Adverse Cutaneous Drug Eruptions

Download Adverse Cutaneous Drug Eruptions PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Karger Medical and Scientific Publishers
ISBN 13 : 3805599706
Total Pages : 255 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (55 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Adverse Cutaneous Drug Eruptions by : Lars E. French

Download or read book Adverse Cutaneous Drug Eruptions written by Lars E. French and published by Karger Medical and Scientific Publishers. This book was released on 2012 with total page 255 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: An indispensable tool for understanding, diagnosing and managing this common clinical problem The skin is one of the most frequently involved organs in adverse drug reactions. Occurring with an incidence of 1-5% for certain types of drugs, cutaneous drug eruptions are mostly benign in nature, and comprise the maculopapular type of eruption and urticaria. However, about one third of them require hospital treatment, leading to a considerable burden for the health care system. In this book, a selected group of experts provide an up-to-date, condensed and clinically relevant overview of the field of cutaneous drug eruptions, ranging from epidemiology and genetic predisposition to available therapeutic measures, including rapid drug desensitization. Reflecting the great progress made in recent years in this field, this publication will be a useful tool for a better understanding, diagnosis and management of cutaneous drug eruptions, not only for general physicians, dermatologists and clinical allergologists, but also for nurses and scientists.

Update on Stevens Johnson Syndrome

Download Update on Stevens Johnson Syndrome PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Frontiers Media SA
ISBN 13 : 2889743144
Total Pages : 142 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (897 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Update on Stevens Johnson Syndrome by : Jodhbir Mehta

Download or read book Update on Stevens Johnson Syndrome written by Jodhbir Mehta and published by Frontiers Media SA. This book was released on 2022-02-10 with total page 142 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Inpatient Dermatology

Download Inpatient Dermatology PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 3319184490
Total Pages : 415 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (191 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Inpatient Dermatology by : Misha Rosenbach

Download or read book Inpatient Dermatology written by Misha Rosenbach and published by Springer. This book was released on 2018-11-03 with total page 415 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: ​​​ Inpatient Dermatology is a concise and portable resource that synthesizes the most essential material to help physicians with recognition, differential diagnosis, work-up, and treatment of dermatologic issues in the hospitalized patient. Complete with hundreds of clinical and pathologic images, this volume is both an inpatient dermatology atlas and a practical guide to day-one, initial work-up, and management plan for common and rare skin diseases that occur in the inpatient setting. Each chapter is a bulleted, easy-to-read reference that focuses on one specific inpatient dermatologic condition, with carefully curated clinical photographs and corresponding histopathologic images to aid readers in developing clinical-pathologic correlation for the dermatologic diseases encountered in the hospital. Before each subsection the editors share diagnostic pearls, explaining their approach to these challenging conditions. This book is structured to be useful to physicians, residents, and medical students. It spans dermatology, emergency medicine, internal medicine, infectious disease, and rheumatology. Inpatient Dermatology is the go-to guide for hospital-based skin diseases, making even the most complex inpatient dermatologic issues approachable and understandable for any clinician.

Guidelines on the Treatment of Skin and Oral HIV Associated Conditions in Children and Adults

Download Guidelines on the Treatment of Skin and Oral HIV Associated Conditions in Children and Adults PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9789241548915
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (489 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Guidelines on the Treatment of Skin and Oral HIV Associated Conditions in Children and Adults by : World Health Organization

Download or read book Guidelines on the Treatment of Skin and Oral HIV Associated Conditions in Children and Adults written by World Health Organization and published by . This book was released on 2015-06-05 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The objectives of these guidelines are to provide a summary of the key evidence and practice recommendations on the diagnosis and treatment of the main skin and oral conditions in HIV-infected adults and children. These guidelines describe common HIV-related dermatologic and oral conditions in resource limited settings and their differential diagnoses, and include treatment strategies that are likely to be available locally. Details are provided about an algorithmic tool being developed by a multi-agency group led by WHO to aid in diagnosis based on expert opinion by clinicians working in HIV dermatology.

Oncologic Critical Care

Download Oncologic Critical Care PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 9783319745879
Total Pages : 2099 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (458 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Oncologic Critical Care by : Joseph L. Nates

Download or read book Oncologic Critical Care written by Joseph L. Nates and published by Springer. This book was released on 2019-10-30 with total page 2099 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This major reference work is the most comprehensive resource on oncologic critical care. The text reviews all significant aspects of oncologic ICU practices, with a particular focus on challenges encountered in the diagnosis and management of the critically ill cancer patient population. Comprised of over 140 chapters, the text explores such topics as the organization and management of an oncologic ICU, diseases and complications encountered in the oncologic ICU, multidisciplinary care, surgical care, transfusion medicine, special patient populations, critical care procedures, ethics, pain management, and palliative care. Written by worldwide experts in the field, Oncologic Critical Care is a valuable resource for intensivists, advance practice providers, nurses, and other healthcare providers, that will help close significant knowledge and educational gaps within the realm of medical care for critically ill cancer patients.

European Handbook of Dermatological Treatments

Download European Handbook of Dermatological Treatments PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 3662071312
Total Pages : 830 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (62 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis European Handbook of Dermatological Treatments by : Andreas D. Katsambas

Download or read book European Handbook of Dermatological Treatments written by Andreas D. Katsambas and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2013-04-17 with total page 830 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Dermatology is a specialty in the field of medicine which constantly changes at a vast rate. Alongside technology, new drugs, methods and treatments are continuously developed for the treatment of all common skin diseases. The first edition of the European Handbook of Dermatological Treatments received an overwhelming response from dermatovenereologists all over Europe. Its easy-to-read format, which is also used for this 2nd edition, is aimed at helping the physician to obtain comprehensive information at a glance. The three main sections listed alphabetically define the different diseases, the drugs available and the various methods of treatment used in dermatological practice. Each chapter begins with a brief section of the aetiology and pathogenesis of the skin disease, and leads into the description of the clinical characteristics, the diagnosis and the differential diagnosis. Followed by a detailed discussion on treatment methods, alternative methods are covered as well. Each section ends with a reference list for further reading. This new edition provides an excellent update including the newest developments of drugs, methods and treatments in dermatological practice, maintaining the clear structure and well-proven format. It is a very comprehensive and practical guide and should not be missed by those treating patients with skin diseases.

Cutaneous Drug Eruptions

Download Cutaneous Drug Eruptions PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 1447167295
Total Pages : 463 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (471 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Cutaneous Drug Eruptions by : John C. Hall

Download or read book Cutaneous Drug Eruptions written by John C. Hall and published by Springer. This book was released on 2015-08-21 with total page 463 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: ​The burden of cutaneous drug reactions is significant, in both outpatient and inpatient settings, and can result in morbidity and even mortality. This book is unique in its approach to this problem. This text is divided into basic principles, common drug reactions, skin conditions mimicked by drug reactions, drug reactions to the skin appendages, life-threatening drug reactions, less common drug reactions, and special groupings of drug reactions. For the clinician, the skin can only morphologically react in to many limited ways. This is also true for the pathologist. Combining these two forever linked specialties is a synergistic paradigm that greatly enhances diagnosis, and ultimately therapy, for these pernicious conditions. Drug reactions in the skin remain a common complication of therapy. True incidences of drug reactions are not available. For general discussion, the rule of 3% can be applied with reasonable assuredness. Approximately 3% of all hospitalized patients develop an adverse cutaneous drug reaction. Approximately 3% of these reactions are considered severe. Outpatient data is even more obscure, but at least 3% of dermatology clinic outpatient visits are due to a drug reaction. Cutaneous drug reactions compromise approximately 3% of all drug reactions. Even more challenging is the fact that the most vulnerable populations to drug reactions are increasing and include the elderly patients on prolonged drug therapy, and patients that use multiple drugs at the same time.

Dermatology Made Easy

Download Dermatology Made Easy PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Scion Publishing Ltd
ISBN 13 : 1911510118
Total Pages : 438 pages
Book Rating : 4.9/5 (115 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Dermatology Made Easy by : Amanda Oakley

Download or read book Dermatology Made Easy written by Amanda Oakley and published by Scion Publishing Ltd. This book was released on 2017-05-06 with total page 438 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A concise overview of the common dermatological conditions most likely to present in general medicine From reviews: "... a perfect solution to the constant struggle that dermatology diagnosis presents to primary care physicians and other providers... This well-formatted book covers a vast array of topics ranging from common to rare skin disorders. The pictures are immensely helpful in the understanding of various skin rashes...." Fam Med 2019;51(5):451–452. “... easy to read and informative. One cannot emphasise enough the quality and comprehensive nature of the photographic content.... As someone who was interested in dermatology even as a medical student my only regret is that this book was not around when I was a student as it would have very adequately guided me into my beloved subspecialty.” Ulster Med J 2017;86(3):1–1. “The introduction outlines dermatological conditions by symptom, morphology and body site, providing an excellent index prior to delving into greater detail in the following chapters. The logical approach and level of detail make this text perfect for medical students, interns/residents, primary care physicians and other specialists who wish to quickly identify differential diagnoses or refresh their knowledge of dermatological conditions.” A Lecturer in Dermatology Dermatology Made Easy is based on the hugely popular DermNet New Zealand website and is designed to help GPs, medical students and dermatologists diagnose skin conditions with confidence. The book starts by providing a series of comprehensive tables, complete with over 500 thumbnail photos, to aid diagnosis according to symptoms, morphology, or body site. Once you have narrowed down the diagnosis, cross-references then guide you to more detailed descriptions, and another 700 photographs, covering: common infections inflammatory rashes non-inflammatory conditions skin lesions Every section provides consistent information on the disorder: who gets it and what causes it? what are the clinical features and does it cause any complications? how do you diagnose it? how do you treat it and how long does it take to resolve? The book concludes with a comprehensive section on further investigations and treatment options. Dermatology Made Easy combines the essential focus of the Made Easy book series with the authority and knowledge base of DermNet New Zealand’s unparalleled resources. Printed in full colour throughout.

Advances in Diagnosis and Management of Cutaneous Adverse Drug Reactions

Download Advances in Diagnosis and Management of Cutaneous Adverse Drug Reactions PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 9811314896
Total Pages : 314 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (113 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Advances in Diagnosis and Management of Cutaneous Adverse Drug Reactions by : Neil H. Shear

Download or read book Advances in Diagnosis and Management of Cutaneous Adverse Drug Reactions written by Neil H. Shear and published by Springer. This book was released on 2018-10-19 with total page 314 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This resource guides prescribers, pharmacists, and regulators with an update on the recent expansion of basic and clinical knowledge that forms a framework for understanding cutaneous reactions. This understanding will lead, in turn, to better outcomes and decisions in treatment and management, both in the clinic and in the life cycle of drug development. The skin is a common target for adverse drug events and even mild rashes can be part of life-threatening syndromes. Patients and practitioners often face important decisions about therapy after a drug eruption, including treatment, cross-reactivity with future pharmaceuticals, genetic considerations and dealing with long-term sequelae after a reaction. An international team of experts and leaders in the field share their story and insights into the scientific details and relevant clinical context.

Dermatological Emergencies

Download Dermatological Emergencies PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : CRC Press
ISBN 13 : 135116502X
Total Pages : 1296 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (511 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Dermatological Emergencies by : Rajesh Verma

Download or read book Dermatological Emergencies written by Rajesh Verma and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2019-05-20 with total page 1296 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: ‘Dermatological Emergencies’ aims to cover aspects of situations and their management when they present in a Dermatology setup. This includes severe drug reactions, bullous disorders, erythroderma, infections, vasculitis and systemic emergencies presenting with skin signs. This book guides the reader to recognize such emergencies, helps to approach the initial phase of management, identifies the investigations, thus leading to a holistic management of the scene. Case scenarios are used in all chapters with logical flow of text, flowcharts, algorithms and representative clinical and laboratory images for better understanding of the readers. Key Features Details all dermatological emergencies Discusses manifestation of these emergencies with unique algorithms and flowcharts Examines case scenarios for first-hand experience Consists of Do's and Don'ts for effective management of cases Uses high quality clinical images for clarity

Life-threatening Dermatoses

Download Life-threatening Dermatoses PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : CRC Press
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 336 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (91 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Life-threatening Dermatoses by : Paul A. Krusinski

Download or read book Life-threatening Dermatoses written by Paul A. Krusinski and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 1987 with total page 336 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

The Dermatology Handbook

Download The Dermatology Handbook PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Springer Nature
ISBN 13 : 3030151573
Total Pages : 282 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (31 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis The Dermatology Handbook by : Neelam A. Vashi

Download or read book The Dermatology Handbook written by Neelam A. Vashi and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2019-09-14 with total page 282 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Dermatology clinics are extremely fast-paced, and while the internet is useful, online resources can slow clinics down as it can often take lengthy amounts of time to obtain meaningful information. Recognizing this problem, Dr. Vashi has developed, over the course of several years, a practical guide targeted towards practicing dermatologists, resident physicians, medical students, family practitioners, nurse practitioners, and physician assistants. The Dermatology Handbook provides clinical information and quick solutions to common problems typically faced by dermatologists in a user-friendly and meaningful way. Designed to fit into a coat pocket, the content is presented as bulleted lists, along with tables and algorithms to allow busy clinicians to find the information they need rapidly. Featuring fill in the blank pages for users to personalize, this handbook is at once both comprehensive and succinct. Chapters include sections on the most common dermatologic complaints, differential diagnoses, laboratory techniques, dermoscopy, dermatologic emergencies, commonly used medications, pediatrics, surgery basics, and cosmetic pearls. Drug tables, guidelines, and algorithms for history taking and treatment approach also work to provide the reader with efficient usability.

Immunology of the Skin

Download Immunology of the Skin PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 4431558551
Total Pages : 510 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (315 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Immunology of the Skin by : Kenji Kabashima

Download or read book Immunology of the Skin written by Kenji Kabashima and published by Springer. This book was released on 2016-03-10 with total page 510 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book reviews the role of each cell subset in the skin, providing the basics for understanding skin immunology and the mechanisms of skin diseases. The skin is one of the immune organs and is continually exposed to foreign antigens and external stimuli that must be monitored and characterized for possible elimination. Upon exposure to foreign antigens, the skin can elicit a variety of immune responses in harmony with skin components that include keratinocytes, dendritic cell subsets, mast cells, basophils, fibroblasts, macrophages, gamma-delta T cells, neutrophils, myeloid-derived suppressor cells, vascular and lymphatic cells, hair follicles, platelets, and adipose tissues, among others. In the past 10 years, knowledge of immunology has expanded drastically in areas such as innate immunity (Toll-like receptors, C-type lectins), and host defenses to bacteria and viruses, and this increased knowledge has led to the development of more effective treatment of psoriasis and other skin diseases. This book provides updates on the mechanisms of skin diseases including contact dermatitis, atopic dermatitis, psoriasis, urticaria, drug eruption, bullous diseases, anaphylaxis, graft-versus-host disease, rosacea, lymphoma, photodermatology, and collagen vascular diseases. Understanding the basics of skin immunology will help clinicians and dermatologists use new therapeutics such as biologics efficiently. Serving as an intermediary between basic science and clinical medicine, this book gives readers the opportunity to understand and marvel at the mystery and fascination of skin immunology.

Pigmented Ethnic Skin and Imported Dermatoses

Download Pigmented Ethnic Skin and Imported Dermatoses PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 3319694227
Total Pages : 527 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (196 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Pigmented Ethnic Skin and Imported Dermatoses by : Constantin E. Orfanos

Download or read book Pigmented Ethnic Skin and Imported Dermatoses written by Constantin E. Orfanos and published by Springer. This book was released on 2018-08-14 with total page 527 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The vast majority of the global population has pigmented non-Caucasian skin; accordingly, this book focuses on the diagnosis and management of skin diseases in dark-skinned populations, paying particular attention to different reactive profiles, the frequency and the clinical pictures of diseases in pigmented ethnic skin that arise in hot climate zones. Supplemented by a wealth of high-quality, full-color images, this comprehensive work covers the full range of dermatological entities and issues characteristic of the tropical and subtropical regions of the globe, including those that are now emerging in developed countries as a result of intensified travel, globalized business, and migration. Each disorder is described by respected experts on subtropical and tropical countries, and each chapter is clearly structured, examining the incidence, pathogenesis, clinical presentation, management and course. The book illustrates the clinical features and includes major schedules for the diagnosis and management of skin diseases presented in darkly pigmented to black skin. As such, it offers an invaluable tool for all dermatologists in developing and developed countries, especially those who are used to dealing with skin lesions mainly in white Caucasian skin. While enabling physicians to provide proper advice, medical services and support, Pigmented Ethnic Skin and Imported Dermatoses also represents a guide for a broader range of professionals working for governmental institutions, health and refugee agencies.

Case Studies in Emergency Medicine

Download Case Studies in Emergency Medicine PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Springer Nature
ISBN 13 : 3030224457
Total Pages : 694 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (32 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Case Studies in Emergency Medicine by : Colin G. Kaide

Download or read book Case Studies in Emergency Medicine written by Colin G. Kaide and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2019-11-14 with total page 694 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book contains a variety of medical case studies from actual patients presenting to the emergency department. It includes not only typical cases that present to the ED but also less common, yet very important cases that one can't afford to miss. Each chapter begins with a case – or set of cases with typical and atypical aspects – of the disease in question. This is followed by high-value learning points on the condition with introductory/background points, physiology and pathophysiology of the disease, how to make the diagnosis, and finally how to initiate treatment. The cases provide expert discussion with tips and tricks, personal experience with management of each of the cases, and a follow-up description of the outcome of the cases to provide the reader with closure. To supplement each case study, all 67 chapters include a pattern recognition component that identifies the key diagnostic features of the disease discussed. The chapters conclude with a summary of the diagnostic and treatment details of each condition. Using a concise, easy-to-read, bulleted format, the book helps readers to learn, evaluate, adopt new practices, right now (LEARN). Emergency Medicine Case Studies - LEARNing Rounds: Learn, Evaluate, Adopt, Right Now is an essential resource for a variety of emergency medicine clinicians including experienced physicians, residents, physician assistants, nurse practitioners, nurses, and medical students rotating in the emergency department. Finally, this book can be used as a basis for small group discussions, especially in emergency medicine training programs.

Harper's Textbook of Pediatric Dermatology, 2 Volume Set

Download Harper's Textbook of Pediatric Dermatology, 2 Volume Set PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 1119142199
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (191 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Harper's Textbook of Pediatric Dermatology, 2 Volume Set by : Peter H. Hoeger

Download or read book Harper's Textbook of Pediatric Dermatology, 2 Volume Set written by Peter H. Hoeger and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2019-12-16 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A consummate classic with a fresh approach to pediatric dermatology Children ́s skin is different. Maturation affects the epidermal barrier, the cutaneous microbiome, adnexal structures, vasculature, and transcutaneous absorption of drugs. The immature skin is more susceptible to pathogens and environmental disruption. Many genetic disorders are either present at birth or manifest early in childhood. Skin diseases thus present differently in children than in adults. Pediatric dermatology has seen significant advances over the last decade, particularly in the field of molecular genetics research, which has furthered our understanding of the pathogenesis of many skin diseases and the development of new approaches to treatment. This fourth edition of the Harper classic provides state-of-the-art information on all aspects of skin disease in children. It covers the diagnosis and treatment of all conditions - both common and rare - with a consistently evidence-based approach. Existing content has been refreshed and fully updated to reflect emerging thinking and to incorporate the latest in research and clinical data - especially at the genetic level. This new fourth edition includes: Greater focus on the genetics behind skin disease, including new genes/genodermatoses, progress in genetic analysis, and stem cell transplants Increased coverage of lasers and other technologies used to treat skin disease More summary tables, learning points, tables of differential diagnosis, and clinical algorithms for diagnosis and management Additional online features, including patient information links and multiple choice questions Harper's Textbook of Pediatric Dermatology delivers crucial clinical insights and up-to-date research information that spans the breadth of the field. As the most comprehensive reference book on this subject available, this revised fourth edition will support and guide the daily practice of both dermatologists and pediatricians across the world.

Autoimmune Bullous Diseases

Download Autoimmune Bullous Diseases PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 3319237543
Total Pages : 221 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (192 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Autoimmune Bullous Diseases by : Marcel F. Jonkman

Download or read book Autoimmune Bullous Diseases written by Marcel F. Jonkman and published by Springer. This book was released on 2015-11-17 with total page 221 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: ​This book provides obligatory study material on courses on autoimmune bullous diseases. Residents and researchers in dermatology and adjacent disciplines can use the book as a quick reference guide when dealing with these patients. The book contains protocols and follows international guidelines.​ Currently there is no quick primer on Autoimmune Bullous Diseases for dermatologists who wish to learn the subtleties of diagnosis and management of this group of mucocutaneous diseases. Since mucous membranes are also included the following medical disciplines might be interested too: oral medicine and stomatology, ENT, ophthalmology, gynaecology, gastro-enterology. The Center for Blistering Diseases in Groningen has organized since the year 2000 an annual course on Bullous Diseases for dermatologists and pathologists. The staff is selected from the faculty. The course is interactive and problem-oriented. The proposed book would represent the documented practical knowledge of the staff on these diseases. The information should be clear and practical with examples and questions for self-assessment.