Transformation In The Post Civil War Period

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Transformation in the Post Civil War Period

Author : Bruce E. Brydges
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (473 download)

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Book Synopsis Transformation in the Post Civil War Period by : Bruce E. Brydges

Download or read book Transformation in the Post Civil War Period written by Bruce E. Brydges and published by . This book was released on 2001 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The experiences of the American Army in the post-Civil War period, and the impacts of those experiences on the Army's performance in the Spanish- American War, are analyzed to gain insights for the provisioning of a peacetime Army. The Army's post-Cold War experiences, to date, are then examined to determine how well those insights were applied to the provisioning of today's peacetime Army. Examination reveals that many, if not most, of the mistakes that were made in the latter half of the nineteenth century were repeated in the 1990s. Neglect, as evidenced by insufficient resourcing and over-commitment to operations other than war impeded the Army's ability to adequately fulfill its overarching purpose during an inter-war period: preparation to fight and win the nation's next war. Army leadership, just as in the late 1800s, failed to effectively engage and garner the support of the public and the Congress. The consequences of Congressional neglect and leadership failure was an unready, unmotivated and unhappy Army. Unlike the post-Civil War experience, leaders within the military establishment and on Capitol Hill have taken notice of these consequences and have initiated corrective actions before the nation finds it necessary to send the Army off to war ill-prepared, as it did in 1898.

An Example for All the Land

Author : Kate Masur
Publisher : Univ of North Carolina Press
ISBN 13 : 0807899321
Total Pages : 377 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (78 download)

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Book Synopsis An Example for All the Land by : Kate Masur

Download or read book An Example for All the Land written by Kate Masur and published by Univ of North Carolina Press. This book was released on 2010-10-04 with total page 377 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: An Example for All the Land reveals Washington, D.C. as a laboratory for social policy in the era of emancipation and the Civil War. In this panoramic study, Kate Masur provides a nuanced account of African Americans' grassroots activism, municipal politics, and the U.S. Congress. She tells the provocative story of how black men's right to vote transformed local affairs, and how, in short order, city reformers made that right virtually meaningless. Bringing the question of equality to the forefront of Reconstruction scholarship, this widely praised study explores how concerns about public and private space, civilization, and dependency informed the period's debate over rights and citizenship.

Transformation in the Post Civil War Period

Author : Bruce E. Brydges
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 28 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (473 download)

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Book Synopsis Transformation in the Post Civil War Period by : Bruce E. Brydges

Download or read book Transformation in the Post Civil War Period written by Bruce E. Brydges and published by . This book was released on 2001 with total page 28 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The experiences of the American Army in the post-Civil War period, and the impacts of those experiences on the Army's performance in the Spanish- American War, are analyzed to gain insights for the provisioning of a peacetime Army. The Army's post-Cold War experiences, to date, are then examined to determine how well those insights were applied to the provisioning of today's peacetime Army. Examination reveals that many, if not most, of the mistakes that were made in the latter half of the nineteenth century were repeated in the 1990s. Neglect, as evidenced by insufficient resourcing and over-commitment to operations other than war impeded the Army's ability to adequately fulfill its overarching purpose during an inter-war period: preparation to fight and win the nation's next war. Army leadership, just as in the late 1800s, failed to effectively engage and garner the support of the public and the Congress. The consequences of Congressional neglect and leadership failure was an unready, unmotivated and unhappy Army. Unlike the post-Civil War experience, leaders within the military establishment and on Capitol Hill have taken notice of these consequences and have initiated corrective actions before the nation finds it necessary to send the Army off to war ill-prepared, as it did in 1898.

The Civil War and the Transformation of American Citizenship

Author : Paul D. Quigley
Publisher : LSU Press
ISBN 13 : 0807168653
Total Pages : 360 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (71 download)

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Book Synopsis The Civil War and the Transformation of American Citizenship by : Paul D. Quigley

Download or read book The Civil War and the Transformation of American Citizenship written by Paul D. Quigley and published by LSU Press. This book was released on 2018-06-04 with total page 360 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The meanings and practices of American citizenship were as contested during the Civil War era as they are today. By examining a variety of perspectives—from prominent lawmakers in Washington, D.C., to enslaved women, from black firemen in southern cities to Confederate émigrés in Latin America—The Civil War and the Transformation of American Citizenship offers a wide-ranging exploration of citizenship’s metamorphoses amid the extended crises of war and emancipation. Americans in the antebellum era considered citizenship, at its most basic level, as a legal status acquired through birth or naturalization, and one that offered certain rights in exchange for specific obligations. Yet throughout the Civil War period, the boundaries and consequences of what it meant to be a citizen remained in flux. At the beginning of the war, Confederates relinquished their status as U.S. citizens, only to be mostly reabsorbed as full American citizens in its aftermath. The Reconstruction years also saw African American men acquire—at least in theory—the core rights of citizenship. As these changes swept across the nation, Americans debated the parameters of citizenship, the possibility of adopting or rejecting citizenship at will, and the relative importance of political privileges, economic opportunity, and cultural belonging. Ongoing inequities between races and genders, over the course of the Civil War and in the years that followed, further shaped these contentious debates. The Civil War and the Transformation of American Citizenship reveals how war, Emancipation, and Reconstruction forced the country to rethink the concept of citizenship not only in legal and constitutional terms but also within the context of the lives of everyday Americans, from imprisoned Confederates to former slaves.

Reconstructing Appalachia

Author : Andrew L. Slap
Publisher : University Press of Kentucky
ISBN 13 : 0813139767
Total Pages : 541 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (131 download)

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Book Synopsis Reconstructing Appalachia by : Andrew L. Slap

Download or read book Reconstructing Appalachia written by Andrew L. Slap and published by University Press of Kentucky. This book was released on 2010-05-28 with total page 541 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: “Excellent, readable, and absorbing history . . . gives us a better understanding of this compelling aspect of the Civil War.” —Library Journal Families, communities, and the nation itself were irretrievably altered by the Civil War and the subsequent societal transformations of the nineteenth century. The repercussions of the war incited a broad range of unique problems in Appalachia, including political dynamics, racial prejudices, and the regional economy. This anthology of essays reveals life in Appalachia after the ravages of the Civil War, an unexplored area that has left a void in historical literature. Addressing a gap in the chronicles of our nation, this vital collection explores little-known aspects of history with a particular focus on the Reconstruction and post-Reconstruction periods. Acclaimed scholars John C. Inscoe, Gordon B. McKinney, and Ken Fones-Wolf are joined by up-and-comers like Mary Ella Engel, Anne E. Marshall, and Kyle Osborn in a unique volume investigating postwar Appalachia with clarity and precision. Featuring a broad geographic focus, the compelling essays cover postwar events in Georgia, Kentucky, North Carolina, Tennessee, West Virginia, and Pennsylvania. This approach provides an intimate portrait of Appalachia as a diverse collection of communities where the values of place and family are of crucial importance. Highlighting a wide array of topics including racial reconciliation, tension between former Unionists and Confederates, the evolution of post—Civil War memory, and altered perceptions of race, gender, and economic status, Reconstructing Appalachia is a timely and essential study of a region rich in heritage and tradition. “Outstanding.” —North Carolina Historical Review

What Hath God Wrought

Author : Daniel Walker Howe
Publisher : Oxford University Press
ISBN 13 : 0199726574
Total Pages : 925 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (997 download)

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Book Synopsis What Hath God Wrought by : Daniel Walker Howe

Download or read book What Hath God Wrought written by Daniel Walker Howe and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2007-10-29 with total page 925 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Oxford History of the United States is by far the most respected multi-volume history of our nation. In this Pulitzer prize-winning, critically acclaimed addition to the series, historian Daniel Walker Howe illuminates the period from the battle of New Orleans to the end of the Mexican-American War, an era when the United States expanded to the Pacific and won control over the richest part of the North American continent. A panoramic narrative, What Hath God Wrought portrays revolutionary improvements in transportation and communications that accelerated the extension of the American empire. Railroads, canals, newspapers, and the telegraph dramatically lowered travel times and spurred the spread of information. These innovations prompted the emergence of mass political parties and stimulated America's economic development from an overwhelmingly rural country to a diversified economy in which commerce and industry took their place alongside agriculture. In his story, the author weaves together political and military events with social, economic, and cultural history. Howe examines the rise of Andrew Jackson and his Democratic party, but contends that John Quincy Adams and other Whigs--advocates of public education and economic integration, defenders of the rights of Indians, women, and African-Americans--were the true prophets of America's future. In addition, Howe reveals the power of religion to shape many aspects of American life during this period, including slavery and antislavery, women's rights and other reform movements, politics, education, and literature. Howe's story of American expansion culminates in the bitterly controversial but brilliantly executed war waged against Mexico to gain California and Texas for the United States. Winner of the New-York Historical Society American History Book Prize Finalist, 2007 National Book Critics Circle Award for Nonfiction The Oxford History of the United States The Oxford History of the United States is the most respected multi-volume history of our nation. The series includes three Pulitzer Prize winners, a New York Times bestseller, and winners of the Bancroft and Parkman Prizes. The Atlantic Monthly has praised it as "the most distinguished series in American historical scholarship," a series that "synthesizes a generation's worth of historical inquiry and knowledge into one literally state-of-the-art book." Conceived under the general editorship of C. Vann Woodward and Richard Hofstadter, and now under the editorship of David M. Kennedy, this renowned series blends social, political, economic, cultural, diplomatic, and military history into coherent and vividly written narrative.

The War for Independence and the Transformation of American Society

Author : Harry M. Ward
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1135361924
Total Pages : 321 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (353 download)

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Book Synopsis The War for Independence and the Transformation of American Society by : Harry M. Ward

Download or read book The War for Independence and the Transformation of American Society written by Harry M. Ward and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2014-04-08 with total page 321 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The War fo Independence had a substantial impact on the lives of all Americans, establishing a nation and confirming American identity. The War for Independence and the Transformation of American Society focuses on a conflict which was both civil war and revolution and assesses how Americans met the challenges of adapting to the ideals of Independence and Republicanism. The war effected political reconstruction and brought economic self sufficiency and expansion, but it also brought oppression of dissenting and ethnic minorities, broadened the divide between the affluent and the poor and strengthened the institution of slavery. Focusing on the climate of war itself and its effects on the lives of those who lived through it, this book includes discussion of: *Recruitment and Society *The Home Front *Constraints on Liberty *Women and family during the war years *African Americans and Native Americans The War for Independence is a fascinating account of the wider dimension to the meaning of the American Revolution.

Reconstruction

Author : Eric Foner
Publisher : Harper Collins
ISBN 13 : 006203586X
Total Pages : 742 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (62 download)

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Book Synopsis Reconstruction by : Eric Foner

Download or read book Reconstruction written by Eric Foner and published by Harper Collins. This book was released on 2011-12-13 with total page 742 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: From the "preeminent historian of Reconstruction" (New York Times Book Review), a newly updated edition of the prize-winning classic work on the post-Civil War period which shaped modern America, with a new introduction from the author. Eric Foner's "masterful treatment of one of the most complex periods of American history" (New Republic) redefined how the post-Civil War period was viewed. Reconstruction chronicles the way in which Americans—black and white—responded to the unprecedented changes unleashed by the war and the end of slavery. It addresses the ways in which the emancipated slaves' quest for economic autonomy and equal citizenship shaped the political agenda of Reconstruction; the remodeling of Southern society and the place of planters, merchants, and small farmers within it; the evolution of racial attitudes and patterns of race relations; and the emergence of a national state possessing vastly expanded authority and committed, for a time, to the principle of equal rights for all Americans. This "smart book of enormous strengths" (Boston Globe) remains the standard work on the wrenching post-Civil War period—an era whose legacy still reverberates in the United States today.

West from Appomattox

Author : Heather Cox Richardson
Publisher : Yale University Press
ISBN 13 : 0300137850
Total Pages : 412 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (1 download)

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Book Synopsis West from Appomattox by : Heather Cox Richardson

Download or read book West from Appomattox written by Heather Cox Richardson and published by Yale University Press. This book was released on 2007-03-28 with total page 412 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: “This thoughtful, engaging examination of the Reconstruction Era . . . will be appealing . . . to anyone interested in the roots of present-day American politics” (Publishers Weekly). The story of Reconstruction is not simply about the rebuilding of the South after the Civil War. In many ways, the late nineteenth century defined modern America, as Southerners, Northerners, and Westerners forged a national identity that united three very different regions into a country that could become a world power. A sweeping history of the United States from the era of Abraham Lincoln to the presidency of Theodore Roosevelt, this engaging book tracks the formation of the American middle class while stretching the boundaries of our understanding of Reconstruction. Historian Heather Cox Richardson ties the North and West into the post–Civil War story that usually focuses narrowly on the South. By weaving together the experiences of real individuals who left records in their own words—from ordinary Americans such as a plantation mistress, a Native American warrior, and a labor organizer, to prominent historical figures such as Andrew Carnegie, Julia Ward Howe, Booker T. Washington, and Sitting Bull—Richardson tells a story about the creation of modern America.

Stony the Road

Author : Henry Louis Gates, Jr.
Publisher : Penguin
ISBN 13 : 0525559558
Total Pages : 322 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (255 download)

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Book Synopsis Stony the Road by : Henry Louis Gates, Jr.

Download or read book Stony the Road written by Henry Louis Gates, Jr. and published by Penguin. This book was released on 2020-04-07 with total page 322 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: “Stony the Road presents a bracing alternative to Trump-era white nationalism. . . . In our current politics we recognize African-American history—the spot under our country’s rug where the terrorism and injustices of white supremacy are habitually swept. Stony the Road lifts the rug." —Nell Irvin Painter, New York Times Book Review A profound new rendering of the struggle by African-Americans for equality after the Civil War and the violent counter-revolution that resubjugated them, by the bestselling author of The Black Church. The abolition of slavery in the aftermath of the Civil War is a familiar story, as is the civil rights revolution that transformed the nation after World War II. But the century in between remains a mystery: if emancipation sparked "a new birth of freedom" in Lincoln's America, why was it necessary to march in Martin Luther King, Jr.'s America? In this new book, Henry Louis Gates, Jr., one of our leading chroniclers of the African-American experience, seeks to answer that question in a history that moves from the Reconstruction Era to the "nadir" of the African-American experience under Jim Crow, through to World War I and the Harlem Renaissance. Through his close reading of the visual culture of this tragic era, Gates reveals the many faces of Jim Crow and how, together, they reinforced a stark color line between white and black Americans. Bringing a lifetime of wisdom to bear as a scholar, filmmaker, and public intellectual, Gates uncovers the roots of structural racism in our own time, while showing how African Americans after slavery combatted it by articulating a vision of a "New Negro" to force the nation to recognize their humanity and unique contributions to America as it hurtled toward the modern age. The story Gates tells begins with great hope, with the Emancipation Proclamation, Union victory, and the liberation of nearly 4 million enslaved African-Americans. Until 1877, the federal government, goaded by the activism of Frederick Douglass and many others, tried at various turns to sustain their new rights. But the terror unleashed by white paramilitary groups in the former Confederacy, combined with deteriorating economic conditions and a loss of Northern will, restored "home rule" to the South. The retreat from Reconstruction was followed by one of the most violent periods in our history, with thousands of black people murdered or lynched and many more afflicted by the degrading impositions of Jim Crow segregation. An essential tour through one of America's fundamental historical tragedies, Stony the Road is also a story of heroic resistance, as figures such as W. E. B. Du Bois and Ida B. Wells fought to create a counter-narrative, and culture, inside the lion's mouth. As sobering as this tale is, it also has within it the inspiration that comes with encountering the hopes our ancestors advanced against the longest odds.

A Legal History of the Civil War and Reconstruction

Author : Laura F. Edwards
Publisher : Cambridge University Press
ISBN 13 : 1107008794
Total Pages : 225 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (7 download)

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Book Synopsis A Legal History of the Civil War and Reconstruction by : Laura F. Edwards

Download or read book A Legal History of the Civil War and Reconstruction written by Laura F. Edwards and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2015-01-26 with total page 225 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book provides a succinct and accessible account of the critical role of legal and constitutional issues of the American Civil War.

Social Change in America

Author : Christopher Clark
Publisher : Ivan R. Dee Publisher
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 380 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (321 download)

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Book Synopsis Social Change in America by : Christopher Clark

Download or read book Social Change in America written by Christopher Clark and published by Ivan R. Dee Publisher. This book was released on 2006 with total page 380 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The processes of social change in the late colonial period and early years of the new Republic made a dramatic imprint on the character of American society. These changes over a century or more were rooted in the origins of the United States, its rapid expansion of people and territory, its patterns of economic change and development, and the conflicts that led to its cataclysmic division and reunification through the Civil War. Christopher Clark's brilliant account of these changes in the social relationships of Americans breaks new ground in its emphasis on the connections between the crucial importance of free and unfree labor, regional characteristics, and the sustained tension between arguments for geographic expansion versus economic development. Mr. Clark traces the significance of families and households throughout the period, showing how work and different kinds of labor produced a varied access to power and wealth among free and unfree, male and female, and how the character of social elites was confronted by democratic pressures. He shows how the features of the different regions exercised long-term influences in American society and politics and were modified by pressures for change. And he explains how the widening gap between the claims of free labor and those of slavery fueled the continuing dispute over the best economic course for the nation's future and led ultimately to the Civil War. Like other long-running divisions in American society, however, this dispute was not fully resolved by the war's outcome. Social Change in America is a compelling new overview of the social dynamics of America's early years.

Beyond Redemption

Author : Carole Emberton
Publisher : University of Chicago Press
ISBN 13 : 022602427X
Total Pages : 294 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (26 download)

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Book Synopsis Beyond Redemption by : Carole Emberton

Download or read book Beyond Redemption written by Carole Emberton and published by University of Chicago Press. This book was released on 2013-06-10 with total page 294 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In the months after the end of the Civil War, there was one word on everyone’s lips: redemption. From the fiery language of Radical Republicans calling for a reconstruction of the former Confederacy to the petitions of those individuals who had worked the land as slaves to the white supremacists who would bring an end to Reconstruction in the late 1870s, this crucial concept informed the ways in which many people—both black and white, northerner and southerner—imagined the transformation of the American South. Beyond Redemption explores how the violence of a protracted civil war shaped the meaning of freedom and citizenship in the new South. Here, Carole Emberton traces the competing meanings that redemption held for Americans as they tried to come to terms with the war and the changing social landscape. While some imagined redemption from the brutality of slavery and war, others—like the infamous Ku Klux Klan—sought political and racial redemption for their losses through violence. Beyond Redemption merges studies of race and American manhood with an analysis of post-Civil War American politics to offer unconventional and challenging insight into the violence of Reconstruction.

Modernizing a Slave Economy

Author : John Majewski
Publisher : Univ of North Carolina Press
ISBN 13 : 0807882372
Total Pages : 257 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (78 download)

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Book Synopsis Modernizing a Slave Economy by : John Majewski

Download or read book Modernizing a Slave Economy written by John Majewski and published by Univ of North Carolina Press. This book was released on 2011-04-01 with total page 257 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: What would separate Union and Confederate countries look like if the South had won the Civil War? In fact, this was something that southern secessionists actively debated. Imagining themselves as nation builders, they understood the importance of a plan for the economic structure of the Confederacy. The traditional view assumes that Confederate slave-based agrarianism went hand in hand with a natural hostility toward industry and commerce. Turning conventional wisdom on its head, John Majewski's analysis finds that secessionists strongly believed in industrial development and state-led modernization. They blamed the South's lack of development on Union policies of discriminatory taxes on southern commerce and unfair subsidies for northern industry. Majewski argues that Confederates' opposition to a strong central government was politically tied to their struggle against northern legislative dominance. Once the Confederacy was formed, those who had advocated states' rights in the national legislature in order to defend against northern political dominance quickly came to support centralized power and a strong executive for war making and nation building.

The Rise and Fall of American Growth

Author : Robert J. Gordon
Publisher : Princeton University Press
ISBN 13 : 1400888956
Total Pages : 785 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (8 download)

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Book Synopsis The Rise and Fall of American Growth by : Robert J. Gordon

Download or read book The Rise and Fall of American Growth written by Robert J. Gordon and published by Princeton University Press. This book was released on 2017-08-29 with total page 785 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: How America's high standard of living came to be and why future growth is under threat In the century after the Civil War, an economic revolution improved the American standard of living in ways previously unimaginable. Electric lighting, indoor plumbing, motor vehicles, air travel, and television transformed households and workplaces. But has that era of unprecedented growth come to an end? Weaving together a vivid narrative, historical anecdotes, and economic analysis, The Rise and Fall of American Growth challenges the view that economic growth will continue unabated, and demonstrates that the life-altering scale of innovations between 1870 and 1970 cannot be repeated. Gordon contends that the nation's productivity growth will be further held back by the headwinds of rising inequality, stagnating education, an aging population, and the rising debt of college students and the federal government, and that we must find new solutions. A critical voice in the most pressing debates of our time, The Rise and Fall of American Growth is at once a tribute to a century of radical change and a harbinger of tougher times to come.

After Redemption

Author : John M. Giggie
Publisher : Oxford University Press
ISBN 13 : 0195304047
Total Pages : 334 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (953 download)

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Book Synopsis After Redemption by : John M. Giggie

Download or read book After Redemption written by John M. Giggie and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2007-11-21 with total page 334 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Challenging the traditional interpretation that the years between Reconstruction and World War I were a period when Blacks made only marginal advances in religion, politics, and social life, John Giggie contends that these years marked a critical turning point in the religious history of Southern Blacks.

The Transformation of American Law, 1780-1860

Author : Morton J. HORWITZ
Publisher : Harvard University Press
ISBN 13 : 0674038789
Total Pages : 378 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (74 download)

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Book Synopsis The Transformation of American Law, 1780-1860 by : Morton J. HORWITZ

Download or read book The Transformation of American Law, 1780-1860 written by Morton J. HORWITZ and published by Harvard University Press. This book was released on 2009-06-30 with total page 378 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In a remarkable book based on prodigious research, Morton J. Horwitz offers a sweeping overview of the emergence of a national (and modern) legal system from English and colonial antecedents. He treats the evolution of the common law as intellectual history and also demonstrates how the shifting views of private law became a dynamic element in the economic growth of the United States. Horwitz's subtle and sophisticated explanation of societal change begins with the common law, which was intended to provide justice for all. The great breakpoint came after 1790 when the law was slowly transformed to favor economic growth and development. The courts spurred economic competition instead of circumscribing it. This new instrumental law flourished as the legal profession and the mercantile elite forged a mutually beneficial alliance to gain wealth and power. The evolving law of the early republic interacted with political philosophy, Horwitz shows. The doctrine of laissez-faire, long considered the cloak for competition, is here seen as a shield for the newly rich. By the 1840s the overarching reach of the doctrine prevented further distribution of wealth and protected entrenched classes by disallowing the courts very much power to intervene in economic life. This searching interpretation, which connects law and the courts to the real world, will engage historians in a new debate. For to view the law as an engine of vast economic transformation is to challenge in a stunning way previous interpretations of the eras of revolution and reform.