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Tritium Measurement Techniques
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Book Synopsis Tritium Measurement Techniques by : National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements
Download or read book Tritium Measurement Techniques written by National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements and published by Ncrp. This book was released on 1976 with total page 108 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "As a consequence of the increasing importance of tritium resulting from nuclear fission and neutron activation, from its use in accelerators, from its use in research and industry, and from its use in the investigation of the environment and its distribution in the environment, the NCRP designated a scientific committee to prepare a report on the currently acceptable methods of measuring tritium. This report is particularly aimed in assisting an individual to select a procedure suitable to the problem at hand." --From Preface, page iii.
Download or read book Tritium Measurement Techniques written by and published by . This book was released on 1976 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Measurement Techniques for Tritium and Carbon 14 by : Bommadeni Arun
Download or read book Measurement Techniques for Tritium and Carbon 14 written by Bommadeni Arun and published by Self Employed. This book was released on 2023-03-28 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Tritium and radiocarbon are pure beta emitters. Tritium has an average energy of 5.7 keV and endpoint energy of 18.6 keV [1]. Radiocarbon has an average energy of 49.5 keV and endpoint energy of 156 keV. The half-life of tritium and radiocarbon is 12.3 years and 5730 years, respectively. Hydrogen has three isotopes, namely hydrogen (1H), deuterium (2H), and tritium (3H). Among the three isotopes, tritium alone is a radioactive isotope. The natural abundance of hydrogen, deuterium, and tritium are 99.985%, 0.015%, and 1x10-18%. Carbon is also having three isotopes 12C, 13C, and 14C. The isotopes 12C and 13C are stable, whereas 14C is radioactive. The natural abundance of 12C, 13C and 14C are approximately 98.89%%, 1.11% and 1.2 x 10-10% respectively. Tritium is continuously produced in the atmosphere with cosmic-ray induced neutron activation of atmospheric gases. The reaction occurs with fast neutrons. The threshold neutron energy for the 14N (1n, 3H) 12C is 4 MeV [1].
Author :R. A. Surette Publisher :Chalk River, Ont. : Radiation Biology and Health Physics Branch, Chalk River Laboratories ISBN 13 : Total Pages :38 pages Book Rating :4.3/5 (91 download)
Book Synopsis Monitoring of Tritium-contaminated Surfaces, Including Skin by : R. A. Surette
Download or read book Monitoring of Tritium-contaminated Surfaces, Including Skin written by R. A. Surette and published by Chalk River, Ont. : Radiation Biology and Health Physics Branch, Chalk River Laboratories. This book was released on 1994 with total page 38 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The dcc-1 and dcc-2 experiments have provided the first data on dryout and quench behavior of internally heated uo2 debris in water. the pressure range of this data extends from 1 to 170 atmoshperes. both of the experiments used the annual core research reactor (acrr) at sandia national laboratories to simulate the effects of radioactive decay heating. the debris in dcc-1 ranged from 75 microns to in excess of 10 mm in diameter, with a mean diameter of 0.75 mm. the bed depth was 0.5 m and the porosity was 0.345. dryout heat fluxes ranged from about 41 kw/m sup(2) (0.021 w/g) at a saturation temperature of 100 degrees celcius to about 69 kw/m sup(2) (0.021 w/g) at 340 degrees celcius. this measured pressure dependence is a factor of two to three lower than predicted by the analytical models. this is believed to be due to the breadth of the debris distribution, but the evidence is inconclusive. quenches of dried debris took hours to complete. quench fronts progressed uniformly without the liquid fingers observed in large particle tests. the debris distribution in dcc-2 was much narrower than in dcc 1, with the majority of particles having diameters between 0.5 and 8 mm. a small amount of "fines" with diameters down to 75 microns was added to the mixture. in dcc-2, thermally stable local dry zones were observed at bed power below the conventional dryout point. these are believed to be caused by the concentration of fines creating a low permeability zone. data on global dryout, in which the bed bottom can dry out, agree well with analytical predictions. quenches of dry zones took about 10 minutes to complete. the quench fronts were not uniform, having a liquid finger which penetrated to the bottom of the bed before the quench was complete.
Book Synopsis Tritium: Fuel of Fusion Reactors by : Tetsuo Tanabe
Download or read book Tritium: Fuel of Fusion Reactors written by Tetsuo Tanabe and published by Springer. This book was released on 2016-12-05 with total page 365 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book focuses on tritium as a fuel for fusion reactors and a next-generation energy source. Following an introduction of tritium as a hydrogen radioisotope, important issues involved in establishing safe and economical tritium fuel cycles including breeding for a fusion reactor are summarized; these include the handling of large amounts of tritium: confinement, leakage, contamination, permeation, regulation and tritium accountancy, and impacts on surrounding areas. Targeting and encouraging the students and technicians who will design and operate fusion reactors in the near future, this book offers a valuable resource on tritium science and technology.
Book Synopsis Tritium in the Environment by : National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements
Download or read book Tritium in the Environment written by National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements and published by Ncrp. This book was released on 1979 with total page 142 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Author :A. Trivedi Publisher :Chalk River, Ont. : Health Physics Branch, Chalk River Laboratories ISBN 13 :9780660151359 Total Pages :15 pages Book Rating :4.1/5 (513 download)
Book Synopsis An Evaluation of an Organically Bound Tritium Measurement Method in Artificial and Natural Urine by : A. Trivedi
Download or read book An Evaluation of an Organically Bound Tritium Measurement Method in Artificial and Natural Urine written by A. Trivedi and published by Chalk River, Ont. : Health Physics Branch, Chalk River Laboratories. This book was released on 1993 with total page 15 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Tritium written by Marija M. Janković and published by . This book was released on 2018 with total page 295 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Tritium, 3H (T), is a radioactive isotope of hydrogen. Naturally occurring tritium is rare on Earth, where trace amounts are formed by the interaction of the atmosphere with cosmic rays. Once formed in the stratosphere, the tritium atoms have a large amount of kinetic energy. At a pressure lower than atmospheric, they react with the oxygen, creating a stable radical HO2. This radical reacts with ozone, following the photochemical reaction of decomposition TO2 to HTO. Once tritium is incorporated into the water molecule, then it falls to the Earth's surface as precipitation or snow, thus entering into the natural hydrological cycle.With a half-life of 12.32 years and a maximum energy of 18 keV beta radiation, this radioisotope is not dangerous externally, but it can be a radiation hazard when inhaled, ingested via food or water, or absorbed through the skin. The biological half-life ranges from around 7 to 14 days, so bioaccumulation of tritium is not a significant concern.Tritium is a very useful hydro-geological tracer and can be successfully applied in assessing the age of groundwater and residence times of continental hydrologic systems or as an oceanic transient tracer. Tritium releases from nuclear installations may be useful for some applications as a powerful local tracer, but on the other hand such releases may affect the reliability and accuracy of tritium use as a global tracer. For this reason, measuring of the activity concentrations of tritium is regularly a part of every national and/or international monitoring programme. Tritium is also used in radio luminescent light sources for watches and various instruments, and, along with deuterium, as a fuel for nuclear fusion reactors with applications in energy generation and weapons.The amount of tritium that appears in the atmosphere as a product of human activity comes from: nuclear reactors, production of nuclear weapons, atmospheric and above ground nuclear explosions, heavy water and tritium plants, and plants for tritium separation. The use of tritium labeled compounds for medical and research purposes is also a possible source of contamination by tritium.Knowledge of the tritium concentration distribution in the environment, awareness of various anthropogenic sources of tritium, and optimization of measurement conditions are of great importance in various applications and in preserving human health.
Book Synopsis Safe Handling of Tritium by : International Atomic Energy Agency
Download or read book Safe Handling of Tritium written by International Atomic Energy Agency and published by . This book was released on 1991 with total page 148 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This publication contains information on the dosimetry and monitoring of tritium, the use of protective clothing for work with tritium, safe practices in tritium handling laboratories and details of tritium compatible materials. The information has been compiled from experience in the various applications of tritium and should represent valuable source material to all users of tritium, including those involved in fusion R&D.
Book Synopsis An Apparatus and Method for the Measurement of Natural Abundance of Tritium by : M. W. Hughes
Download or read book An Apparatus and Method for the Measurement of Natural Abundance of Tritium written by M. W. Hughes and published by . This book was released on 1971 with total page 15 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Water Quality. Determination of Tritium Activity Concentration. Liquid Scintillation Counting Method by : British Standards Institute Staff
Download or read book Water Quality. Determination of Tritium Activity Concentration. Liquid Scintillation Counting Method written by British Standards Institute Staff and published by . This book was released on 1911-03-31 with total page 36 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Water, Quality, Water resources, Water testing, Radiation measurement, Tritium, Radionuclides, Radioactive materials, Determination of content, Liquids, Scintillation counters, Measurement characteristics
Book Synopsis Handbook of Radioactivity Analysis by : Michael F. L'Annunziata
Download or read book Handbook of Radioactivity Analysis written by Michael F. L'Annunziata and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2012-12-02 with total page 810 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Handbook of Radioactivity Analysis is written by experts in the measurement of radioactivity. The book describes the broad scope of analytical methods available and instructs the reader on how to select the proper technique. It is intended as a practical manual for research which requires the accurate measurement of radioactivity at all levels, from the low levels encountered in the environment to the high levels measured in radioisotope research. This book contains sample preparation procedures, recommendations on steps to follow, necessary calculations, computer controlled analysis, and high sample throughput techniques. Each chapter includes practical techniques for application to nuclear safety, nuclear safeguards, environmental analysis, weapons disarmament, and assays required for research in biomedicine and agriculture. The fundamentals of radioactivity properties, radionuclide decay, and methods of detection are included to provide the basis for a thorough understanding of the analytical procedures described in the book. Therefore, the Handbook can also be used as a teaching text. Includes sample preparation techniques for matrices such as soil, air, plant, water, animal tissue, and surface swipes Provides procedures and guidelines for the analysis of commonly encountered na
Book Synopsis Radioisotope Sample Measurement Techniques in Medicine and Biology by :
Download or read book Radioisotope Sample Measurement Techniques in Medicine and Biology written by and published by . This book was released on 1965 with total page 766 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Author :United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation (UNSCEAR) Publisher :United Nations ISBN 13 :9210600029 Total Pages :508 pages Book Rating :4.2/5 (16 download)
Book Synopsis Sources, Effects and Risks of Ionizing Radiation, United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation (UNSCEAR) 2016 Report by : United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation (UNSCEAR)
Download or read book Sources, Effects and Risks of Ionizing Radiation, United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation (UNSCEAR) 2016 Report written by United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation (UNSCEAR) and published by United Nations. This book was released on 2017-04-25 with total page 508 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This report assesses the levels and effects of exposure to ionizing radiation. Scientific findings underpin radiation risk evaluation and international protection standards. This report comprises a report with two underpinning scientific annexes. The first annex recapitulates and clarifies the philosophy of science as well as the scientific knowledge for attributing observed health effects in individuals and populations to radiation exposure, and distinguishes between that and inferring risk to individuals and populations from an exposure. The second annex reviews the latest thinking and approaches to quantifying the uncertainties in assessments of risk from radiation exposure, and illustrates these approaches with application to examples that are highly pertinent to radiation protection.
Download or read book Isotopes written by Rob Ellam and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2016 with total page 153 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Isotopes are used in many areas of science and technology, including medicine, archaeology, and nuclear physics. They are central to our understanding of the Earth's past and current processes. Here, Rob Ellam explains the importance and applications of stable and radioactive isotopes.
Book Synopsis Environmental Tracers in Subsurface Hydrology by : Peter G. Cook
Download or read book Environmental Tracers in Subsurface Hydrology written by Peter G. Cook and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 545 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Environmental Tracers in Subsurface Hydrology synthesizes the research of specialists into a comprehensive review of the application of environmental tracers to the study of soil water and groundwater flow. The book includes chapters which cover ionic tracers, noble gases, chlorofluorocarbons, tritium, chlorine-36, oxygen-18, deuterium, and isotopes of carbon, strontium, sulphur and nitrogen. Applications of the tracers include the estimation of vertical and horizontal groundwater velocities, groundwater recharge rates, inter-aquifer leakage and mixing processes, chemical processes and palaeohydrology. Practicing hydrologists, soil physicists and hydrology professors and students will find the book to be a valuable support in their work.
Author :National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements Publisher :National Council on Radiation Protection & Measurements ISBN 13 : Total Pages :194 pages Book Rating :4.3/5 (91 download)
Book Synopsis Instrumentation and Monitoring Methods for Radiation Protection by : National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements
Download or read book Instrumentation and Monitoring Methods for Radiation Protection written by National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements and published by National Council on Radiation Protection & Measurements. This book was released on 1978 with total page 194 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
