Time Sensitive Searches For Electromagnetic Counterparts To High Energy Neutrinos

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Time Sensitive Searches for Electromagnetic Counterparts to High Energy Neutrinos

Author : Colin Turley
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (113 download)

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Book Synopsis Time Sensitive Searches for Electromagnetic Counterparts to High Energy Neutrinos by : Colin Turley

Download or read book Time Sensitive Searches for Electromagnetic Counterparts to High Energy Neutrinos written by Colin Turley and published by . This book was released on 2019 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: We present the results of multiple electromagnetic searches for counterparts of high energy neutrinos detected by the IceCube and ANTARES neutrino observatories. A long standing problem in astrophysics is the cosmic ray origin problem. Due to their electric charge, cosmic rays deflect in the interstellar and intergalactic magnetic fields, obfuscating their origins. Similarly, the origins of high energy neutrinos are largely unknown, with only one positively identified source, the blazar TXS 0506+056.Multimessenger astrophysics offers a method to discover the sources of high energy cosmic rays and neutrinos. The mechanisms that produce cosmic rays and neutrinos are very likely to also produce high energy -rays. Coincident searches for -rays and neutrinos have the potential to reveal the sources of high energy cosmic rays and neutrinos. Such searches have already borne fruit, with the coincident detection of TXS 0506+056.This thesis details several searches for + transients, their results, and what they may indicate for future searches. The first search detailed is a blazar flare analysis, looking for neutrinos coincident with TeV -rays from several bright northern blazars. This search found a statistical excess of neutrinos during blazar flares, but indicated that the blazar Markarian 421 is a strong candidate for either detecting or limiting neutrino emission from blazars. The second and third projects utilized the Fermi-LAT -ray data to search for electromagnetic counterparts to high energy neutrinos. These searches both looked for a population of subthreshold + transients, and for an excess of individually high significance + transients. Using neutrino data from the IceCube 40 and 59 string datasets, we found no evidence of a subthreshold population of + transients, and no individually high significance events. We did observe a trend for IC59 neutrinos to arrive in regions of the sky that were TeV bright (p=7%) and would like to see if this behavior persists in other neutrino datasets. Our search with archival ANTARES data likewise found no subthreshold population of + transients. In parallel with these searches, we also performed X-ray followup to IceCube detections of likely cosmic neutrinos using the Swift satellite. These searches are important to the field of multimessenger astrophysics as they are what led to the detection of the neutrino emitting blazar TXS 0506+056. Targeted coincidence searches, especially time sensitive searches, are essential to finding more neutrino sources and identifying the sources of high-energy cosmic rays.

High Energy Neutrinos from Gamma Ray Bursts: Theoretical Predictions, Experimental Searches, and Prospects for Detection

Author : Oindree Banerjee
Publisher : Oindree Banerjee
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 41 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (534 download)

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Book Synopsis High Energy Neutrinos from Gamma Ray Bursts: Theoretical Predictions, Experimental Searches, and Prospects for Detection by : Oindree Banerjee

Download or read book High Energy Neutrinos from Gamma Ray Bursts: Theoretical Predictions, Experimental Searches, and Prospects for Detection written by Oindree Banerjee and published by Oindree Banerjee. This book was released on 2020-10-23 with total page 41 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Abstract Gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) are the most luminous transient events in the observed Universe. However, there is no direct observational evidence for what exactly drives a GRB. The most widely accepted model for these cosmic events is the fireball model where it is thought that a substantial fraction of the kinetic energy of the source is converted to gamma-radiation by shock accelerated electrons emitting synchrotron and inverse-Compton radiation. The acceleration of protons in the gamma-ray emitting region of the GRB has been hypothesized as well. In this hadronic acceleration model, it is predicted that protons may interact with gamma-ray photons to produce a burst of neutrinos at energy ∼10^14 eV during prompt emission and energy ∼10^18 eV during afterglow emission. Several experimental searches for these high energy neutrinos have been conducted and no GRB neutrinos have yet been found. The analytical prediction for neutrino flux has been replaced with a more thorough numerical prediction for neutrino flux. The neutron model of GRBs, where only neutrons can escape the GRB and reach Earth as cosmic rays, has been ruled out by the experimental work of IceCube and ANTARES. Upgraded versions of current experiments such as IceCube, ANTARES, ANITA and ARA, as well as new experiments such as KM3NeT, are preparing to probe and further constrain the fireball paradigm of GRB neutrino production. This review includes: Introduction Early theoretical predictions for neutrino fluences due to GRBs Overview of high energy neutrino experiments and related physics Experimental searches for high energy neutrinos from GRBs Prospects for detection of high energy neutrinos from GRBs High Energy Neutrinos from Gamma Ray Bursts: Theoretical Predictions, Experimental Searches, and Prospects for Detection was originally written as a review submitted for my Ph.D. candidacy paper on Nov 23, 2015. It has been edited for a "Short Read" on Amazon Kindle Direct Publishing in Oct 2020. It is a public domain work. Special thanks to the Connolly group at Ohio State University (OSU) and the physics and astronomy departments at OSU. Moreover, I am grateful for the contribution of each and every scientist and author listed in the "References" section of this review. This review would not be possible without their published science and hard work. Please let me know if you find any mistakes or problems, I will fix it. My email is [email protected]. I am happy for this to be a living document. I am anxious to improve it but feel that it needs to be out at this point before that can happen.

Neutrino and Electromagnetic Counterparts of Galaxy and Astrophysical Black Hole Mergers

Author : Chengchao Yuan
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (134 download)

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Book Synopsis Neutrino and Electromagnetic Counterparts of Galaxy and Astrophysical Black Hole Mergers by : Chengchao Yuan

Download or read book Neutrino and Electromagnetic Counterparts of Galaxy and Astrophysical Black Hole Mergers written by Chengchao Yuan and published by . This book was released on 2022 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The historical coincident detection of gravitational waves (GWs) and electromagnetic (EM) counterparts from the binary neutron star merger event GW 170817 heralds a new era in multi-messenger astronomy. At the same time, since the first discovery of the high-energy astrophysical neutrinos in 2012 by IceCube, neutrino astrophysics has made significant progress and has started playing an increasingly important role in multi-messenger analyses. We are currently in the stage where we can probe the nature of the extreme astrophysical phenomena with the synergies between EM photons, neutrinos, GWs, and cosmic rays. In this dissertation, I start with an overview of the development of multi-messenger astrophysics and its application to astrophysical mergers. I will present our work on the cumulative diffuse neutrino background from galaxy/cluster mergers and show that our scenario can explain the diffuse neutrino flux without violating the extragalactic gamma-ray background constraints (chapter 2). We further demonstrate that the synchrotron and inverse Compton emissions produced by secondary electrons/positrons are consistent with the radio and X-ray observations of merging galaxies such as NGC 660 and NGC 3256 (chapter 3). In chapters 4 & 5, we focus on the jet-induced neutrino and EM counterparts from supermassive black hole (SMBH) mergers subsequent to GW radiation and discuss the detection perspectives for the ongoing and next-generation neutrino, optical, and GW missions. The short gamma-ray bursts, which are generally thought to arise from compact binary object (CBO) mergers, could be promising candidates for multi-messenger studies. We then consider a special scenario where short GRBs are embedded in disks of active galactic nuclei (AGN) and investigate their GeV signatures in chapter 6. In a separate effort, we study the stacking and multiplet constraints on the blazar contribution to the cumulative diffuse neutrino flux, assuming a generic relationship between neutrino and gamma-ray luminosities (chapter 7). We show that these two limits are complementary, and our results support the argument that blazars are disfavored as the dominant sources of the 100-TeV neutrino background. This work provides rather general and stringent constraints for future studies of blazar neutrinos.

Sixteenth Marcel Grossmann Meeting, The: On Recent Developments In Theoretical And Experimental General Relativity, Astrophysics, And Relativistic Field Theories - Proceedings Of The Mg16 Meeting On General Relativity (In 4 Volumes)

Download Sixteenth Marcel Grossmann Meeting, The: On Recent Developments In Theoretical And Experimental General Relativity, Astrophysics, And Relativistic Field Theories - Proceedings Of The Mg16 Meeting On General Relativity (In 4 Volumes) PDF Online Free

Author : Remo Ruffini
Publisher : World Scientific
ISBN 13 : 9811269785
Total Pages : 4880 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (112 download)

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Book Synopsis Sixteenth Marcel Grossmann Meeting, The: On Recent Developments In Theoretical And Experimental General Relativity, Astrophysics, And Relativistic Field Theories - Proceedings Of The Mg16 Meeting On General Relativity (In 4 Volumes) by : Remo Ruffini

Download or read book Sixteenth Marcel Grossmann Meeting, The: On Recent Developments In Theoretical And Experimental General Relativity, Astrophysics, And Relativistic Field Theories - Proceedings Of The Mg16 Meeting On General Relativity (In 4 Volumes) written by Remo Ruffini and published by World Scientific. This book was released on 2022-12-15 with total page 4880 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The proceedings of MG16 give a broad view of all aspects of gravitational physics and astrophysics, from mathematical issues to recent observations and experiments. The scientific program of the meeting included 46 plenary presentations, 3 public lectures, 5 round tables and 81 parallel sessions arranged during the intense six-day online meeting. All talks were recorded and are available on the ICRANet YouTube channel at the following link: www.icranet.org/video_mg16.These proceedings are a representative sample of the very many contributions made at the meeting. They contain 383 papers, among which 14 come from the plenary sessions.The material represented in these proceedings cover the following topics: accretion, active galactic nuclei, alternative theories of gravity, black holes (theory, observations and experiments), binaries, boson stars, cosmic microwave background, cosmic strings, dark energy and large scale structure, dark matter, education, exact solutions, early universe, fundamental interactions and stellar evolution, fast transients, gravitational waves, high energy physics, history of relativity, neutron stars, precision tests, quantum gravity, strong fields, and white dwarf; all of them represented by a large number of contributions.The online e-proceedings are published in an open access format.

A Search for Ultra-High Energy Neutrinos and Cosmic-Rays with Anita-2

Author : Springer
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9783642300332
Total Pages : 160 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (3 download)

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Book Synopsis A Search for Ultra-High Energy Neutrinos and Cosmic-Rays with Anita-2 by : Springer

Download or read book A Search for Ultra-High Energy Neutrinos and Cosmic-Rays with Anita-2 written by Springer and published by . This book was released on 2012-08-31 with total page 160 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Search for Ultra-high Energy Neutrinos with the Askaryan Radio Array

Author : Ming-Yuan Lu
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (123 download)

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Book Synopsis Search for Ultra-high Energy Neutrinos with the Askaryan Radio Array by : Ming-Yuan Lu

Download or read book Search for Ultra-high Energy Neutrinos with the Askaryan Radio Array written by Ming-Yuan Lu and published by . This book was released on 2020 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Neutrinos act as unique messengers that bear exclusive information to help us understand the ultra-high energy universe of cosmic rays. The Askaryan Radio Array (ARA) is a neutrino telescope array under phased deployment near the South Pole aiming to discover and determine the ultra-high energy neutrino flux via detection of the Askaryan signal from neutrino-induced charged-particle showers in the Antarctic ice. This novel detection channel makes ARA the most cost-effective neutrino observatory in probing the neutrino flux from 100 PeV to 10 EeV. This thesis focuses on the data analysis of two ARA stations from 2013 to 2016 with a goal of searching for a diffuse neutrino flux. Event selection criteria reject low-quality data and thermal background. An interferometric technique taking into account the curved paths traveled by electromagnetic radiation in inhomogeneous ice is used for event reconstruction and signal-background differentiation. No neutrino candidate is observed in the end. As a result, the analysis places a 90 percent CL upper limit on the diffuse neutrino flux, which represents the best-reported limit from radio neutrino detectors at the energy of 1 EeV. The prospects of future analyses utilizing four times the presented data, as well as the design implication for upcoming radio neutrino detectors, are discussed towards the end.

ANTARES Search for High-energy Neutrinos from TeV-emitting Blazars, Markarian 421 and 501, in Coïncidence with HAWC Gamma-ray Tiares

Author : Mukharbek Organokov
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (124 download)

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Book Synopsis ANTARES Search for High-energy Neutrinos from TeV-emitting Blazars, Markarian 421 and 501, in Coïncidence with HAWC Gamma-ray Tiares by : Mukharbek Organokov

Download or read book ANTARES Search for High-energy Neutrinos from TeV-emitting Blazars, Markarian 421 and 501, in Coïncidence with HAWC Gamma-ray Tiares written by Mukharbek Organokov and published by . This book was released on 2019 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Neutrinos are unique messengers for detecting violent phenomena in the Universe. Potential sources of cosmic neutrinos are, for example, Active Galactic Nuclei (AGNs) or Gamma-Ray Bursts (GRBs). In the case of hadronic cosmic rays acceleration, the production of neutrinos is possibly accompanied by high-energy gamma-ray emissions. The search for coincidences between high-energy neutrinos detected by the ANTARES neutrino telescope and gamma-rays detected by the HAWC gamma-ray observatory is presented. Searching in a particular time window significantly reduces the background noise in the neutrino data and thus increases the discovery potential. In this thesis, the results of a search for neutrinos detected in correlation with a gamma-ray signal from two particular AGNs, Markarian 421 and Markarian 501, are presented. As the blazars closest to Earth, they are excellent sources for testing the blazar-neutrino connection scenario, especially during the increase of their activities (flares) in which the search for neutrinos may have a higher detection probability.

Gamma-Ray Bursts

Author : Andrew Levan
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9780750315005
Total Pages : 250 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (15 download)

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Book Synopsis Gamma-Ray Bursts by : Andrew Levan

Download or read book Gamma-Ray Bursts written by Andrew Levan and published by . This book was released on 2018-12-21 with total page 250 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: As the most powerful explosion that occurs in the universe, gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) are one of the most exciting topics being studied in astrophysics. Creating more energy than the Sun does in its entire lifetime, GRBs create a blaze of light that will outshine every other object visible in the sky, enabling us to measure galaxies that are several million years old.GRBs cover various areas of astronomy and interest in them reaches a wide range of fields. Andrew Levan explores the fascinating history of these astronomical occurrences and details our current understanding of GRBs. The science behind them is rapidly moving and this book examines the knowledge that we now have as well as the questions that are continually being raised. Predominantly aimed at PhD students and researchers in the area, Gamma-Ray Bursts addresses this captivating topic and outlines the principles and initial applications of a fascinating astronomical phenomena.

Theoretical and Observational Cosmology

Author : Marc Lachièze-Rey
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 9780792359456
Total Pages : 428 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (594 download)

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Book Synopsis Theoretical and Observational Cosmology by : Marc Lachièze-Rey

Download or read book Theoretical and Observational Cosmology written by Marc Lachièze-Rey and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 1999-09-30 with total page 428 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Proceedings of the NATO Advanced Study Institute, held in Cargèse, France from 17-29 August 1998

Relativistic Hydrodynamics

Author : Luciano Rezzolla
Publisher : OUP Oxford
ISBN 13 : 0191509914
Total Pages : 752 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (915 download)

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Book Synopsis Relativistic Hydrodynamics by : Luciano Rezzolla

Download or read book Relativistic Hydrodynamics written by Luciano Rezzolla and published by OUP Oxford. This book was released on 2013-09-26 with total page 752 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Relativistic hydrodynamics is a very successful theoretical framework to describe the dynamics of matter from scales as small as those of colliding elementary particles, up to the largest scales in the universe. This book provides an up-to-date, lively, and approachable introduction to the mathematical formalism, numerical techniques, and applications of relativistic hydrodynamics. The topic is typically covered either by very formal or by very phenomenological books, but is instead presented here in a form that will be appreciated both by students and researchers in the field. The topics covered in the book are the results of work carried out over the last 40 years, which can be found in rather technical research articles with dissimilar notations and styles. The book is not just a collection of scattered information, but a well-organized description of relativistic hydrodynamics, from the basic principles of statistical kinetic theory, down to the technical aspects of numerical methods devised for the solution of the equations, and over to the applications in modern physics and astrophysics. Numerous figures, diagrams, and a variety of exercises aid the material in the book. The most obvious applications of this work range from astrophysics (black holes, neutron stars, gamma-ray bursts, and active galaxies) to cosmology (early-universe hydrodynamics and phase transitions) and particle physics (heavy-ion collisions). It is often said that fluids are either seen as solutions of partial differential equations or as "wet". Fluids in this book are definitely wet, but the mathematical beauty of differential equations is not washed out.

Possible Counterparts of IceCube High Energy Neutrinos

Author : Kimberly L. Emig
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 52 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (929 download)

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Book Synopsis Possible Counterparts of IceCube High Energy Neutrinos by : Kimberly L. Emig

Download or read book Possible Counterparts of IceCube High Energy Neutrinos written by Kimberly L. Emig and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page 52 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The IceCube Neutrino Observatory has provided the first map of the high energy (~0.01 1 PeV) sky in neutrinos. Since neutrinos propagate undeflected, their arrival direction is an important identifier for sources of high energy particle acceleration. Reconstructed arrival directions are consistent with an extragalactic origin, with possibly a galactic component, of the neutrino flux. We present a statistical analysis of positional coincidences of the IceCube neutrinos with known astrophysical objects from several catalogs. For the brightest gamma-ray emitting blazars and for Seyfert galaxies, the numbers of coincidences is consistent with the random, or "null", distribution. Instead, when considering starburst galaxies with the highest flux in gamma-rays and infrared radiation, up to n = 8 coincidences are found, representing an excess over the ~4 predicted for the null distribution. The probability that this excess is realized in the null case, the p-value, is p = 0.042. This value falls to p = 0.003 for a set of gamma-ray detected starburst galaxies and superbubbles in the galactic neighborhood. Therefore, it is possible that these might account for a subset of IceCube neutrinos. The physical plausibility of such correlation is discussed briefly.

New Worlds, New Horizons in Astronomy and Astrophysics

Author : National Research Council
Publisher : National Academies Press
ISBN 13 : 0309157994
Total Pages : 324 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (91 download)

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Book Synopsis New Worlds, New Horizons in Astronomy and Astrophysics by : National Research Council

Download or read book New Worlds, New Horizons in Astronomy and Astrophysics written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2011-02-04 with total page 324 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Driven by discoveries, and enabled by leaps in technology and imagination, our understanding of the universe has changed dramatically during the course of the last few decades. The fields of astronomy and astrophysics are making new connections to physics, chemistry, biology, and computer science. Based on a broad and comprehensive survey of scientific opportunities, infrastructure, and organization in a national and international context, New Worlds, New Horizons in Astronomy and Astrophysics outlines a plan for ground- and space- based astronomy and astrophysics for the decade of the 2010's. Realizing these scientific opportunities is contingent upon maintaining and strengthening the foundations of the research enterprise including technological development, theory, computation and data handling, laboratory experiments, and human resources. New Worlds, New Horizons in Astronomy and Astrophysics proposes enhancing innovative but moderate-cost programs in space and on the ground that will enable the community to respond rapidly and flexibly to new scientific discoveries. The book recommends beginning construction on survey telescopes in space and on the ground to investigate the nature of dark energy, as well as the next generation of large ground-based giant optical telescopes and a new class of space-based gravitational observatory to observe the merging of distant black holes and precisely test theories of gravity. New Worlds, New Horizons in Astronomy and Astrophysics recommends a balanced and executable program that will support research surrounding the most profound questions about the cosmos. The discoveries ahead will facilitate the search for habitable planets, shed light on dark energy and dark matter, and aid our understanding of the history of the universe and how the earliest stars and galaxies formed. The book is a useful resource for agencies supporting the field of astronomy and astrophysics, the Congressional committees with jurisdiction over those agencies, the scientific community, and the public.

A Search for Ultra High Energy Neutrinos from Extra-galactic Sources

Author : Kendall Brianna McConnel
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 40 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (59 download)

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Book Synopsis A Search for Ultra High Energy Neutrinos from Extra-galactic Sources by : Kendall Brianna McConnel

Download or read book A Search for Ultra High Energy Neutrinos from Extra-galactic Sources written by Kendall Brianna McConnel and published by . This book was released on 2002 with total page 40 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Nuclear Reactions of Astrophysical Interest

Author : Scilla Degl’Innocenti
Publisher : Frontiers Media SA
ISBN 13 : 2889711196
Total Pages : 248 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (897 download)

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Book Synopsis Nuclear Reactions of Astrophysical Interest by : Scilla Degl’Innocenti

Download or read book Nuclear Reactions of Astrophysical Interest written by Scilla Degl’Innocenti and published by Frontiers Media SA. This book was released on 2021-07-29 with total page 248 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Neutrino Mass

Author : Guido Altarelli
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 3540449019
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (44 download)

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Book Synopsis Neutrino Mass by : Guido Altarelli

Download or read book Neutrino Mass written by Guido Altarelli and published by Springer. This book was released on 2004-02-24 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Reviews the current state of knowledge of neutrino masses and the related question of neutrino oscillations. After an overview of the theory of neutrino masses and mixings, detailed accounts are given of the laboratory limits on neutrino masses, astrophysical and cosmological constraints on those masses, experimental results on neutrino oscillations, the theoretical interpretation of those results, and theoretical models of neutrino masses and mixings. The book concludes with an examination of the potential of long-baseline experiments. This is an essential reference text for workers in elementary-particle physics, nuclear physics, and astrophysics.

Science With The Cherenkov Telescope Array

Author : The Cta Consortium
Publisher : World Scientific
ISBN 13 : 9813270101
Total Pages : 365 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (132 download)

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Book Synopsis Science With The Cherenkov Telescope Array by : The Cta Consortium

Download or read book Science With The Cherenkov Telescope Array written by The Cta Consortium and published by World Scientific. This book was released on 2018-12-31 with total page 365 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book summarizes the science to be carried out by the upcoming Cherenkov Telescope Array, a major ground-based gamma-ray observatory that will be constructed over the next six to eight years. The major scientific themes, as well as core program of key science projects, have been developed by the CTA Consortium, a collaboration of scientists from many institutions worldwide.CTA will be the major facility in high-energy and very high-energy photon astronomy over the next decade and beyond. CTA will have capabilities well beyond past and present observatories. Thus, CTA's science program is expected to be rich and broad and will complement other major multiwavelength and multimessenger facilities. This book is intended to be the primary resource for the science case for CTA and it thus will be of great interest to the broader physics and astronomy communities. The electronic version (e-book) is available in open access.

From Fields to Strings

Author : Misha Shifman
Publisher : World Scientific
ISBN 13 : 9812561145
Total Pages : 636 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (125 download)

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Book Synopsis From Fields to Strings by : Misha Shifman

Download or read book From Fields to Strings written by Misha Shifman and published by World Scientific. This book was released on 2005 with total page 636 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume is a collection of dedicated reviews covering all aspects of theoretical high energy physics and some aspects of solid state physics. Some of the papers are broad reviews of topics that span the entire field while others are surveys of authors' personal achievements. This is the most comprehensive review collection reflecting state of the art at the end of 2004. An important and unique aspect is a special effort the authors have invested in making the presentation pedagogical