U.s. Department of Energy Electromagnetic Pulse Resilience Action Plan

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Publisher : Createspace Independent Publishing Platform
ISBN 13 : 9781978327627
Total Pages : 26 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (276 download)

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Book Synopsis U.s. Department of Energy Electromagnetic Pulse Resilience Action Plan by : U.s. Department of Energy

Download or read book U.s. Department of Energy Electromagnetic Pulse Resilience Action Plan written by U.s. Department of Energy and published by Createspace Independent Publishing Platform. This book was released on 2017-10-16 with total page 26 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Full color copy of U.S. Department of Energy Electromagnetic Pulse Resilience Action Plan. Electromagnetic pulses (EMPs) are intense pulses of electromagnetic energy resulting from solar-caused effects or man-made nuclear and pulse-power devices. Of these, nuclear EMP has the most ubiquitous effects because of the combination of its broadband nature and large area coverage. Nuclear EMP has the demonstrated potential to disrupt, damage, or destroy a wide variety of electrical and electronic equipment. The strength and area coverage of nuclear EMP environments depends on the warhead type and yield, and the altitude and latitude of the detonation. A nuclear device detonated at altitudes between 30 and 400 kilometers generates an EMP with amplitudes in the tens of kilovolts per meter with a radius of effects from hundreds to thousands of kilometers. This high-altitude EMP (also known as HEMP) effect couples to and can disable electrical and electronic systems in general, but poses the highest risks to long-line networks, including electric power and long-haul communications. Although an EMP is also generated by low altitude or surface bursts (referred to as source region EMP or SREMP), the affected area is localized compared to a HEMP. For this reason, this action plan focuses on larger-scale EMP events produced by high altitude detonations.

Strategies, Protections and Mitigations for Electric Grid Affets from Electro-Magnetic Pulse

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Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 41 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (946 download)

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Book Synopsis Strategies, Protections and Mitigations for Electric Grid Affets from Electro-Magnetic Pulse by :

Download or read book Strategies, Protections and Mitigations for Electric Grid Affets from Electro-Magnetic Pulse written by and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page 41 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The mission of DOE's Office of Electricity Delivery and Energy Reliability (OE) is to lead national efforts to modernize the electricity delivery system, enhance the security and reliability of America's energy infrastructure and facilitate recovery from disruptions to the energy supply. One of the threats OE is concerned about is a high-altitude electro-magnetic pulse (HEMP) from a nuclear explosion and eletro-magnetic pulse (EMP) or E1 pulse can be generated by EMP weapons. DOE-OE provides federal leadership and technical guidance in addressing electric grid issues. The Idaho National Laboratory (INL) was chosen to conduct the EMP study for DOE-OE due to its capabilities and experience in setting up EMP experiments on the electric grid and conducting vulnerability assessments and developing innovative technology to increase infrastructure resiliency. This report identifies known impacts to EMP threats, known mitigations and effectiveness of mitigations, potential cost of mitigation, areas for government and private partnerships in protecting the electric grid to EMP, and identifying gaps in our knowledge and protection strategies.

Vulnerabilities of the U. S. to an Electromagnetic Pulse Attack

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Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9781634844789
Total Pages : 232 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (447 download)

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Book Synopsis Vulnerabilities of the U. S. to an Electromagnetic Pulse Attack by : Maryanne Schneider

Download or read book Vulnerabilities of the U. S. to an Electromagnetic Pulse Attack written by Maryanne Schneider and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page 232 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The physical and social fabric of the United States is sustained by a system of systems; a complex and dynamic network of interlocking and interdependent infrastructures ("critical national infrastructures") whose harmonious functioning enables the myriad actions, transactions, and information flow that undergird the orderly conduct of civil society in this country. The vulnerability of these infrastructures to threats -- deliberate, accidental, and acts of nature -- is the focus of greatly heightened concern in the current era, a process accelerated by the events of 9/11 and recent hurricanes, including Katrina and Rita. This book presents the results of the Commission's assessment of the effects of a high altitude electromagnetic pulse (EMP) attack on our critical national infrastructures and provides recommendations for their mitigation. Moreover, as of July 2015, the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) reported taking several actions that could help address electromagnetic threats to the electric grid. This book also addresses the extent to which DHS has: taken action to address recommendations from the 2008 EMP Commission Report and coordinated with other principal federal agencies, such as DOE and industry stakeholders to mitigate risks to the electric grid from electromagnetic threats.

2011 Essential Guide to Electromagnetic Pulse (EMP) Attack - Reports of the EMP Commission on the Threat and Critical National Infrastructure - the Danger from High-Altitude Nuclear Explosions

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Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9781549550621
Total Pages : 263 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (56 download)

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Book Synopsis 2011 Essential Guide to Electromagnetic Pulse (EMP) Attack - Reports of the EMP Commission on the Threat and Critical National Infrastructure - the Danger from High-Altitude Nuclear Explosions by : Commission to Assess the Threat to the United States from Electromagnetic Pulse (EMP) Attack

Download or read book 2011 Essential Guide to Electromagnetic Pulse (EMP) Attack - Reports of the EMP Commission on the Threat and Critical National Infrastructure - the Danger from High-Altitude Nuclear Explosions written by Commission to Assess the Threat to the United States from Electromagnetic Pulse (EMP) Attack and published by . This book was released on 2017-08-21 with total page 263 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Comprehensive guide to the threat of an electromagnetic pulse (EMP) attack with a high-altitude nuclear weapon detonation, including both reports of the Commission to Assess the Threat to the United States from Electromagnetic Pulse (EMP) Attack (Executive Report and 2008 Critical Infrastructure Report), plus testimony given at hearings before the House of Representatives Committee on National Security, Military Research and Development Subcommittee, on the threat posed by EMP to U.S. military systems and civil infrastructure. The commission report abstract states: "Several potential adversaries have or can acquire the capability to attack the United States with a high-altitude nuclear weapon-generated electromagnetic pulse (EMP). A determined adversary can achieve an EMP attack capability without having a high level of sophistication. EMP is one of a small number of threats that can hold our society at risk of catastrophic consequences. EMP will cover the wide geographic region within line of sight to the nuclear weapon. It has the capability to produce significant damage to critical infrastructures and thus to the very fabric of US society, as well as to the ability of the United States and Western nations to project influence and military power. The common element that can produce such an impact from EMP is primarily electronics, so pervasive in all aspects of our society and military, coupled through critical infrastructures. Our vulnerability is increasing daily as our use of and dependence on electronics continues to grow. The impact of EMP is asymmetric in relation to potential protagonists who are not as dependent on modern electronics. The current vulnerability of our critical infrastructures can both invite and reward attack if not corrected. Correction is feasible and well within the Nation's means and resources to accomplish." Commission executive report contents include: Nature of the EMP Threat; Prevention; Protection and Recovery of Civilian Infrastructures; Strategy And Recommendations; Intelligence, Interdiction, and Deterrence; Protecting Critical Components of the Infrastructure; Maintaining the Capability to Monitor and Evaluate the Condition of Critical Infrastructures; Recognizing EMP Attack; Planning to Carry Out a Systematic Recovery of Critical Infrastructures; Training, Evaluating, Red Teaming, and Periodically Reporting to the Congress; Defining the Federal Government's Responsibility and Authority to Act; Recognizing the Opportunities for Shared Benefits; Conducting Research and Development Electric Power Infrastructure; Telecommunications; Importance of Assured Telecommunications; EMP Effects on Telecommunications; Recommended Mitigation Activities ; Banking And Finance; Fuel/Energy Infrastructure; Transportation Infrastructure; Food Infrastructure; Water Supply Infrastructure; Emergency Services; Space Systems; Government; Keeping The Citizenry Informed; Protection Of Military Forces. The Critical National Infrastructures report includes: Infrastructure Commonalities * SCADA Systems * Impact of SCADA Vulnerabilities on Critical Infrastructures: Historical Insight * Infrastructures and Their Interdependencies * Commission-Sponsored Modeling and Simulation (M&S) Activities * Electric Power * Description * Vulnerabilities * Test Results * Historical Insights * Distinctions * Strategy * Recommendations * Telecommunications * Telecommunications Support During Emergencies * EMP Impact on Telecommunications * Recommendations * Banking and Finance * The Financial Services Industry * Vulnerability to EMP * Consequences of Financial Infrastructure Failure * Petroleum and Natural Gas * Infrastructure Description * Direct Effects of EMP on Petroleum and Natural Gas Infrastructure * Petroleum Infrastructure and SCADA * Natural Gas Infrastructure and SCADA * Effects of an EMP Event on the U.S. Petroleum and Natural Gas Infrastructures.

Electromagnetic Defense Task Force (Edtf)

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Publisher : Independently Published
ISBN 13 : 9781092887403
Total Pages : 70 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (874 download)

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Book Synopsis Electromagnetic Defense Task Force (Edtf) by : R James Woolsey

Download or read book Electromagnetic Defense Task Force (Edtf) written by R James Woolsey and published by Independently Published. This book was released on 2019-04-06 with total page 70 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In August 2018 Air University brought together a diverse group of leading subject matter experts to address current challenges in the electromagnetic spectrum. This report summarizes insights, conclusions, and recommendations developed during the inaugural Electromagnetic Defense Task Force.

Enhancing the Resilience of the Nation's Electricity System

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Publisher : National Academies Press
ISBN 13 : 0309463076
Total Pages : 171 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (94 download)

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Book Synopsis Enhancing the Resilience of the Nation's Electricity System by : National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine

Download or read book Enhancing the Resilience of the Nation's Electricity System written by National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2017-10-25 with total page 171 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Americans' safety, productivity, comfort, and convenience depend on the reliable supply of electric power. The electric power system is a complex "cyber-physical" system composed of a network of millions of components spread out across the continent. These components are owned, operated, and regulated by thousands of different entities. Power system operators work hard to assure safe and reliable service, but large outages occasionally happen. Given the nature of the system, there is simply no way that outages can be completely avoided, no matter how much time and money is devoted to such an effort. The system's reliability and resilience can be improved but never made perfect. Thus, system owners, operators, and regulators must prioritize their investments based on potential benefits. Enhancing the Resilience of the Nation's Electricity System focuses on identifying, developing, and implementing strategies to increase the power system's resilience in the face of events that can cause large-area, long-duration outages: blackouts that extend over multiple service areas and last several days or longer. Resilience is not just about lessening the likelihood that these outages will occur. It is also about limiting the scope and impact of outages when they do occur, restoring power rapidly afterwards, and learning from these experiences to better deal with events in the future.

Electromagnetic Defense Task Force 2.0

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Publisher : Independently Published
ISBN 13 : 9781688264595
Total Pages : 130 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (645 download)

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Book Synopsis Electromagnetic Defense Task Force 2.0 by : David Stuckenberg

Download or read book Electromagnetic Defense Task Force 2.0 written by David Stuckenberg and published by Independently Published. This book was released on 2019-08-24 with total page 130 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In spring 2019 Air University hosted subject matter experts from across the country to expand on the accomplishments of the inaugural Electromagnetic Defense Task Force (EDTF).The 2019 EDTF summit advanced and amplified recommendations to leaders nationwide, ensuring the call for awareness, preparation, defense, and mitigation is sounded far and wide. Using extensive research and expertise, EDTF 2.0 participants have contributed to understanding, preparedness, and resilience for communities throughout the United States.

Brittle Power

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Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 520 pages
Book Rating : 4.F/5 ( download)

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Book Synopsis Brittle Power by : Amory B. Lovins

Download or read book Brittle Power written by Amory B. Lovins and published by . This book was released on 1982 with total page 520 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Exploring Medical and Public Health Preparedness for a Nuclear Incident

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Publisher : National Academies Press
ISBN 13 : 0309489172
Total Pages : 211 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (94 download)

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Book Synopsis Exploring Medical and Public Health Preparedness for a Nuclear Incident by : National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine

Download or read book Exploring Medical and Public Health Preparedness for a Nuclear Incident written by National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2019-06-05 with total page 211 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine held a workshop on August 22â€"23, 2018, in Washington, DC, to explore medical and public health preparedness for a nuclear incident. The event brought together experts from government, nongovernmental organizations, academia, and the private sector to explore current assumptions behind the status of medical and public health preparedness for a nuclear incident, examine potential changes in these assumptions in light of increasing concerns about the use of nuclear warfare, and discuss challenges and opportunities for capacity building in the current threat environment. This publication summarizes the presentations and discussions from the workshop.

Conflict in the 21st Century

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Publisher : Bloomsbury Publishing USA
ISBN 13 : 1440860017
Total Pages : 365 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (48 download)

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Book Synopsis Conflict in the 21st Century by : Nicholas Michael Sambaluk

Download or read book Conflict in the 21st Century written by Nicholas Michael Sambaluk and published by Bloomsbury Publishing USA. This book was released on 2019-08-08 with total page 365 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This reference work examines how sophisticated cyber-attacks and innovative use of social media have changed conflict in the digital realm, while new military technologies such as drones and robotic weaponry continue to have an impact on modern warfare. Cyber warfare, social media, and the latest military weapons are transforming the character of modern conflicts. This book explains how, through overview essays written by an award-winning author of military history and technology topics; in addition to more than 200 entries dealing with specific examples of digital and physical technologies, categorized by their relationship to cyber warfare, social media, and physical technology areas. Individually, these technologies are having a profound impact on modern conflicts; cumulatively, they are dynamically transforming the character of conflicts in the modern world. The book begins with a comprehensive overview essay on cyber warfare and a large section of A–Z reference entries related to this topic. The same detailed coverage is given to both social media and technology as they relate to conflict in the 21st century. Each of the three sections also includes an expansive bibliography that serves as a gateway for further research on these topics. The book ends with a detailed chronology that helps readers place all the key events in these areas.

Terrorism and the Electric Power Delivery System

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Publisher : National Academies Press
ISBN 13 : 0309114047
Total Pages : 165 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (91 download)

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Book Synopsis Terrorism and the Electric Power Delivery System by : National Research Council

Download or read book Terrorism and the Electric Power Delivery System written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2012-11-25 with total page 165 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The electric power delivery system that carries electricity from large central generators to customers could be severely damaged by a small number of well-informed attackers. The system is inherently vulnerable because transmission lines may span hundreds of miles, and many key facilities are unguarded. This vulnerability is exacerbated by the fact that the power grid, most of which was originally designed to meet the needs of individual vertically integrated utilities, is being used to move power between regions to support the needs of competitive markets for power generation. Primarily because of ambiguities introduced as a result of recent restricting the of the industry and cost pressures from consumers and regulators, investment to strengthen and upgrade the grid has lagged, with the result that many parts of the bulk high-voltage system are heavily stressed. Electric systems are not designed to withstand or quickly recover from damage inflicted simultaneously on multiple components. Such an attack could be carried out by knowledgeable attackers with little risk of detection or interdiction. Further well-planned and coordinated attacks by terrorists could leave the electric power system in a large region of the country at least partially disabled for a very long time. Although there are many examples of terrorist and military attacks on power systems elsewhere in the world, at the time of this study international terrorists have shown limited interest in attacking the U.S. power grid. However, that should not be a basis for complacency. Because all parts of the economy, as well as human health and welfare, depend on electricity, the results could be devastating. Terrorism and the Electric Power Delivery System focuses on measures that could make the power delivery system less vulnerable to attacks, restore power faster after an attack, and make critical services less vulnerable while the delivery of conventional electric power has been disrupted.

Threatcasting

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Publisher : Springer Nature
ISBN 13 : 303102575X
Total Pages : 285 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (31 download)

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Book Synopsis Threatcasting by : Brian David Johnson

Download or read book Threatcasting written by Brian David Johnson and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2022-06-01 with total page 285 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Impending technological advances will widen an adversary’s attack plane over the next decade. Visualizing what the future will hold, and what new threat vectors could emerge, is a task that traditional planning mechanisms struggle to accomplish given the wide range of potential issues. Understanding and preparing for the future operating environment is the basis of an analytical method known as Threatcasting. It is a method that gives researchers a structured way to envision and plan for risks ten years in the future. Threatcasting uses input from social science, technical research, cultural history, economics, trends, expert interviews, and even a little science fiction to recognize future threats and design potential futures. During this human-centric process, participants brainstorm what actions can be taken to identify, track, disrupt, mitigate, and recover from the possible threats. Specifically, groups explore how to transform the future they desire into reality while avoiding an undesired future. The Threatcasting method also exposes what events could happen that indicate the progression toward an increasingly possible threat landscape. This book begins with an overview of the Threatcasting method with examples and case studies to enhance the academic foundation. Along with end-of-chapter exercises to enhance the reader’s understanding of the concepts, there is also a full project where the reader can conduct a mock Threatcasting on the topic of “the next biological public health crisis.” The second half of the book is designed as a practitioner’s handbook. It has three separate chapters (based on the general size of the Threatcasting group) that walk the reader through how to apply the knowledge from Part I to conduct an actual Threatcasting activity. This book will be useful for a wide audience (from student to practitioner) and will hopefully promote new dialogues across communities and novel developments in the area.

Intelligence Community Legal Reference Book

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Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 944 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (327 download)

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Book Synopsis Intelligence Community Legal Reference Book by :

Download or read book Intelligence Community Legal Reference Book written by and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page 944 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Deterring Attacks Against the Power Grid

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Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9781977404169
Total Pages : 98 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (41 download)

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Book Synopsis Deterring Attacks Against the Power Grid by : Anu Narayanan

Download or read book Deterring Attacks Against the Power Grid written by Anu Narayanan and published by . This book was released on 2020-01-06 with total page 98 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Defense Department increasingly relies on electric power to accomplish critical missions. This report explores two approaches for deterring attacks against the U.S. power grid: deterrence by denial and deterrence by cost imposition.

The Civil Defense Book

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Publisher : Createspace Independent Publishing Platform
ISBN 13 : 9781974320943
Total Pages : 196 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (29 download)

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Book Synopsis The Civil Defense Book by : Michael Mabee

Download or read book The Civil Defense Book written by Michael Mabee and published by Createspace Independent Publishing Platform. This book was released on 2017-10-17 with total page 196 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: According to the U.S. Senate Committee on Homeland Security in 2017, millions of Americans-perhaps the majority of the population-would die if the electrical grid went down for a significant period of time. Not only is this disturbing fact is well known to Congress, it is also well known to America's enemies. The United States today remains extremely vulnerable to a wide variety of man-made and natural threats, such as electromagnetic pulse (EMP) attack, cyber-attack, geomagnetic disturbance (GMD), terrorism, weather and many other threats. In November of 2017, the FEMA Administrator noted in his testimony to Congress that "we do not have a culture of preparedness in this country." The majority of Americans are unaware of the magnitude of the threats to the electric grid and our communities are completely unprepared. We have seen from recent disasters such as hurricanes Katrina, Maria, Harvey and Irma that communities can be on their own for a long period of time until help arrives - and these are regional disasters where massive outside resources are still available. Here is the fatal flaw of the emergency management system in the United States: it depends on our ability to bring outside resources into a disaster area. But what if the majority of the country was the disaster area? What if cities and towns across the country were on their own for a long period of time? Survival will be a local issue. The cavalry will not be coming. The real key to having prepared and resilient communities lies in the communities having a civil defense plan and being prepared for a worst-case scenario, such as a national-scale power outage. This book is about taking pre-disaster mitigation to the next level, so that your town can be ready for any disaster, large or small. It is possible for a town to survive if the grid goes down long term. But only if a few of its citizens act now. This book takes you through the steps to prepare your town for a worst-case national disaster. And in being prepared for a worst-case scenario, you and your town can be prepared for anything from a minor power outage to a hurricane to an electromagnetic pulse, solar flare or cyber-attack taking out the entire power grid. This is the Civil Defense Book!

FEMA Preparedness Grants Manual - Version 2 February 2021

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Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9781954285385
Total Pages : pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (853 download)

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Book Synopsis FEMA Preparedness Grants Manual - Version 2 February 2021 by : Fema

Download or read book FEMA Preparedness Grants Manual - Version 2 February 2021 written by Fema and published by . This book was released on 2021-07-09 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: FEMA has the statutory authority to deliver numerous disaster and non-disaster financial assistance programs in support of its mission, and that of the Department of Homeland Security, largely through grants and cooperative agreements. These programs account for a significant amount of the federal funds for which FEMA is accountable. FEMA officials are responsible and accountable for the proper administration of these funds pursuant to federal laws and regulations, Office of Management and Budget circulars, and federal appropriations law principles.

National Emergency Communications Plan

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Publisher : Createspace Independent Pub
ISBN 13 : 9781481228633
Total Pages : 84 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (286 download)

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Book Synopsis National Emergency Communications Plan by : U. s. Department of Homeland Security

Download or read book National Emergency Communications Plan written by U. s. Department of Homeland Security and published by Createspace Independent Pub. This book was released on 2012-12-11 with total page 84 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Every day in cities and towns across the Nation, emergency response personnel respond to incidents of varying scope and magnitude. Their ability to communicate in real time is critical to establishing command and control at the scene of an emergency, to maintaining event situational awareness, and to operating overall within a broad range of incidents. However, as numerous after-action reports and national assessments have revealed, there are still communications deficiencies that affect the ability of responders to manage routine incidents and support responses to natural disasters, acts of terrorism, and other incidents. Recognizing the need for an overarching emergency communications strategy to address these shortfalls, Congress directed the Department of Homeland Security's (DHS) Office of Emergency Communications (OEC) to develop the first National Emergency Communications Plan (NECP). Title XVIII of the Homeland Security Act of 2002 (6 United States Code 101 et seq.), as amended, calls for the NECP to be developed in coordination with stakeholders from all levels of government and from the private sector. In response, DHS worked with stakeholders from Federal, State, local, and tribal agencies to develop the NECP—a strategic plan that establishes a national vision for the future state of emergency communications. To realize this national vision and meet these goals, the NECP established the following seven objectives for improving emergency communications for the Nation's Federal, State, local, and tribal emergency responders: 1. Formal decision-making structures and clearly defined leadership roles coordinate emergency communications capabilities. 2. Federal emergency communications programs and initiatives are collaborative across agencies and aligned to achieve national goals. 3. Emergency responders employ common planning and operational protocols to effectively use their resources and personnel. 4. Emerging technologies are integrated with current emergency communications capabilities through standards implementation, research and development, and testing and evaluation. 5. Emergency responders have shared approaches to training and exercises, improved technical expertise, and enhanced response capabilities. 6. All levels of government drive long-term advancements in emergency communications through integrated strategic planning procedures, appropriate resource allocations, and public-private partnerships. 7. The Nation has integrated preparedness, mitigation, response, and recovery capabilities to communicate during significant events. The NECP also provides recommended initiatives and milestones to guide emergency response providers and relevant government officials in making measurable improvements in emergency communications capabilities. The NECP recommendations help to guide, but do not dictate, the distribution of homeland security funds to improve emergency communications at the Federal, State, and local levels, and to support the NECP implementation. Communications investments are among the most significant, substantial, and long-lasting capital investments that agencies make; in addition, technological innovations for emergency communications are constantly evolving at a rapid pace. With these realities in mind, DHS recognizes that the emergency response community will realize this national vision in stages, as agencies invest in new communications systems and as new technologies emerge.