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Unleashing The Potential Of Studying The Correlations Between Ultrasonic Vocalizations And Behaviour In Rats
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Book Synopsis Unleashing the Potential of Studying the Correlations Between Ultrasonic Vocalizations and Behaviour in Rats by : Candace J. Burke
Download or read book Unleashing the Potential of Studying the Correlations Between Ultrasonic Vocalizations and Behaviour in Rats written by Candace J. Burke and published by . This book was released on 2017 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This thesis explores how rats use various categories of ultrasonic vocalizations in social contexts. In the first study male juvenile rats were socially isolated and trained to anticipate play with a conspecific. During the anticipatory period the rats emitted a high frequency of 50-kHz ultrasonic vocalizations. Further, the 50-kHz vocalizations emitted were tightly linked to active behaviours while the rats anticipated conspecifics. The next two studies focused on social interaction between devocalized and vocal animals paired with intact animals in both juveniles and adults. These studies demonstrated a close linkage between active social behaviours and specific categories of vocalizations at both ages. Among juveniles trills seem important for soliciting playful interactions and in adulthood, flat type calls appear to be especially critical for preventing playful interactions from escalating to serious fighting. Thus, different categories of calls may have different communicatory functions. These novel findings provide new insights into the social interactions of rats, which may be applied to developing more sensitive rodent models for studying depression, autism and other pathologies that affect social behaviour.
Book Synopsis Integrated Monitoring and Analysis of Ultrasonic Vocalizations in Laboratory Animals: Relations of USVs with Well-being and Stress in Rats, Mice and Marmosets by : H.J. van der Wiel
Download or read book Integrated Monitoring and Analysis of Ultrasonic Vocalizations in Laboratory Animals: Relations of USVs with Well-being and Stress in Rats, Mice and Marmosets written by H.J. van der Wiel and published by . This book was released on 2010 with total page 44 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Exploratory Behaviour and 50-kHz Ultrasonic Vocalizations in Rats by : Tanel Mällo
Download or read book Exploratory Behaviour and 50-kHz Ultrasonic Vocalizations in Rats written by Tanel Mällo and published by . This book was released on 2008 with total page 222 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Handbook of Ultrasonic Vocalization by : Stefan M Brudzynski
Download or read book Handbook of Ultrasonic Vocalization written by Stefan M Brudzynski and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2018-04-27 with total page 582 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Handbook of Ultrasonic Vocalization: Window into the Mammalian Brain, Volume 25, is an exhaustive resource on ultrasonic vocalizations in vertebrates, providing full coverage of all aspects of these vocalizations. The book also demonstrates the usefulness of ultrasonic vocalizations in studies of animal communication, sociobiological states, and in mammalian models of affective disorders, addictions and neurodevelopmental disorders, making it an indispensable resource for researchers using animal models. The book begins with the evolution of vocal communication before discussing mechanisms of ultrasound production, perception and the brain systems involved in emotional arousal that are responsible for the generation of vocalization and emotional states. In addition, the book covers studies of neuroactive agents and sociopsychological conditions that can regulate the outcome of ultrasonic vocalization and provide clues about animals’ internal states. Critically, the book also includes thorough coverage of pharmacological investigations using ultrasonic vocalizations, increasingly being utilized for studies in affective disorders, psychoses, addiction and alcoholism. No other book provides such extensive coverage of this rapidly growing field of study. Represents a multidisciplinary approach that incorporates evolution, communication, behavioral homeostasis, emotional expression and neuropsychiatric dysfunction Provides a systematic review of ultrasonic vocalizations in major groups of rodents widely used in laboratory research Discusses numerous other species across vertebrates that emit ultrasounds
Book Synopsis Neurobehavioral Correlates of Ultrasonic Vocalization in the Rat by : Cara Lyn Buck
Download or read book Neurobehavioral Correlates of Ultrasonic Vocalization in the Rat written by Cara Lyn Buck and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page 83 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Brain emotional systems are crucial for the etiology of addiction and are a substrate for treatment, but animal models of affective states associated with addiction remain a challenge. Rat 50 kHz ultrasonic vocalizations (USVs) are elicited by appetitive and reinforcing stimuli and are thought to be linked to motivational states, whereas 22 kHz USVs are elicited by aversive stimuli and are thought to reflect a negative emotional state. The hypothesis under test in this research was that USVs provide a novel measure of positive and negative affective states in the context of reward and stress associated with addiction. Three studies examined 50 kHz USVs emitted in anticipation for food or alcohol and stress-induced 22 kHz USVs in rats with different levels of motivation and stress. These studies demonstrate that anticipatory 50 kHz USVs represent a stable phenotype of increased motivation for food that involves dopamine and opioid systems, and that during alcohol dependence anticipatory 50 kHz USVs also may be an indicator of context-elicited negative reinforcement learning. In addition, these studies show that alcohol withdrawal-potentiated stress-induced 22 kHz USVs reflect a state of anxiety/arousal that is not mediated by corticotropin-releasing factor. The current research indicates that rat ultrasonic vocalization is a behavior that is sensitive to changes in emotional and motivational states that can be exaggerated in animal models of compulsive alcohol-seeking and withdrawal. Therefore, the study of USV behavior can help the understanding of motivational mechanisms underlying normal and pathological behaviors.
Book Synopsis Investigation of the Relationships Between Rat Ultrasonic Vocalizations, Reward and Dopamine Transmission by : Tina Scardochio
Download or read book Investigation of the Relationships Between Rat Ultrasonic Vocalizations, Reward and Dopamine Transmission written by Tina Scardochio and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "Adult rats emit ultrasonic vocalizations primarily around two frequencies: 22- and 50-kHz. These two broad categories of calls are commonly associated with contexts and stimuli that are either aversive or reinforcing, respectively. The 50-kHz call type can be subdivided into 14 subtypes, and several lines of evidence suggest that the mesolimbic dopamine (DA) system promotes 50-kHz call emission.The first aim of this thesis (Chapter 2) was to determine whether 50-kHz calls can be elicited by enhancing DAergic signaling pharmacologically. Instead, systemic administration of selective DAergic receptor agonists decreased 50-kHz call rates, thus mimicking the effects of DA receptor antagonists. These findings suggested that DAergic transmission is necessary, but is not sufficient, for call emission. According to recent reports, psychostimulants (e.g. cocaine and amphetamine), which reliably increase 50-kHz calls, also increase phasic DA release. To reconcile the seemingly conflicting findings from Chapter 2, we hypothesized that phasic DA release is required for the production of 50-kHz calls. According to this hypothesis, tonic activation of postsynaptic receptors by DAergic agonists would have inhibited the transmission of phasic DA signals, thereby producing a call-depressant effect, as observed following the administration of antagonists. Therefore, in Chapter 3, we investigated the relationship between phasic DA release and 50-kHz vocalizations. First, we confirmed that electrical stimulation of the medial forebrain bundle (MFB) produced 50-kHz vocalizations. We showed that these calls were time-locked with phasic DA release, which we recorded in the nucleus accumbens (NAcc) of freely moving animals using fast-scan cyclic voltammetry (FSCV). The associated call profile, with a preponderance of trill calls, was similar to that following administration of psychostimulants. Next, we showed that optogenetic stimulation of ventral tegmental area (VTA) DAergic neurons was also associated with high call rates, with trills again predominating. Call rates were significantly higher during non-contingent vs. response-contingent stimulation. Although rats continued to respond for, or passively receive, optogenetic stimulation throughout the 2-hour session, they virtually ceased calling within 30 minutes. Taken together, the results from Chapter 3 suggest that phasic DA release in the mesolimbic system, even though reinforcing, is not sufficient to elicit 50-kHz calls. In a final study (Chapter 4), we investigated the relationship between phasic DA release and amphetamine (AMPH)-induced calls. Systemic administration of AMPH increased the 50-kHz call rate, with an inverted-U shaped dose-response relationship. Conversely, co-administration of selective DAergic agonists with AMPH significantly decreased calls. Next, we recorded phasic release in the NAcc using FSCV following the acute administration of AMPH. AMPH (tested at 0.3 - 4 mg/kg) also increased the amplitude of DA transients without affecting their duration or frequency. As expected, AMPH also significantly increased 50-kHz call rates. However, phasic DA release in the NAcc did not co-occur with 50-kHz calls. Furthermore, there was no correlation between the number of USVs and the frequency, duration or amplitude of transients, suggesting that phasic DA release in the NAcc is not necessary for the emission of AMPH-induced vocalizations.In summary, the present findings indicate that although 50-kHz call emission is strongly dependent on DA transmission, phasic DA release in the NAcc appears neither sufficient nor necessary for their occurrence." --
Book Synopsis Recent Studies of Rodent Ultrasonic Vocalizations and Their Use in Experimental Models by : Stefan M Brudzynski
Download or read book Recent Studies of Rodent Ultrasonic Vocalizations and Their Use in Experimental Models written by Stefan M Brudzynski and published by Mdpi AG. This book was released on 2022-02-25 with total page 352 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book includes articles written by over 80 specialists from many countries that demonstrate the biological functions of ultrasonic vocalizations and how they are used in studies of vocal expression of emotional states and in numerous animal models of neuropsychiatric diseases and disorders. Results of investigations of emissions of ultrasonic vocalizations are useful in studies of emotional disturbances, affective disorders, autism spectrum disorders, addiction, developmental abnormalities, and many other pathologies.
Book Synopsis The Role of the Dopaminergic System in the Production of Ultrasonic Calls in Adult Rats by : Amanda J. Wintink
Download or read book The Role of the Dopaminergic System in the Production of Ultrasonic Calls in Adult Rats written by Amanda J. Wintink and published by . This book was released on 2000 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Ultrasonic vocalizations (USV) are emitted by rats in a number of social situations such as aggressive encounters, during sexual behavior, and during play in young rats, situations which are predominantly associated with strong emotional responses. These USV typically involve two distinct types of calls: 22 kHz calls, which are emitted in aversive situations and 50 kHz calls, which are emitted in non-aversive, appetitive situation. The 50 kHz calls are the focus of the present study and to date both the glutamatergic and the dopaminergic systems have been independently implicated in the production of these 50 kHz calls. The present study was conducted to examine a possible relationship between glutamate (GLU) and dopamine (DA) in mediating 50 kHz calls. It was hypothesized that the dopaminergic system plays a mediating role in 50 kHz calls induced by injections ofGLU into the anterior hypothalamic/preoptic area (AHPOA) in adult rats. A total of 68 adult male rats were used in this study. Rats' USV were recorded and analyzed in five experiments that were designed to test the hypothesis: in experiment 1, rats were treated with systemic amphetamine (AMPH) alone; in experiment 2, intra- AHPOA GLU was pretreated with systemic AMPH; in experiment 3, intra-AHPOA GLU was pretreated with intra-AHPOA AMPH; in experiment 4, rats were treated with high and low doses of intra-AHPOA AMPH only; in experiment 5, rats were treated with systemic haloperidol (HAL) as a pretreatment for intra-AHPOA GLU. Analysis of the results indicated that AMPH has a facilitatory effect on 50 kHz USV and that a relationship between DA and GLU in inducing 50 kHz calls does exist. The effect, however, was only observed when DA receptors were antagonized with HAL and was not seen with systemic AMPH pretreatments of intra-AHPOA GLU. The DAGLU relationship at the AHPOA was unclear.
Book Synopsis Ultrasonic Vocalization Reveals Individual Differences in the Rewarding and Motivational Effects of Amphetamine in Rats by : Allison Melinda Ahrens
Download or read book Ultrasonic Vocalization Reveals Individual Differences in the Rewarding and Motivational Effects of Amphetamine in Rats written by Allison Melinda Ahrens and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page 212 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The pleasurable and euphoric effects of drugs play an important role in drug abuse; however, there are no established preclinical models for directly assessing the hedonic effects of drugs in rodents. The purpose of this dissertation was to investigate rat ultrasonic vocalizations (USVs) as a potential method for measuring positive affective states associated with amphetamine reinforcement. USVs are high-frequency social signals that rats use to communicate with one another. Calls in the 50-kHz range are thought to be a sign of positive affect, since they are elicited by naturally rewarding stimuli, and are modulated by mesolimbic dopamine activity. At the time this dissertation was begun, the majority of USV research focused on natural rewards, such as sex and social interactions, and the USVs associated with repeated exposure to a drug or appetitive desire for a drug had not been studied. Therefore, the objective of this dissertation was to characterize the production of 50-kHz USVs during repeated administration of amphetamine within different paradigms commonly used to study the behavioral and motivational effects of stimulants in rats. First, I found that the 50-kHz USVs elicited by amphetamine were sensitized by repeated exposure, showing that USV expression parallels the sensitization of mesolimbic circuitry that is involved in the development of addiction. Second, I found that rats produce conditioned anticipatory 50-kHz USVs during exposure to cues that predicted amphetamine, with the magnitude of anticipatory calling increasing as drug-cue associations were learned and strengthened. Third, I found that the number of unconditioned 50-kHz USVs produced during the initial amphetamine exposure predicted the subsequent expression of anticipatory 50-kHz USVs, the development of conditioned place preference for an amphetamine-paired environment, and corticosterone responses to the drug. Overall, these findings suggest that 50-kHz USVs are an expression of behavioral arousal associated with both the positive effects of amphetamine itself, and the incentive-motivational states elicited by drug-paired cues. In addition, they show that the intensity of the initial 50-kHz USV response to amphetamine reflects individual differences in sensitivity to drug reinforcement.
Book Synopsis Effects of Sleep Deprivation on Ultrasonic Vocalizations During Play Behavior in Rats by : Jessica I. Wooden
Download or read book Effects of Sleep Deprivation on Ultrasonic Vocalizations During Play Behavior in Rats written by Jessica I. Wooden and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page 100 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Ultrasonic Vocalizations as a Potential Indicator of a Negative Affective State in Forelimb-Amputated Rats by : Carey Daniel Womack
Download or read book Ultrasonic Vocalizations as a Potential Indicator of a Negative Affective State in Forelimb-Amputated Rats written by Carey Daniel Womack and published by . This book was released on 2020 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Most amputees experience phantom limb pain (PLP) post-amputation, the mechanisms of which are not fully understood. Rat amputees may serve as a practical model for studying PLP, as rats process pain similarly to primates. Ultrasonic vocalizations (USVs) of acclimated, formalin-injected rats and acclimated, forelimb-amputated rats were recorded to investigate the potential for measuring USVs as an indicator of a negative affective state. Subcutaneous injections of 10% formalin in the hindpaw elicited increased USV emission, primarily in the 22 kHz-AFR. Unoperated rats and forelimb-amputated rats were monitored for seven weeks following acclimation and surgery. Amputees emitted a greater quantity of 22 kHz-AFR USVs than controls at 4-7 weeks post-amputation and a greater duration at 4-6 weeks; however, there were no differences in weeks 1-3. These differences in USV behavior may indicate a difference in affective state between groups. Further studies of USVs in forelimb-amputated rats should incorporate additional behavioral measures of pain.
Book Synopsis Exploring Potential Categories of Appetitive Ultrasonic Vocalization of Juvenile Rats Emitted During Rough-and-tumble Play by : Sascha Otterbein
Download or read book Exploring Potential Categories of Appetitive Ultrasonic Vocalization of Juvenile Rats Emitted During Rough-and-tumble Play written by Sascha Otterbein and published by . This book was released on 2005 with total page 138 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Ultrasonic Vocalizations in Eph/ephrin Mutant Mice by :
Download or read book Ultrasonic Vocalizations in Eph/ephrin Mutant Mice written by and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page 54 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Purpose: Murine mammals, more commonly known as mice, emit ultrasonic vocalizations or "yelps" to communicate. It has been found that adult mice use these vocalizations to communicate with each other, and infant mice utilize ultrasonic vocalizations to communicate with their mother. It is known that a relationship exists between hearing ability and vocalization (Bass-Ringdahl, 2010). This study aims to record yelps/ vocalizations of four strains of mouse pups to determine how the development of hearing relates to the vocalizations that are emitted. It is thought that mice with compromised genes that encode for signaling proteins that are essential to the development of auditory connections may emit abnormal vocalizations. Thus, it is possible that the earliest relevant behavior that predicts normal auditory development in mice is the emission of vocalizations of mouse pups. Method: A total of one hundred fifty seven tests of pups between 7 and 26 days age were tested alone in a dark, sound-attenuating booth. The duration of the test time depended on the age of the pup. A B&K model 4939 1/4-inch microphone connected to an Agilent 35670 Spectrum Analyzer recorded all sounds between 10 and 100 kHz above a threshold (40 dB SPL - slightly above background). The yelps emitted were organized into four experimental groups, wild-type (WT), ephrin-B3null, ephrin-B3lacZ, and ephrin-B2lacZ, based on the subject's genetic strain. A statistical analysis was performed to determine the yelp rate and pitch range of each group of mice. Results: This study found that ephrin-B3null (a traditional knockout) emit significantly more vocalizations than other groups. The ephrin-B3lacZ group that still expresses the protein but has compromised signaling had the fewest total vocalizations, but also the highest percentage of overall sounds in the range of the ultrasonic vocalizations. Conclusions: The Eph/ephrin genotype, known to affect hearing, also affects neonatal vocalizations.
Book Synopsis Psychopharmacology of Anxiety by : British Association for Psychopharmacology. Autumn Meeting
Download or read book Psychopharmacology of Anxiety written by British Association for Psychopharmacology. Autumn Meeting and published by . This book was released on 1989 with total page 344 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In this up-to-date volume, comprehensive chapters on the physiology and pharmacology of anxiety are complemented by a detailed discussion of controversial clinical issues, such as diagnosis and drug dependency. The aim is to provide a constructive overview that integrates many of the contradictory elements of the disorder. Anxiety is recognized, for example, as both an unpleasant symptom and an essential drive. It is easy to recognize, but difficult to diagnose. It is specific in origin but exceedingly diffuse in its expression. The book comes at a time of rapid growth in knowledge about anxiety disorders and their treatment. It critically assesses current therapeutic regimes and highlights research that will influence future clinical practice.
Book Synopsis Rhythms of the Brain by : G. Buzsáki
Download or read book Rhythms of the Brain written by G. Buzsáki and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2011 with total page 465 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Studies of mechanisms in the brain that allow complicated things to happen in a coordinated fashion have produced some of the most spectacular discoveries in neuroscience. This book provides eloquent support for the idea that spontaneous neuron activity, far from being mere noise, is actually the source of our cognitive abilities. It takes a fresh look at the coevolution of structure and function in the mammalian brain, illustrating how self-emerged oscillatory timing is the brain's fundamental organizer of neuronal information. The small-world-like connectivity of the cerebral cortex allows for global computation on multiple spatial and temporal scales. The perpetual interactions among the multiple network oscillators keep cortical systems in a highly sensitive "metastable" state and provide energy-efficient synchronizing mechanisms via weak links. In a sequence of "cycles," György Buzsáki guides the reader from the physics of oscillations through neuronal assembly organization to complex cognitive processing and memory storage. His clear, fluid writing-accessible to any reader with some scientific knowledge-is supplemented by extensive footnotes and references that make it just as gratifying and instructive a read for the specialist. The coherent view of a single author who has been at the forefront of research in this exciting field, this volume is essential reading for anyone interested in our rapidly evolving understanding of the brain.
Book Synopsis The Midbrain Periaqueductal Gray Matter by : Antoine Depaulis
Download or read book The Midbrain Periaqueductal Gray Matter written by Antoine Depaulis and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 469 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book constitutes the proceedings of a NATO Advanced Research Workshop held at Chateau de Bonas (France) from 10-15 July 1990 on the Midbrain Periaqueductal Gray Matter (PAG). The aim of this meeting was to review and integrate our knowledge about the functional, anatomical and neuro chemical organization of the PAG. The PAG has been the subject of many investi gations during the last decade usually on different topics (e.g., pain modulation, defensive and sexual behavior) and generally there has been little interchange between the different research areas. The main purpose of this meeting was to bring together, for the first time, scientists who have worked on the PAG from different perspectives. This book does not pretend to present an exhaustive review of the data collected during the last 20 years of research on the PAG. The contributors to this book have been selected because their data provide key elements in the search to understand both the organization of the PAG and the role of this structure in the integration of behavior. We believe that this book will provide clues that will assist in unraveling the organization of the PAG in the coming years.
Book Synopsis Converging Technologies for Improving Human Performance by : Mihail C. Roco
Download or read book Converging Technologies for Improving Human Performance written by Mihail C. Roco and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2013-04-17 with total page 477 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: M. C. Roco and W.S. Bainbridge In the early decades of the 21st century, concentrated efforts can unify science based on the unity of nature, thereby advancing the combination of nanotechnology, biotechnology, information technology, and new technologies based in cognitive science. With proper attention to ethical issues and societal needs, converging in human abilities, societal technologies could achieve a tremendous improvement outcomes, the nation's productivity, and the quality of life. This is a broad, cross cutting, emerging and timely opportunity of interest to individuals, society and humanity in the long term. The phrase "convergent technologies" refers to the synergistic combination of four major "NBIC" (nano-bio-info-cogno) provinces of science and technology, each of which is currently progressing at a rapid rate: (a) nanoscience and nanotechnology; (b) biotechnology and biomedicine, including genetic engineering; (c) information technology, including advanced computing and communications; (d) cognitive science, including cognitive neuroscience. Timely and Broad Opportunity. Convergence of diverse technologies is based on material unity at the nanoscale and on technology integration from that scale.
