 concludes the text with future perspectives on further soil microbial uses and applications.

Microbes in Land Use Change Management

Author : Jay Shankar Singh
Publisher : Elsevier
ISBN 13 : 0323858945
Total Pages : 611 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (238 download)

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Book Synopsis Microbes in Land Use Change Management by : Jay Shankar Singh

Download or read book Microbes in Land Use Change Management written by Jay Shankar Singh and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2021-08-20 with total page 611 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Microbes in Land Use Change Management details the various roles of microbial resources in management of land uses and how the microbes can be used for the source of income due to their cultivation for the purpose of biomass and bioenergy production. Using various techniques, the disturbed and marginal lands may also be restored eco-friendly in present era to fulfil the feeding needs of mankind around the globe. Microbes in Land Use Change Management provides standard and up to date information towards the land use change management using various microbial technologies to enhance the productivity of agriculture. Needless to say that Microbes in Land Use Change Management also considers the areas including generation of alternative energy sources, restoration of degraded and marginal lands, mitigation of global warming gases and next generation -omics technique etc. Land use change affects environment conditions and soil microbial community. Microbial population and its species diversity have influence in maintaining ecosystem balance. The study of changes of microbial population provides an idea about the variation occurring in a specific area and possibilities of restoration. Meant for a multidisciplinary audience Microbes in Land Use Change Management shows the need of next-generation omics technologies to explore microbial diversity. Describes the role of microbes in generation of alternative source of energy Gives recent information related to various microbial technology and their diversified applications Provides thorough insight in the problems related to landscape dynamics, restoration of soil, reclamation of lands mitigation of global warming gases etc. eco-friendly way using versatility of microbes Includes microbial tools and technology in reclamation of degraded, disturbed and marginal lands, mitigation of global warming gases

Ecology of the Elusive

Author : Lauren Alteio
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (114 download)

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Book Synopsis Ecology of the Elusive by : Lauren Alteio

Download or read book Ecology of the Elusive written by Lauren Alteio and published by . This book was released on 2019 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Soil is considered one of the most diverse ecosystems on Earth, harboring diversity of organisms across the three domains of life. It is spatially and chemically heterogeneous: properties that intertwine in a complex matrix to support organismal diversity and function across different scales. Soil microorganisms both respond to and drive changes in ecosystems through metabolic activities. A single gram of soil is teeming with millions of cells comprised of thousands of species. Much of this diversity remains uncharacterized due to technical and methodological challenges faced by soil ecologists. Due to the complex physicochemical properties of soil and cross-feeding interactions between organisms, it is difficult to culture microorganisms in isolation. The immense biological diversity of soils also reduces bioinformatic genome assembly efficiency, therefore obscuring the scope of diversity. As one of Earth's main reserviors of stored carbon, containing roughly one-third of carbon globally, terrestrial ecosystems may serve as a carbon source under future climate scenarios and drive further climate change. Despite challenges associated with the study of soil microorganisms, it remains critical to discover and describe diversity of microbial communities in soils if we are to understand resilience of our ecosystems to climate change. Surveys of microbial diversity and function in soil have been conducted using amplicon sequencing, metagenomics, and metatranscriptomics, however a large knowledge gap persists in the characterization of diversity and ecological niches of elusive microorganisms. These are organisms that are typically recalcitrant to laboratory culture, and may appear in relatively low abundance in soil communities or exhibit a high degree of population microheterogeneity, thereby resulting in poor representation in genome assemblies. The focus of my dissertation research is the application of complementary genomic techniques in order to uncover more of the previously unknown microbial diversity contained in forest soils, and link this diversity to higher-level ecosystem function. Much of what is known about soil diversity has been contributed through cultivation-independent investigations, however diversity estimates indicate that we are only beginning to scratch the surface of bacterial, archaeal, and viral diversity in forest soils. We are therefore vastly underestimating the roles these organisms play in biogeochemical processes, such as the release of CO2 to the atmosphere through respiration. However, the scope of microbial diversity and their suite of metabolic functions remain challenging to link to ecosystem level processes due to methodological limitations. For chapter 1 of my dissertation, I worked in collaboration with researchers at the University of Vienna using extensive literature searches to explore the different spatial scales at which we study microbial diversity and function with the goal of linking microorganisms and their role as drivers of higher level processes. This work suggests that the level at which microorganisms interact, termed the 'microbial consortium', is a key scale which provides insights into microbial diversity, function, and enables scaling up from the single cell to the ecosystem. In chapter 2, I applied complementary metagenomic techniques to the discovery of soil biological diversity, including bulk metagenomics and a pooled, cell-sorting approach coupled to high-throughput sequencing, termed mini-metagenomics. In combination, these approaches uncover the genetic diversity of elusive microorganisms at the Harvard Forest Long-Term Ecological Research (LTER) site. Together, these approaches have generated some of the highest quality metagenome assembled genomes (MAGs) to date from this LTER experimental site, and have revealed a swath of diversity beyond the organisms typically found in high abundance in the soil. I demonstrate how complementary metagenomic techniques facilitate the discovery of biological diversity by highlighting the expanded knowledge of potential intracellular bacteria in the phylum Bacteroidetes. In chapter 3, I characterize the metabolism of representatives in the phylum Acidobacteria subdivision 2, which are abundant in forest soils but have yet to be described as there are no available genome sequences in this taxonomic group. Finally, chapter 4 describes sixteen novel giant viruses which have been discovered in Harvard Forest soil for the first time in collaboration with researchers at the Joint Genome Institute. These expand knowledge of phylogenetic diversity of the nucelocytoplasmic large DNA viruses (NCLDV) by 21%, and further demonstrate the utility of complementary metagenomic approaches in uncovering diversity of elusive viral entities in addition to microbial life. Observed changes at Prospect Hill, the longest-running soil warming experimental site at Harvard Forest, reveal increases in soil microbial respiration, increases in nitrogen mineralization, decreases in soil organic matter and decreases in the overall microbial biomass of these soils in response to warming. Based on these findings, we can expect similar changes to occur at the Barre Woods warming experiment, which was established at the Harvard Forest LTER site in 2002. Additionally, we may anticipate similar changes in temperate forest soils as the Earth's climate changes and surface temperatures continue to rise. With these changes, the microbial community must change and adapt to shifting nutrient and substrate availability, moisture conditions and changing soil structure. This dissertation work supports our understanding of the expansion of niches for soil microorganisms with oligotrophic growth strategies and flexible metabolism. These traits will enable soil organisms to cope with a nutrient-limited environment that is predicted to occur in response to long-term climate change.

Microbial Communities of Polar and Alpine Soils

Author : Laura Zucconi
Publisher : Frontiers Media SA
ISBN 13 : 288971618X
Total Pages : 187 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (897 download)

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Book Synopsis Microbial Communities of Polar and Alpine Soils by : Laura Zucconi

Download or read book Microbial Communities of Polar and Alpine Soils written by Laura Zucconi and published by Frontiers Media SA. This book was released on 2021-11-10 with total page 187 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Soil Health and Environmental Sustainability

Author : Pravat Kumar Shit
Publisher : Springer Nature
ISBN 13 : 3031092708
Total Pages : 732 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (31 download)

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Book Synopsis Soil Health and Environmental Sustainability by : Pravat Kumar Shit

Download or read book Soil Health and Environmental Sustainability written by Pravat Kumar Shit and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2022-09-27 with total page 732 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book demonstrates the measurement, monitoring, mapping and modelling of soil pollution and land resources. This book explores state-of-the-art techniques based on open sources software & R statistical programming and modelling in modern geo-computation techniques specifically focusing on the recent trends in data mining/machine learning techniques and robust modelling in soil resources. Soil and agricultural systems are an integral part of the global environment and human well‐being, providing multiple goods and services essential for people worldwide and crucial for sustainable development. Soil contamination is an environmental hazard and has become a big issue related to environmental health. The challenge of the twenty-first century is to reduce the contaminant load and bring it to below permissible level. The contamination is not only a problem affecting local environments at the place of occurrence but also spreading to other regions because of easy transportation of pollutants. This leads to direct and indirect contamination of land and aquatic systems, surface water and groundwater, inducing significant risks for natural ecosystems. In this context, the spatial modelling, prediction, efficient use, risk assessment, protection and management of soil resources in the agriculture system are the key to achieving sustainable development goals and ensuring the promotion of an economically, socially and environmental sustainability future. The aim of this book on soil contaminants and environmental health: application of geospatial technology is to identify the soil and sediment quality, sources of contaminants and risk assessment and focuses on the decision-making and planning point of view through GIS data management techniques. This book covers major topics such as spatial modelling in soil and sediments pollution and remediation; radioactive wastes, microbiology of soil and sediments, soil salinity and sodicity, pollution from landfill sites, soil erosion and contamination from agricultural activities, heavy metal pollution and health risk; environmental impact and risk assessment, sustainable land use, landscape management and governance, soil degradation and risk assessment, agricultural soil pollution, pollution due to urban activities, soil pollution by industrial effluents and solid wastes, pollution control and mitigation in extreme environments. The content of this book is of interest to researchers, professionals and policy-makers whose work is in soil science and agriculture practices. The book equips with the knowledge and skills to tackle a wide range of issues manifested in geographic data, including those with scientific, societal and environmental implications.

Environmental Gradients Drive Biogeographic Patterns in Soil Microbial Communities

Author : Jieyun Wu
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 502 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (19 download)

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Book Synopsis Environmental Gradients Drive Biogeographic Patterns in Soil Microbial Communities by : Jieyun Wu

Download or read book Environmental Gradients Drive Biogeographic Patterns in Soil Microbial Communities written by Jieyun Wu and published by . This book was released on 2018 with total page 502 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: One of the central goals of the field of microbial biogeography is to better understand spatial patterns of microbial community diversity and how communities respond to gradients in environmental conditions, be they natural or anthropogenic in origin. The main aim of this thesis was to investigate how gradients in environmental conditions (i.e., across a mountain elevational gradient and across different land-use types) affect soil microbial community structure, diversity and functional traits, and to assess how these communities respond to differing environmental variables, using next-generation sequencing technologies. Elevation gradients are commonly used to explore impact climate impacts on biological communities since declines in temperature with increased elevation can generate substantial climate gradients over small spatial scales. However, inconsistent spatial patterns in soil bacterial community structure observed across elevation gradients imply that communities are affected by a variety of factors at different spatial scales. Here, I investigated the biogeography of soil bacteria across broad (i.e., a ~ 1500 m mountain elevation gradient) and fine sampling scales (i.e., both aspects of a mountain ridge) using 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Across equivalent distances, variation in bacterial community composition changed more with variation in site aspect than elevation. Bacterial community composition and richness were most strongly associated with soil pH, despite the large variability in multiple soil climate variables across the site. These findings highlight the need to incorporate knowledge of multiple factors, including site aspect and soil pH for the appropriate use of elevation gradients as a proxy to explore the impacts of climate change on microbial community composition. Similar to , inconsistent elevational patterns in soil fungal community diversity suggest that these communities are driven by a complex underlying mechanism. Thus, to enhance understanding of whether distinct biogeographic patterns can be distinguished between different microorganisms and how such gradients influence the potential interactions among individual taxa, I assessed variation in the co-occurrence of different fungal taxa at different elevations along the aforementioned mountain ridge, using fungal internal transcribed spacer (ITS1) DNA sequencing. Fungal community composition changed significantly along the gradient, and their co-occurrences were less frequent with increasing elevation. Such changes with elevation were associated with soil nutrient concentrations, likely driven by the relative ability of different taxa to compete for nutrients at different environmental concentrations. Evidence of nutrient-driven shifts in fungal community diversity and function in soil will enhance our understanding of underground nutrient cycling and the likely impacts of climate change and agricultural disturbance on soil microbial communities. To further explore gradients in the functional potential of soil bacterial communities along an elevation gradient, I devised a method to 'infer' metagenomics data from bacterial 16S rRNA gene sequences. I evaluated the applicability of my 'inferred metagenomics' approach, by comparing bacterial community composition derived from the original bacterial data to communities derived only from the 400 taxa for which genomic information is available. The results generated from these two datasets were highly similar, suggesting that the subset of 'inferred' community was largely reflective of that of the wider environmental community. Further analysis indicates that bacteria with larger genome size appear to prevail across the elevation gradient, suggesting that microorganisms might successfully cope with harsh or various environmental conditions by retaining a larger burden of potential genes and related functions. These findings highlight the potential for using inferred genomic information, based on bacterial 16S rRNA gene data, to generate a general functional trait-based picture of microbial biogeographical patterns. Apart from studies on elevational patterns of soil microbial communities, many other environmental gradients impact distributions of bacterial communities, including gradients of anthropogenic disturbance. Therefore, I studied how pastoral land management practices affect soil bacteria, both in agricultural soils and adjacent forest fragments along 21 transects bisecting pasture-forest boundaries. Decreased compositional dispersion of bacterial communities in the grazed pasture soils resulting in a net loss of diversity caused by community homogenisation after forest-to-pasture conversion. Additionally, a greater richness of pastureonly taxa for sites with a fence on the boundary between the two land uses revealed that boundary fences play an important role in protecting the integrity of soil bacterial communities in forests surrounded by agricultural land via restricting livestock invasion. The observed variation in bacterial community richness and composition was most related to changes in soil physicochemical variables commonly associated with agricultural fertilisation. Overall, my findings demonstrate clear, and potentially detrimental, effects of agricultural disturbance on bacterial communities in forest soils adjacent to pastoral land. This thesis reports the findings of a comprehensive evaluation of the impact of different environmental gradients on soil microbial community composition and functional potential, encompassing sample data collected across different spatial scales and land use types, as well as between different microbial phylogenetic groups. These results confirm that spatial patterns in both bacterial and fungal community structure are driven by various interacting environmental variables related with natural gradients or agricultural disturbances.

Soil Science in Italy

Author : Carmelo Dazzi
Publisher : Springer Nature
ISBN 13 : 3031527445
Total Pages : 671 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (315 download)

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Book Synopsis Soil Science in Italy by : Carmelo Dazzi

Download or read book Soil Science in Italy written by Carmelo Dazzi and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on with total page 671 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Wetland Biogeochemistry: Response to Environmental Change

Author : Fereidoun Rezanezhad
Publisher : Frontiers Media SA
ISBN 13 : 2889638456
Total Pages : 137 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (896 download)

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Book Synopsis Wetland Biogeochemistry: Response to Environmental Change by : Fereidoun Rezanezhad

Download or read book Wetland Biogeochemistry: Response to Environmental Change written by Fereidoun Rezanezhad and published by Frontiers Media SA. This book was released on 2020-07-09 with total page 137 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Microbial Diversity

Author : Oladele Ogunseitan
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 1405144483
Total Pages : 312 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (51 download)

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Book Synopsis Microbial Diversity by : Oladele Ogunseitan

Download or read book Microbial Diversity written by Oladele Ogunseitan and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2008-04-15 with total page 312 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book offers the first comprehensive, in-depth treatment of microbial diversity for undergraduate and graduate students. Using a global approach, Microbial Diversity illustrates the impact of microorganisms on ecological and Earth system phenomena. Accompanied by a devoted website with resources for both instructors and students: www.blackwellpublishing.com/ogunseitan Uses key ecological and global phenomena to show the continuity of microbial contribution. Illustrates the importance of microbial diversity for the understanding of global physiochemical and biological processes. Presents analyses of microscopic, culture, molecular, and phylogenetic systematic methods. Shows the relevance of microbial diversity to global environmental problems, such as climate change and ozone depletion. Features numerous illustrations, including over 60 4-color photographs of microbes.

The Role of Microbial Communities in Tropical Ecosystems

Author : Silvia Pajares
Publisher : Frontiers Media SA
ISBN 13 : 2889450678
Total Pages : 175 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (894 download)

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Book Synopsis The Role of Microbial Communities in Tropical Ecosystems by : Silvia Pajares

Download or read book The Role of Microbial Communities in Tropical Ecosystems written by Silvia Pajares and published by Frontiers Media SA. This book was released on 2017-01-13 with total page 175 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Tropical ecosystems are different in important ways from those of temperate regions. They are a major reservoir of plant and animal biodiversity and play important roles in global climate regulation and biogeochemical cycling. They are also under great threat due to the conversion of tropical ecosystems to other uses. Thus, in the context of global change, it is crucial to understand how environmental factors, biogeographic patterns, and land use changes interact to influence the structure and function of microbial communities in these ecosystems. The contributions to this Research Topic showcase the current knowledge regarding microbial ecology in tropical ecosystems, identify many challenges and questions that remain to be addressed and open up new horizons in our understanding of the environmental and anthropological factors controlling microbial communities in these important ecosystems.

Microbiology of Extreme Soils

Author : Patrice Dion
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 354074231X
Total Pages : 374 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (47 download)

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Book Synopsis Microbiology of Extreme Soils by : Patrice Dion

Download or read book Microbiology of Extreme Soils written by Patrice Dion and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2007-12-22 with total page 374 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume provides a comprehensive coverage of the principal extreme soil ecosystems of natural and anthropogenic origin. Extreme soils oppose chemical or physical limits to colonization by most soil organisms and present the microbiologist with exciting opportunities. Described here are a range of fascinating environments from permafrost to Martian soils. The book includes chapters on basic research in addition to applications in biotechnology and bioremediation.

GlobalSoilMap

Author : Dominique Arrouays
Publisher : CRC Press
ISBN 13 : 1138001198
Total Pages : 496 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (38 download)

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Book Synopsis GlobalSoilMap by : Dominique Arrouays

Download or read book GlobalSoilMap written by Dominique Arrouays and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2014-01-27 with total page 496 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: GlobalSoilMap: Basis of the global spatial soil information system contains contributions that were presented at the 1st GlobalSoilMap conference, held 7-9 October 2013 in Orléans, France. These contributions demonstrate the latest developments in the GlobalSoilMap project and digital soil mapping technology for which the ultimate aim is to produce a high resolution digital spatial soil information system of selected soil properties and their uncertainties for the entire world. GlobalSoilMap: Basis of the global spatial soil information system aims to stimulate capacity building and new incentives to develop full GlobalSoilMap products in all parts of the world.

Bacterial Diversity of Soil Irrigated with Gypsiferous Mine Water as Determined by Culture-dependent and -independent Techniques

Author : Lebohang Lieketseng Lekhanya
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (956 download)

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Book Synopsis Bacterial Diversity of Soil Irrigated with Gypsiferous Mine Water as Determined by Culture-dependent and -independent Techniques by : Lebohang Lieketseng Lekhanya

Download or read book Bacterial Diversity of Soil Irrigated with Gypsiferous Mine Water as Determined by Culture-dependent and -independent Techniques written by Lebohang Lieketseng Lekhanya and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In the past, the response of microbial populations to anthropogenic disturbances was studied using conventional methods based on cultivation of microorganisms and on measurement of their metabolic activities (Fantroussi et al., 1999). However, these culturing methods often account for a small proportion of the total microbial community (Ibekwe and Kennedy, 1998: Hill et al., 2000). To overcome this, molecular techniques were developed and these allowed for the analyses of microorganisms in their natural habitats. Analysis of the 16S rRNA molecule and its corresponding gene (16S rDNA) has been the most widely used approach in the last decade (Amman et al., 1995). Although molecular techniques based on PCR have been used to eliminate the bias of culturing methods, they also have their drawbacks (Wintzingerode et al., 1997: Kirk et al., 2004). As another alternative, Garland and Mills (1991) developed a rapid community-level physiological approach to study microbial communities. The use of the community-level approach to microorganisms provided an accurate and meaningful measure of the heterotrophic microbial community by measuring the community's metabolic abilities (Garland and Mills, 1991). Zak et al. (1994) used the method to study the functional diversity of microbial communities. The approach has been used to study the soil functional diversities in polluted or disturbed environments. Over the years, the application of gypsum in agriculture has received much attention. The gypsum has been used to ameliorate both acidic and alkali soils with elevated amounts of salinity (Suhayda et al., 1997: Sun et al., 2000). In these studies, the application of gypsum lead to changes in the soil chemical properties by causing a drastic increase in the amount of exchangeable calcium and sulphate and reduced the levels of exchangeable aluminium. It has been noted that high levels of aluminium and/or reduced amounts of calcium restrict root elongation and thus hindered the plants ability to access adequate water (Sun et al., 2000). Also, the replacement of sodium ions with calcium ions resulted in the flocculation of soil particles and improved the porous structure and water permeability of the soil (Suhayda et al., 1997). This study revealed that the application of the gypsiferous mine water did not have any negative impact on the bacterial communities. In fact, on average, the bacterial diversities were found to be higher in the gypsum-irrigated soils. This was most evident in pivot Major and Tweefontein, where the gypsum-irrigated soils were more diverse than the control soils. DGGE results from pivot Major and Tweefontein revealed a high level of bacterial diversity in gypsum-irrigated soils, as estimated by the number of dominant bands. Also, the number of heterotrophic bacteria in the gypsum-irrigated soils was one to two orders of magnitude higher than in the control soils. Principal component analysis performed on BIOLOG data showed that in both pivot Major and Tweefontein, the gypsum-irrigated soils were able to utilise a wider range of carbon sources as compared to their control counterparts. The bacterial communities in pivot Four appeared to be steady in both the gypsum-irrigated soils and the control soils. The number of visible DGGE bands was consistent between the gypsum-irrigated and the control soils. The heterotrophic bacterial counts in the gypsum-irrigated soils had an average of 273x106 cfu g-1 soil and those present in the control soils were slightly higher at 380x106 cfu g-1 soil. Principal component analysis revealed no differences in terms of substrate utilisation capabilities among the gypsum-irrigated soils and the control soils. All three techniques revealed no significant difference in community structures between soil profiles at 0-10 cm and 40-60 cm. The lack of difference could be attributed to the crops planted in all three pivots during sampling. The root system of Zea Maysplants enhanced microbial growth by exuding nutrients such as amino acids and sugars. In conclusion, the application of polyphasic approach proved successful in studying the response of soil bacterial communities to gypsiferous mine water. The use of both culture-dependent and culture-independent methods is recommended as the methods compensate each other's limitations and therefore provide a more detailed description of the community. In this study, the application of gypsiferous mine water did not have an adverse effect on the soil bacterial communities. In fact, the addition of gypsiferous mine water seemed to ameliorate the soil bacterial communities. However, further comprehensive study is needed to determine the response of bacterial communities to gypsiferous mine water over longer periods of time. 16S rDNA sequencing and analysis of DGGE bands should also be done to identify the bacterial species present in the gypsum-irrigated samples.

IMDC-SDSP 2020

Author : Raed Abd-Alhameed
Publisher : European Alliance for Innovation
ISBN 13 : 163190261X
Total Pages : 1619 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (319 download)

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Book Synopsis IMDC-SDSP 2020 by : Raed Abd-Alhameed

Download or read book IMDC-SDSP 2020 written by Raed Abd-Alhameed and published by European Alliance for Innovation. This book was released on 2020-09-09 with total page 1619 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: IMDC-SDSP conference offers an exceptional platform and opportunity for practitioners, industry experts, technocrats, academics, information scientists, innovators, postgraduate students, and research scholars to share their experiences for the advancement of knowledge and obtain critical feedback on their work. The timing of this conference coincides with the rise of Big Data, Artificial Intelligence powered applications, Cognitive Communications, Green Energy, Adaptive Control and Mobile Robotics towards maintaining the Sustainable Development and Smart Planning and management of the future technologies. It is aimed at the knowledge generated from the integration of the different data sources related to a number of active real-time applications in supporting the smart planning and enhance and sustain a healthy environment. The conference also covers the rise of the digital health, well-being, home care, and patient-centred era for the benefit of patients and healthcare providers; in addition to how supporting the development of a platform of smart Dynamic Health Systems and self-management.

Geospatial Information Handbook for Water Resources and Watershed Management, Volume I

Author : John G Lyon
Publisher : CRC Press
ISBN 13 : 1000798984
Total Pages : 228 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (7 download)

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Book Synopsis Geospatial Information Handbook for Water Resources and Watershed Management, Volume I by : John G Lyon

Download or read book Geospatial Information Handbook for Water Resources and Watershed Management, Volume I written by John G Lyon and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2022-12-21 with total page 228 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Volume I of Geospatial Information Handbook for Water Resources and Watershed Management discusses fundamental characteristics, measurements, and analyses of water features and watersheds including lakes and reservoirs, rivers and streams, and coasts and estuaries. It presents contemporary knowledge on Geospatial Technology (GT)–supported functional analyses of water runoff, storage and balance, flooding and floodplains, water quality, soils and moisture, climate vulnerabilities, and ecosystem services. Captures advanced Geospatial Technologies (GTs) addressing a wide range of water issues Provides real-world applications and case studies using advanced spectral and spatial sensors combined with geospatially facilitated water process models Details applications of ArcInfo/ArcGIS, Google Earth Engine, and other systems using advanced remote sensors, including hyperspectral ER2 AVIRIS, Sentinel-1 and -2, MODIS, Landsat 7 ETM+, Landsat 8 OLI and TIPS, SAR radar, and thermal imaging Global in coverage with applications contributed by more than 170 authors with lifelong expertise in water sciences and engineering This handbook is a wide-ranging and contemporary reference of advanced geospatial techniques used in numerous practical applications at the local and regional scales and is an in-depth resource for professionals and the water research community worldwide.

Validating Approaches for Studying Microbial Diversity to Characterize Communities from Roots of Populus Deltoides

Author : Migun Shakya
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 166 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (128 download)

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Book Synopsis Validating Approaches for Studying Microbial Diversity to Characterize Communities from Roots of Populus Deltoides by : Migun Shakya

Download or read book Validating Approaches for Studying Microbial Diversity to Characterize Communities from Roots of Populus Deltoides written by Migun Shakya and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page 166 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Microbial (archaeal, bacterial, and fungal) communities associated with plant roots are central to its health, survival, and growth. However, a robust understanding of root microbiota and the factors that govern their community structure and dynamics have remained elusive, especially in mature perennial plants from natural settings. Although the advent of Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) technologies have changed the scale of microbial ecological studies by enabling exhaustive characterization of microbial communities, the accuracy of taxonomic and quantitative inferences are affected by multiple experimental and computational steps and lack of knowledge of the true ecological diversity. To test for inaccuracies and biases, I assembled diverse bacterial and archaeal ‘synthetic communities’ from genomic DNAs of sequenced organisms. I tested and compared different approaches that included metagenomic and small subunit rRNA (SSU rRNA) amplicon sequencing. The outcome was dependent on primer pairs, analysis parameters, and sequencing platforms. Nevertheless, new approaches in processing and classifying amplicons were able to recapitulate microbial diversity with high reproducibility within primer sets, even though all tested primers sets showed taxon-specific biases. Consequently, inferences from ‘synthetic communities’ study were implemented in experimental design and analysis of microbial communities from roots of naturally occurring mature riparian plants of Populus deltoides. Thaumarchaeota, Proteobacteria and Ascomycota dominated the overall archaeal, bacterial, and fungal communities respectively. Further, I investigated relationships of bacterial and fungal communities in rhizosphere and endosphere with soil and environmental properties, host genotype, season, and geographic setting. The variation of bacterial and fungal communities between each sampled roots were explained on the basis of seasonal, soil properties, and geographical settings (4% to 23%), however, most variations remain unexplained. I also tested if rhizosphere of P. deltoides and mature trees in general select for higher diversity of archaea than surrounding soil. I discovered a slightly higher diversity of archaea in the trees compared to corresponding bulk soil, but the results were not specific to P. deltoides. In summary, this dissertation validates current microbial diversity approaches, characterizes microbial communities of an important plant, and decipher drivers that are controlling root associated community structure.