Uncertainties in the Estimation of Radiation Risks and Probability of Disease Causation

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Publisher : National Council on Radiation
ISBN 13 : 9780983545019
Total Pages : 418 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (45 download)

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Book Synopsis Uncertainties in the Estimation of Radiation Risks and Probability of Disease Causation by : National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements

Download or read book Uncertainties in the Estimation of Radiation Risks and Probability of Disease Causation written by National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements and published by National Council on Radiation. This book was released on 2012 with total page 418 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Forlagets beskrivelse: NCRP Report No. 171, Uncertainties in the Estimation of Radiation Risks and Probability of Disease Causation, considers the types and magnitude of the several uncertainties that are a component of the risk assessment process for cancer, heritable and noncancer effects following radiation exposure. These uncertainties can result from the nature of the input data as well as from the specific analysis and models used for developing the risk estimates. Topics addressed in this Report include: (a) uncertainties associated with extrapolation of dose-response relationships observed in primary epidemiological studies to estimate the risk per unit dose (i.e., organ dose or whole-body dose) in the U.S. population and other exposed populations; (b) applications of meta-analyses or pooled analyses to increase the statistical power in evaluating uncertainties in dose-response relationships for exposed human populations; (c) uncertainties associated with extrapolation of dose-response relationships observed for populations exposed to acute doses of high-energy gamma rays to estimate the risk per unit dose in populations exposed to fractionated or low-dose rate chronic exposures; (d) uncertainties associated with extrapolation of the dose-response relationships observed for populations exposed to high-energy gamma rays to estimate the risk per unit dose in populations exposed to low-energy photons, low-energy electrons, alpha particles, and neutrons with various energies; (e) comparison of uncertainties associated with risk estimated for individual tissue or organ sites with the uncertainties associated with estimating risk of all tumors combined due to whole-body exposure; (f) evaluation of opportunities for using additional epidemiological and laboratory-based biological information to modify estimates of uncertainty in risk estimation for cancer, noncancer effects, and severe heritable disorders; (f) procedures for accounting for dose uncertainty in epidemiological dose-response analyses; and (g) evaluation of the combined effect of uncertainty in dose estimation with the uncertainty in estimation of risk per unit dose in estimating the overall risk. This Report also provides a comprehensive analysis of uncertainties on the estimation of probability of radiation-induced disease, including: (1) application of organ doses and associated uncertainties in estimation of probability of disease causation; (2) evaluation of inherent uncertainties in calculating the probability of disease causation (in an individual), or assigned share of excess relative risk for various types of cancer attributable to radiation exposure; and (3) methods of improving existing procedures for estimating disease probability based on input organ doses and their uncertainties. The issue of uncertainty in estimation of radiation-induced risks of cancer, noncancer diseases, and heritable genetic effects analyzed in this Report is of great importance in evaluating the effects of ionizing radiation on human health, in decisions involving the safe use of ionizing radiation and in addressing public controversy. Uncertainty analyses should become increasingly important in the future as the sophisticated methodologies continue to develop and become more available.

Uncertainties in Fatal Cancer Risk Estimates Used in Radiation Protection

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Publisher : National Council on Radiation Protection & Measurements
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 130 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (6 download)

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Book Synopsis Uncertainties in Fatal Cancer Risk Estimates Used in Radiation Protection by : National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements

Download or read book Uncertainties in Fatal Cancer Risk Estimates Used in Radiation Protection written by National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements and published by National Council on Radiation Protection & Measurements. This book was released on 1997 with total page 130 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Health Risks from Exposure to Low Levels of Ionizing Radiation

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Author :
Publisher : National Academies Press
ISBN 13 : 0309133343
Total Pages : 422 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (91 download)

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Book Synopsis Health Risks from Exposure to Low Levels of Ionizing Radiation by : Committee to Assess Health Risks from Exposure to Low Levels of Ionizing Radiation

Download or read book Health Risks from Exposure to Low Levels of Ionizing Radiation written by Committee to Assess Health Risks from Exposure to Low Levels of Ionizing Radiation and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2006-03-23 with total page 422 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book is the seventh in a series of titles from the National Research Council that addresses the effects of exposure to low dose LET (Linear Energy Transfer) ionizing radiation and human health. Updating information previously presented in the 1990 publication, Health Effects of Exposure to Low Levels of Ionizing Radiation: BEIR V, this book draws upon new data in both epidemiologic and experimental research. Ionizing radiation arises from both natural and man-made sources and at very high doses can produce damaging effects in human tissue that can be evident within days after exposure. However, it is the low-dose exposures that are the focus of this book. So-called “late” effects, such as cancer, are produced many years after the initial exposure. This book is among the first of its kind to include detailed risk estimates for cancer incidence in addition to cancer mortality. BEIR VII offers a full review of the available biological, biophysical, and epidemiological literature since the last BEIR report on the subject and develops the most up-to-date and comprehensive risk estimates for cancer and other health effects from exposure to low-level ionizing radiation.

Analysis of Cancer Risks in Populations Near Nuclear Facilities

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Publisher : National Academies Press
ISBN 13 : 0309255716
Total Pages : 424 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (92 download)

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Book Synopsis Analysis of Cancer Risks in Populations Near Nuclear Facilities by : National Research Council

Download or read book Analysis of Cancer Risks in Populations Near Nuclear Facilities written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2012-06-29 with total page 424 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In the late 1980s, the National Cancer Institute initiated an investigation of cancer risks in populations near 52 commercial nuclear power plants and 10 Department of Energy nuclear facilities (including research and nuclear weapons production facilities and one reprocessing plant) in the United States. The results of the NCI investigation were used a primary resource for communicating with the public about the cancer risks near the nuclear facilities. However, this study is now over 20 years old. The U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission requested that the National Academy of Sciences provide an updated assessment of cancer risks in populations near USNRC-licensed nuclear facilities that utilize or process uranium for the production of electricity. Analysis of Cancer Risks in Populations near Nuclear Facilities: Phase 1 focuses on identifying scientifically sound approaches for carrying out an assessment of cancer risks associated with living near a nuclear facility, judgments about the strengths and weaknesses of various statistical power, ability to assess potential confounding factors, possible biases, and required effort. The results from this Phase 1 study will be used to inform the design of cancer risk assessment, which will be carried out in Phase 2. This report is beneficial for the general public, communities near nuclear facilities, stakeholders, healthcare providers, policy makers, state and local officials, community leaders, and the media.

Assessment of the Scientific Information for the Radiation Exposure Screening and Education Program

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Publisher : National Academies Press
ISBN 13 : 0309096103
Total Pages : 431 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (9 download)

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Book Synopsis Assessment of the Scientific Information for the Radiation Exposure Screening and Education Program by : National Research Council

Download or read book Assessment of the Scientific Information for the Radiation Exposure Screening and Education Program written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2005-10-01 with total page 431 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Radiation Exposure Compensation Act (RECA) was set up by Congress in 1990 to compensate people who have been diagnosed with specified cancers and chronic diseases that could have resulted from exposure to nuclear-weapons tests at various U.S. test sites. Eligible claimants include civilian onsite participants, downwinders who lived in areas currently designated by RECA, and uranium workers and ore transporters who meet specified residence or exposure criteria. The Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), which oversees the screening, education, and referral services program for RECA populations, asked the National Academies to review its program and assess whether new scientific information could be used to improve its program and determine if additional populations or geographic areas should be covered under RECA. The report recommends Congress should establish a new science-based process using a method called "probability of causation/assigned share" (PC/AS) to determine eligibility for compensation. Because fallout may have been higher for people outside RECA-designated areas, the new PC/AS process should apply to all residents of the continental US, Alaska, Hawaii, and overseas US territories who have been diagnosed with specific RECA-compensable diseases and who may have been exposed, even in utero, to radiation from U.S. nuclear-weapons testing fallout. However, because the risks of radiation-induced disease are generally low at the exposure levels of concern in RECA populations, in most cases it is unlikely that exposure to radioactive fallout was a substantial contributing cause of cancer.

Health Effects of Exposure to Low Levels of Ionizing Radiation

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Author :
Publisher : National Academies
ISBN 13 : 0309039959
Total Pages : 436 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (9 download)

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Book Synopsis Health Effects of Exposure to Low Levels of Ionizing Radiation by : National Research Council

Download or read book Health Effects of Exposure to Low Levels of Ionizing Radiation written by National Research Council and published by National Academies. This book was released on 1990-02-01 with total page 436 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book reevaluates the health risks of ionizing radiation in light of data that have become available since the 1980 report on this subject was published. The data include new, much more reliable dose estimates for the A-bomb survivors, the results of an additional 14 years of follow-up of the survivors for cancer mortality, recent results of follow-up studies of persons irradiated for medical purposes, and results of relevant experiments with laboratory animals and cultured cells. It analyzes the data in terms of risk estimates for specific organs in relation to dose and time after exposure, and compares radiation effects between Japanese and Western populations.

Advanced Radiation Protection Dosimetry

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Publisher : CRC Press
ISBN 13 : 0429621558
Total Pages : 507 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (296 download)

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Book Synopsis Advanced Radiation Protection Dosimetry by : Shaheen Dewji

Download or read book Advanced Radiation Protection Dosimetry written by Shaheen Dewji and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2019-04-02 with total page 507 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Although many radiation protection scientists and engineers use dose coefficients, few know the origin of those dose coefficients. This is the first book in over 40 years to address the topic of radiation protection dosimetry in intimate detail. Advanced Radiation Protection Dosimetry covers all methods used in radiation protection dosimetry, including advanced external and internal radiation dosimetry concepts and regulatory applications. This book is an ideal reference for both scientists and practitioners in radiation protection and students in graduate health physics and medical physics courses. Features: A much-needed book filling a gap in the market in a rapidly expanding area Contains the history, evolution, and the most up-to-date computational dosimetry models Authored and edited by internationally recognized authorities and subject area specialists Interrogates both the origins and methodologies of dose coefficient calculation Incorporates the latest international guidance for radiation dosimetry and protection

Dose, Benefit, and Risk in Medical Imaging

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Publisher : CRC Press
ISBN 13 : 0429814739
Total Pages : 311 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (298 download)

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Book Synopsis Dose, Benefit, and Risk in Medical Imaging by : Lawrence T. Dauer

Download or read book Dose, Benefit, and Risk in Medical Imaging written by Lawrence T. Dauer and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2018-10-11 with total page 311 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This timely overview of dose, benefit, and risk in medical imaging explains to readers how to apply this information for informed decision-making that improves patient outcomes. The chapters cover patient and physician perspectives, referral guidelines, appropriateness criteria, and quantifying medical imaging benefits. The authors have included essential discussion about radiologic physics in medical imaging, fundamentals of dose and image quality, risk assessment, and techniques for optimization and dose reduction. The book highlights practical implementation aspects with useful case studies and checklists for treatment planning. Clinicians, students, residents, and professionals in medical physics, biomedical engineering, radiology, oncology, and allied disciplines will find this book an essential resource with the following key features: Discusses risk, benefit, dose optimization, safety, regulation, radiological protection, and shared & informed decision-making. Covers regulatory oversight by government agencies, manufacturers, and societies. Highlights best practices for improving patient safety and outcomes. Gives guidelines on doses associated with specific procedures.

Science and Decisions

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Publisher : National Academies Press
ISBN 13 : 0309120462
Total Pages : 422 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (91 download)

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Book Synopsis Science and Decisions by : National Research Council

Download or read book Science and Decisions written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2009-03-24 with total page 422 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Risk assessment has become a dominant public policy tool for making choices, based on limited resources, to protect public health and the environment. It has been instrumental to the mission of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) as well as other federal agencies in evaluating public health concerns, informing regulatory and technological decisions, prioritizing research needs and funding, and in developing approaches for cost-benefit analysis. However, risk assessment is at a crossroads. Despite advances in the field, risk assessment faces a number of significant challenges including lengthy delays in making complex decisions; lack of data leading to significant uncertainty in risk assessments; and many chemicals in the marketplace that have not been evaluated and emerging agents requiring assessment. Science and Decisions makes practical scientific and technical recommendations to address these challenges. This book is a complement to the widely used 1983 National Academies book, Risk Assessment in the Federal Government (also known as the Red Book). The earlier book established a framework for the concepts and conduct of risk assessment that has been adopted by numerous expert committees, regulatory agencies, and public health institutions. The new book embeds these concepts within a broader framework for risk-based decision-making. Together, these are essential references for those working in the regulatory and public health fields.

Sources, Effects and Risks of Ionizing Radiation, United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation (UNSCEAR) 2012 Report

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Publisher : United Nations
ISBN 13 : 9210577981
Total Pages : 330 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (15 download)

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Book Synopsis Sources, Effects and Risks of Ionizing Radiation, United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation (UNSCEAR) 2012 Report by : UNSCEAR

Download or read book Sources, Effects and Risks of Ionizing Radiation, United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation (UNSCEAR) 2012 Report written by UNSCEAR and published by United Nations. This book was released on 2015-12-31 with total page 330 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation (UNSCEAR) assesses the levels and effects of exposure to ionizing radiation. UNSCEAR’s scientific findings underpin radiation risk evaluation and international protection standards. This report comprises a report to the General Assembly with two underpinning scientific annexes. The first annex recapitulates and clarifies the philosophy of science as well as the scientific knowledge for attributing observed health effects in individuals and populations to radiation exposure, and distinguishes between that and inferring risk to individuals and populations from an exposure. The second annex reviews the latest thinking and approaches to quantifying the uncertainties in assessments of risk from radiation exposure, and illustrates these approaches with application to examples that are highly pertinent to radiation protection. The report is a landmark publication in terms of our understanding of the confidence that can be attached to the attribution of health effects in individuals and populations, and to the estimation of risks inferred from exposure to ionizing radiation.

Health Risks of Radon and Other Internally Deposited Alpha-Emitters

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Publisher : National Academies Press
ISBN 13 : 0309037891
Total Pages : 623 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (9 download)

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Book Synopsis Health Risks of Radon and Other Internally Deposited Alpha-Emitters by : National Research Council

Download or read book Health Risks of Radon and Other Internally Deposited Alpha-Emitters written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 1988-02-01 with total page 623 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book describes hazards from radon progeny and other alpha-emitters that humans may inhale or ingest from their environment. In their analysis, the authors summarize in one document clinical and epidemiological evidence, the results of animal studies, research on alpha-particle damage at the cellular level, metabolic pathways for internal alpha-emitters, dosimetry and microdosimetry of radionuclides deposited in specific tissues, and the chemical toxicity of some low-specific-activity alpha-emitters. Techniques for estimating the risks to humans posed by radon and other internally deposited alpha-emitters are offered, along with a discussion of formulas, models, methods, and the level of uncertainty inherent in the risk estimates.

Charged Particles in Oncology

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Publisher : Frontiers Media SA
ISBN 13 : 288945391X
Total Pages : 650 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (894 download)

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Book Synopsis Charged Particles in Oncology by : Marco Durante

Download or read book Charged Particles in Oncology written by Marco Durante and published by Frontiers Media SA. This book was released on 2018-01-31 with total page 650 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: High-energy charged particles represent a cutting-edge technique in radiation oncology. Protons and carbon ions are used in several centers all over the world for the treatment of different solid tumors. Typical indications are ocular malignancies, tumors of the base of the skull, hepatocellular carcinomas and various sarcomas. The physical characteristics of the charged particles (Bragg peak) allow sparing of much more normal tissues than it is possible using conventional X-rays, and for this reason all pediatric tumors are considered eligible for protontherapy. Ions heavier than protons also display special radiobiological characteristics, which make them effective against radioresistant and hypoxic tumors. On the other hand, protons and ions with high charge (Z) and energy (HZE particles) represent a major risk for human space exploration. The main late effect of radiation exposure is cancer induction, and at the moment the dose limits for astronauts are based on cancer mortality risk. The Mars Science Laboratory (MSL) measured the dose on the route to Mars and on the planet’s surface, suggesting that a human exploration missions will exceed the radiation risk limits. Notwithstanding many studies on carcinogenesis induced by protons and heavy ions, the risk uncertainty remains very high. In this research topic we aim at gathering the experiences and opinions of scientists dealing with high-energy charged particles either for cancer treatment or for space radiation protection. Clinical results with protons and heavy ions, as well as research in medical physics and pre-clinical radiobiology are reported. In addition, ground-based and spaceflight studies on the effects of space radiation are included in this book. Particularly relevant for space studies are the clinical results on normal tissue complications and second cancers. The eBook nicely demonstrates that particle therapy in oncology and protection of astronauts from space radiation share many common topics, and can learn from each other.

Strange Glow

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Publisher : Princeton University Press
ISBN 13 : 0691178348
Total Pages : 506 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (911 download)

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Book Synopsis Strange Glow by : Timothy J. Jorgensen

Download or read book Strange Glow written by Timothy J. Jorgensen and published by Princeton University Press. This book was released on 2017-08-22 with total page 506 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The fascinating science and history of radiation More than ever before, radiation is a part of our modern daily lives. We own radiation-emitting phones, regularly get diagnostic x-rays, such as mammograms, and submit to full-body security scans at airports. We worry and debate about the proliferation of nuclear weapons and the safety of nuclear power plants. But how much do we really know about radiation? And what are its actual dangers? An accessible blend of narrative history and science, Strange Glow describes mankind's extraordinary, thorny relationship with radiation, including the hard-won lessons of how radiation helps and harms our health. Timothy Jorgensen explores how our knowledge of and experiences with radiation in the last century can lead us to smarter personal decisions about radiation exposures today. Jorgensen introduces key figures in the story of radiation—from Wilhelm Roentgen, the discoverer of x-rays, and pioneering radioactivity researchers Marie and Pierre Curie, to Thomas Edison and the victims of the recent Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant accident. Tracing the most important events in the evolution of radiation, Jorgensen explains exactly what radiation is, how it produces certain health consequences, and how we can protect ourselves from harm. He also considers a range of practical scenarios such as the risks of radon in our basements, radiation levels in the fish we eat, questions about cell-phone use, and radiation's link to cancer. Jorgensen empowers us to make informed choices while offering a clearer understanding of broader societal issues. Investigating radiation's benefits and risks, Strange Glow takes a remarkable look at how, for better or worse, radiation has transformed our society.

Occupational and Environmental Health

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Publisher : Oxford University Press
ISBN 13 : 0190662670
Total Pages : 785 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (96 download)

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Book Synopsis Occupational and Environmental Health by : Barry S. Levy

Download or read book Occupational and Environmental Health written by Barry S. Levy and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2017-12 with total page 785 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Resource added for the Resource added for the Wellness and Health Promotion program 105461.

The Essential Physics of Medical Imaging

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Publisher : Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
ISBN 13 : 1975103246
Total Pages : 1688 pages
Book Rating : 4.9/5 (751 download)

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Book Synopsis The Essential Physics of Medical Imaging by : Jerold T. Bushberg

Download or read book The Essential Physics of Medical Imaging written by Jerold T. Bushberg and published by Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. This book was released on 2020-11-24 with total page 1688 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Widely regarded as the cornerstone text in the field, the successful series of editions continues to follow the tradition of a clear and comprehensive presentation of the physical principles and operational aspects of medical imaging. The Essential Physics of Medical Imaging, 4th Edition, is a coherent and thorough compendium of the fundamental principles of the physics, radiation protection, and radiation biology that underlie the practice and profession of medical imaging. Distinguished scientists and educators from the University of California, Davis, provide up-to-date, readable information on the production, characteristics, and interactions of non-ionizing and ionizing radiation, magnetic fields and ultrasound used in medical imaging and the imaging modalities in which they are used, including radiography, mammography, fluoroscopy, computed tomography, magnetic resonance, ultrasound, and nuclear medicine. This vibrant, full-color text is enhanced by more than 1,000 images, charts, and graphs, including hundreds of new illustrations. This text is a must-have resource for medical imaging professionals, radiology residents who are preparing for Core Exams, and teachers and students in medical physics and biomedical engineering.

Hendee's Physics of Medical Imaging

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Author :
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 0470552204
Total Pages : 496 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (75 download)

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Book Synopsis Hendee's Physics of Medical Imaging by : Ehsan Samei

Download or read book Hendee's Physics of Medical Imaging written by Ehsan Samei and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2019-04-23 with total page 496 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: An up-to-date edition of the authoritative text on the physics of medical imaging, written in an accessible format The extensively revised fifth edition of Hendee's Medical Imaging Physics, offers a guide to the principles, technologies, and procedures of medical imaging. Comprehensive in scope, the text contains coverage of all aspects of image formation in modern medical imaging modalities including radiography, fluoroscopy, computed tomography, nuclear imaging, magnetic resonance imaging, and ultrasound. Since the publication of the fourth edition, there have been major advances in the techniques and instrumentation used in the ever-changing field of medical imaging. The fifth edition offers a comprehensive reflection of these advances including digital projection imaging techniques, nuclear imaging technologies, new CT and MR imaging methods, and ultrasound applications. The new edition also takes a radical strategy in organization of the content, offering the fundamentals common to most imaging methods in Part I of the book, and application of those fundamentals in specific imaging modalities in Part II. These fundamentals also include notable updates and new content including radiobiology, anatomy and physiology relevant to medical imaging, imaging science, image processing, image display, and information technologies. The book makes an attempt to make complex content in accessible format with limited mathematical formulation. The book is aimed to be accessible by most professionals with lay readers interested in the subject. The book is also designed to be of utility for imaging physicians and residents, medical physics students, and medical physicists and radiologic technologists perpetrating for certification examinations. The revised fifth edition of Hendee's Medical Imaging Physics continues to offer the essential information and insights needed to understand the principles, the technologies, and procedures used in medical imaging.

Out-of-field second primary cancer induction: Radiation-biology, epidemiology, dosimetry and modelling

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Author :
Publisher : Frontiers Media SA
ISBN 13 : 2832510930
Total Pages : 177 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (325 download)

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Book Synopsis Out-of-field second primary cancer induction: Radiation-biology, epidemiology, dosimetry and modelling by : Beatriz Sanchez-Nieto

Download or read book Out-of-field second primary cancer induction: Radiation-biology, epidemiology, dosimetry and modelling written by Beatriz Sanchez-Nieto and published by Frontiers Media SA. This book was released on 2023-01-06 with total page 177 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: