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War and Genocide in South Sudan

Author : Clémence Pinaud
Publisher : Cornell University Press
ISBN 13 : 1501753010
Total Pages : 382 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (17 download)

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Book Synopsis War and Genocide in South Sudan by : Clémence Pinaud

Download or read book War and Genocide in South Sudan written by Clémence Pinaud and published by Cornell University Press. This book was released on 2021-02-15 with total page 382 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Using more than a decade's worth of fieldwork in South Sudan, Clémence Pinaud here explores the relationship between predatory wealth accumulation, state formation, and a form of racism—extreme ethnic group entitlement—that has the potential to result in genocide. War and Genocide in South Sudan traces the rise of a predatory state during civil war in southern Sudan and its transformation into a violent Dinka ethnocracy after the region's formal independence. That new state, Pinaud argues, waged genocide against non-Dinka civilians in 2013-2017. During a civil war that wrecked the region between 1983 and 2005, the predominantly Dinka Sudan People's Liberation Army (SPLA) practiced ethnically exclusive and predatory wealth accumulation. Its actions fostered extreme group entitlement and profoundly shaped the rebel state. Ethnic group entitlement eventually grew into an ideology of ethnic supremacy. After that war ended, the semi-autonomous state turned into a violent and predatory ethnocracy—a process accelerated by independence in 2011. The rise of exclusionary nationalism, a new security landscape, and inter-ethnic political competition contributed to the start of a new round of civil war in 2013, in which the recently founded state unleashed violence against nearly all non-Dinka ethnic groups. Pinaud investigates three campaigns waged by the South Sudan government in 2013–2017 and concludes they were genocidal—they sought to destroy non-Dinka target groups. She demonstrates how the perpetrators' sense of group entitlement culminated in land-grabs that amounted to a genocidal conquest echoing the imperialist origins of modern genocides. Thanks to generous funding from TOME, the ebook editions of this book are available as Open Access volumes from Cornell Open (cornellpress.cornell.edu/cornell-open) and other repositories.

Rwanda and Genocide in the Twentieth Century

Author : Alain Destexhe
Publisher : Pluto Press
ISBN 13 : 9780745310411
Total Pages : 108 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (14 download)

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Book Synopsis Rwanda and Genocide in the Twentieth Century by : Alain Destexhe

Download or read book Rwanda and Genocide in the Twentieth Century written by Alain Destexhe and published by Pluto Press. This book was released on 1995 with total page 108 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: 'An angry and eloquent book.' Financial Times'Alain Destexhe, a former Secretary General of the relief agency Médecins sans Frontières and now a senator in the Belgium Parliament, who has writted Rwanda in Genocide in the Twentieth Century, a treatise to counter the catch-all of media coverage in which 'all catastrophes are treated alike and reduced to their lowest common denominator - compassion on the part of the onlooker.' Observer

Genocides by the Oppressed

Author : Nicholas A. Robins
Publisher : Indiana University Press
ISBN 13 : 0253220777
Total Pages : 225 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (532 download)

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Book Synopsis Genocides by the Oppressed by : Nicholas A. Robins

Download or read book Genocides by the Oppressed written by Nicholas A. Robins and published by Indiana University Press. This book was released on 2009 with total page 225 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In the last two decades, the field of comparative genocide studies has produced an increasingly rich literature on the targeting of various groups for extermination and other atrocities, throughout history and around the contemporary world. However, the phenomenon of "genocides by the oppressed," that is, retributive genocidal actions carried out by subaltern actors, has received almost no attention. The prominence in such genocides of non-state actors, combined with the perceived moral ambiguities of retributive genocide that arise in analyzing genocidal acts "from below," have so far eluded serious investigation. Genocides by the Oppressed addresses this oversight, opening the subject of subaltern genocide for exploration by scholars of genocide, ethnic conflict, and human rights. Focusing on case studies of such genocide, the contributors explore its sociological, anthropological, psychological, symbolic, and normative dimensions.

Drunk on Genocide

Author : Edward B. Westermann
Publisher : Cornell University Press
ISBN 13 : 1501754203
Total Pages : 408 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (17 download)

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Book Synopsis Drunk on Genocide by : Edward B. Westermann

Download or read book Drunk on Genocide written by Edward B. Westermann and published by Cornell University Press. This book was released on 2021-03-15 with total page 408 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In Drunk on Genocide, Edward B. Westermann reveals how, over the course of the Third Reich, scenes involving alcohol consumption and revelry among the SS and police became a routine part of rituals of humiliation in the camps, ghettos, and killing fields of Eastern Europe. Westermann draws on a vast range of newly unearthed material to explore how alcohol consumption served as a literal and metaphorical lubricant for mass murder. It facilitated "performative masculinity," expressly linked to physical or sexual violence. Such inebriated exhibitions extended from meetings of top Nazi officials to the rank and file, celebrating at the grave sites of their victims. Westermann argues that, contrary to the common misconception of the SS and police as stone-cold killers, they were, in fact, intoxicated with the act of murder itself. Drunk on Genocide highlights the intersections of masculinity, drinking ritual, sexual violence, and mass murder to expose the role of alcohol and celebratory ritual in the Nazi genocide of European Jews. Its surprising and disturbing findings offer a new perspective on the mindset, motivation, and mentality of killers as they prepared for, and participated in, mass extermination. Published in Association with the US Holocaust Memorial Museum.

Genocide

Author : Leo Kuper
Publisher : Yale University Press
ISBN 13 : 9780300031201
Total Pages : 260 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (312 download)

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Book Synopsis Genocide by : Leo Kuper

Download or read book Genocide written by Leo Kuper and published by Yale University Press. This book was released on 1981-01-01 with total page 260 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Describes the political situations which have resulted in genocide, shows how technological developments have made massacres more feasible, and discusses the influence of larger nations in fomenting conflict

The Thirty-Year Genocide

Author : Benny Morris
Publisher : Harvard University Press
ISBN 13 : 067491645X
Total Pages : 673 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (749 download)

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Book Synopsis The Thirty-Year Genocide by : Benny Morris

Download or read book The Thirty-Year Genocide written by Benny Morris and published by Harvard University Press. This book was released on 2019-04-24 with total page 673 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A Financial Times Book of the Year A Foreign Affairs Book of the Year A Spectator Book of the Year “A landmark contribution to the study of these epochal events.” —Times Literary Supplement “Brilliantly researched and written...casts a careful eye upon the ghastly events that took place in the final decades of the Ottoman empire, when its rulers decided to annihilate their Christian subjects...Hitler and the Nazis gleaned lessons from this genocide that they then applied to their own efforts to extirpate Jews.” —Jacob Heilbrun, The Spectator Between 1894 and 1924, three waves of violence swept across Anatolia, targeting the region’s Christian minorities. By 1924, the Armenians, Assyrians, and Greeks, once nearly a quarter of the population, had been reduced to 2 percent. Most historians have treated these waves as distinct, isolated events, and successive Turkish governments presented them as an unfortunate sequence of accidents. The Thirty-Year Genocide is the first account to show that all three were actually part of a single, continuing, and intentional effort to wipe out Anatolia’s Christian population. Despite the dramatic swing from the Islamizing autocracy of the sultan to the secularizing republicanism of the post–World War I period, the nation’s annihilationist policies were remarkably constant, with continual recourse to premeditated mass killing, homicidal deportation, forced conversion, and mass rape. And one thing more was a constant: the rallying cry of jihad. While not justified under the teachings of Islam, the killing of two million Christians was effected through the calculated exhortation of the Turks to create a pure Muslim nation. “A subtle diagnosis of why, at particular moments over a span of three decades, Ottoman rulers and their successors unleashed torrents of suffering.” —Bruce Clark, New York Times Book Review

Knowing about Genocide

Author : Joachim J. Savelsberg
Publisher : University of California Press
ISBN 13 : 0520380185
Total Pages : 264 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (23 download)

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Book Synopsis Knowing about Genocide by : Joachim J. Savelsberg

Download or read book Knowing about Genocide written by Joachim J. Savelsberg and published by University of California Press. This book was released on 2021-03-30 with total page 264 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A free open access ebook is available upon publication. Learn more at www.luminosoa.org. This book is freely available in an open access edition thanks to TOME (Toward an Open Monograph Ecosystem)—a collaboration of the Association of American Universities, the Association of University Presses, and the Association of Research Libraries—and the generous support of the University of Minnesota. Learn more at the TOME website, available at openmonographs.org. How do victims and perpetrators generate conflicting knowledge about genocide? Using a sociology of knowledge approach, Savelsberg answers this question for the Armenian genocide committed in the context of the First World War. Focusing on Armenians and Turks, he examines strategies of silencing, denial, and acknowledgment in everyday interaction, public rituals, law, and politics. Drawing on interviews, ethnographic accounts, documents, and eyewitness testimony, Savelsberg illuminates the social processes that drive dueling versions of history. He reveals counterproductive consequences of denial in an age of human rights hegemony, with implications for populist disinformation campaigns against overwhelming evidence.

Tested to the Limit

Author : Consolee Nishimwe
Publisher : BalboaPress
ISBN 13 : 1452549591
Total Pages : 220 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (525 download)

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Book Synopsis Tested to the Limit by : Consolee Nishimwe

Download or read book Tested to the Limit written by Consolee Nishimwe and published by BalboaPress. This book was released on 2012-06-27 with total page 220 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: “If there is one book you should read on the Rwandan Genocide, this is it. Tested to the Limit—A Genocide Survivor’s Story of Pain, Resilience, and Hope is a riveting and courageous account from the perspective of a fourteen year- old girl. It’s a powerful story you will never forget.” —Francine LeFrak, founder of Same Sky and award-winning producer “That someone who survived such a horrific, life-altering experience as the Rwandan genocide could find the courage to share her story truly amazes me. But even more incredible is that Consolee Nishimwe refused to let the inhumane acts she suffered strip away her humanity, zest for life and positive outlook for a better future. After reading Tested to the Limit, I am in awe of the unyielding strength and resilience of the human spirit to overcome against all odds.” —Kate Ferguson, senior editor, POZ magazine “Consolee Nishimwe’s story of resilience, perseverance, and grace after surviving genocide, rape, and torture is a testament to the transformative power of unyielding faith and a commitment to love. Her inspiring narrative about compassionate courage and honest revelations about her spiritual path in the face of unthinkable adversity remind us that hope is eternal, and miracles happen every day.” —Jamia Wilson, vice president of programs, Women’s Media Center, New York

The Problems of Genocide

Author : A. Dirk Moses
Publisher : Cambridge University Press
ISBN 13 : 1107103584
Total Pages : 611 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (71 download)

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Book Synopsis The Problems of Genocide by : A. Dirk Moses

Download or read book The Problems of Genocide written by A. Dirk Moses and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2021-02-04 with total page 611 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Historically delineates the problems of genocide as a concept in relation to rival categories of mass violence.

What is Genocide?

Author : Martin Shaw
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 0745657516
Total Pages : 209 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (456 download)

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Book Synopsis What is Genocide? by : Martin Shaw

Download or read book What is Genocide? written by Martin Shaw and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2013-04-26 with total page 209 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In this intellectually and politically potent new book, Martin Shaw proposes a way through the confusion surrounding the idea of genocide. He considers the origins and development of the concept and its relationships to other forms of political violence. Offering a radical critique of the existing literature on genocide, Shaw argues that what distinguishes genocide from more legitimate warfare is that the enemies targeted are groups and individuals of a civilian character. He vividly illustrates his argument from a wide range of historical episodes, and shows how the question 'What is genocide?' matters politically whenever populations are threatened by violence. This compelling book will undoubtedly open up vigorous debate, appealing to students and scholars across the social sciences and in law. Shaw's arguments will be of lasting importance.

The Media and the Rwanda Genocide

Author : Allan Thompson
Publisher : IDRC
ISBN 13 : 0745326250
Total Pages : 480 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (453 download)

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Book Synopsis The Media and the Rwanda Genocide by : Allan Thompson

Download or read book The Media and the Rwanda Genocide written by Allan Thompson and published by IDRC. This book was released on 2007-01-20 with total page 480 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Explores the role of the media in the Rwandan genocide -- within the country and beyond.

Genocide as Social Practice

Author : Daniel Feierstein
Publisher : Rutgers University Press
ISBN 13 : 0813563194
Total Pages : 277 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (135 download)

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Book Synopsis Genocide as Social Practice by : Daniel Feierstein

Download or read book Genocide as Social Practice written by Daniel Feierstein and published by Rutgers University Press. This book was released on 2014-05-14 with total page 277 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Genocide not only annihilates people but also destroys and reorganizes social relations, using terror as a method. In Genocide as Social Practice, social scientist Daniel Feierstein looks at the policies of state-sponsored repression pursued by the Argentine military dictatorship against political opponents between 1976 and 1983 and those pursued by the Third Reich between 1933 and 1945. He finds similarities, not in the extent of the horror but in terms of the goals of the perpetrators. The Nazis resorted to ruthless methods in part to stifle dissent but even more importantly to reorganize German society into a Volksgemeinschaft, or people’s community, in which racial solidarity would supposedly replace class struggle. The situation in Argentina echoes this. After seizing power in 1976, the Argentine military described its own program of forced disappearances, torture, and murder as a “process of national reorganization” aimed at remodeling society on “Western and Christian” lines. For Feierstein, genocide can be considered a technology of power—a form of social engineering—that creates, destroys, or reorganizes relationships within a given society. It influences the ways in which different social groups construct their identity and the identity of others, thus shaping the way that groups interrelate. Feierstein establishes continuity between the “reorganizing genocide” first practiced by the Nazis in concentration camps and the more complex version—complex in terms of the symbolic and material closure of social relationships —later applied in Argentina. In conclusion, he speculates on how to construct a political culture capable of confronting and resisting these trends. First published in Argentina, in Spanish, Genocide as Social Practice has since been translated into many languages, now including this English edition. The book provides a distinctive and valuable look at genocide through the lens of Latin America as well as Europe.

Governments, Citizens, and Genocide

Author : Alex Alvarez
Publisher : Indiana University Press
ISBN 13 : 9780253108487
Total Pages : 250 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (84 download)

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Book Synopsis Governments, Citizens, and Genocide by : Alex Alvarez

Download or read book Governments, Citizens, and Genocide written by Alex Alvarez and published by Indiana University Press. This book was released on 2001-02-22 with total page 250 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Governments, Citizens, and Genocide A Comparative and Interdisciplinary Approach Alex Alvarez A comprehensive analysis demonstrating how whole societies come to support the practice of genocide. "Alex Alvarez has produced an exceptionally comprehensive and useful analysis of modern genocide... [It] is perhaps the most important interdisciplinary account to appear since Zygmunt Bauman's classic work, Modernity and the Holocaust." -- Stephen Feinstein, Director, Center for Holocaust and Genocide Studies "Alex Alvarez has written a first-rate propaedeutic on the running sore of genocide. The singular merit of the work is its capacity to integrate a diverse literature in a fair-minded way and to take account of genocides in the post-Holocaust environment ranging from Cambodia to Serbia. The work reveals patterns of authoritarian continuities of repression and rule across cultures that merit serious and widespread public concern." -- Irving Louis Horowitz, Rutgers University More people have been killed in 20th-century genocides than in all wars and revolutions in the same period. Recent events in countries such as Rwanda and the former Yugoslavia have drawn attention to the fact that genocide is a pressing contemporary problem, one that has involved the United States in varying negotiating and peace-keeping roles. Genocide is increasingly recognized as a threat to national and international security, as well as a source of tremendous human suffering and social devastation. Governments, Citizens, and Genocide views the crime of genocide through the lens of social science. It discusses the problem of defining genocide and then examines it from the levels of the state, the organization, and the individual. Alex Alvarez offers both a skillful synthesis of the existing literature on genocide and important new insights developed from the study of criminal behavior. He shows that governmental policies and institutions in genocidal states are designed to suppress the moral inhibitions of ordinary individuals. By linking different levels of analysis, and comparing a variety of cases, the study provides a much more complex understanding of genocide than have prior studies. Based on lessons drawn from his analysis, Alvarez offers an important discussion of the ways in which genocide might be anticipated and prevented. Alex Alvarez is Associate Professor in the Department of Criminal Justice at Northern Arizona University. His primary research interests are minorities, crime, and criminal justice, as well as collective and interpersonal violence. He is author of articles in Journal of Criminal Justice, Social Science History, and Sociological Imagination and is currently writing a book on patterns of American murder. April 2001 240 pages, 6 1/8 x 9 1/4, bibl., index cloth 0-253-33849-2 $29.95 s / £22.95 Contents The Age of Genocide A Crime By Any Other Name Deadly Regimes Lethal Cogs Accommodating Genocide Confronting Genocide =

The Geometry of Genocide

Author : Bradley Campbell
Publisher : University of Virginia Press
ISBN 13 : 0813937426
Total Pages : 313 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (139 download)

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Book Synopsis The Geometry of Genocide by : Bradley Campbell

Download or read book The Geometry of Genocide written by Bradley Campbell and published by University of Virginia Press. This book was released on 2015-10-29 with total page 313 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In The Geometry of Genocide, Bradley Campbell argues that genocide is best understood not as deviant behavior but as social control—a response to perceived deviant behavior on the part of victims. Using Donald Black’s method of pure sociology, Campbell considers genocide in relation to three features of social life: diversity, inequality, and intimacy. According to this theory, genocidal conflicts begin with changes in diversity and inequality, such as when two previously separated ethnic groups come into contact, or when a subordinate ethnic group attempts to rise in status. Further, conflicts are more likely to result in genocide when they occur in a context of social distance and inequality and when aggressors and victims cannot be easily separated. Campbell applies his approach to five cases: the killings of American Indians in 1850s California, Muslims in 2002 India and 1992 Bosnia, Tutsis in 1994 Rwanda, and Jews in 1940s Europe. These case studies, which focus in detail on particular incidents within each instance of genocide, demonstrate the theory’s ability to explain an array of factors, including why genocide occurs and who participates. Campbell’s theory uniquely connects the study of genocide to the larger study of conflict and social control. By situating genocide among these broader phenomena, The Geometry of Genocide provides a novel and compelling explanation of genocide, while furthering our understanding of why humans have conflicts and why they respond to conflict as they do.

Colonial Genocide in Indigenous North America

Author : Alexander Laban Hinton
Publisher : Duke University Press
ISBN 13 : 0822376148
Total Pages : 519 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (223 download)

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Book Synopsis Colonial Genocide in Indigenous North America by : Alexander Laban Hinton

Download or read book Colonial Genocide in Indigenous North America written by Alexander Laban Hinton and published by Duke University Press. This book was released on 2014-10-31 with total page 519 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This important collection of essays expands the geographic, demographic, and analytic scope of the term genocide to encompass the effects of colonialism and settler colonialism in North America. Colonists made multiple and interconnected attempts to destroy Indigenous peoples as groups. The contributors examine these efforts through the lens of genocide. Considering some of the most destructive aspects of the colonization and subsequent settlement of North America, several essays address Indigenous boarding school systems imposed by both the Canadian and U.S. governments in attempts to "civilize" or "assimilate" Indigenous children. Contributors examine some of the most egregious assaults on Indigenous peoples and the natural environment, including massacres, land appropriation, the spread of disease, the near-extinction of the buffalo, and forced political restructuring of Indigenous communities. Assessing the record of these appalling events, the contributors maintain that North Americans must reckon with colonial and settler colonial attempts to annihilate Indigenous peoples. Contributors. Jeff Benvenuto, Robbie Ethridge, Theodore Fontaine, Joseph P. Gone, Alexander Laban Hinton, Tasha Hubbard, Margaret D. Jabobs, Kiera L. Ladner, Tricia E. Logan, David B. MacDonald, Benjamin Madley, Jeremy Patzer, Julia Peristerakis, Christopher Powell, Colin Samson, Gray H. Whaley, Andrew Woolford

A Little Matter of Genocide

Author : Ward Churchill
Publisher : City Lights Books
ISBN 13 : 9780872863231
Total Pages : 554 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (632 download)

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Book Synopsis A Little Matter of Genocide by : Ward Churchill

Download or read book A Little Matter of Genocide written by Ward Churchill and published by City Lights Books. This book was released on 1997 with total page 554 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Ward Churchill has achieved an unparalleled reputation as a scholar-activist and analyst of indigenous issues in North America. Here, he explores the history of holocaust and denial in this hemisphere, beginning with the arrival of Columbus and continuing on into the present. He frames the matter by examining both "revisionist" denial of the nazi-perpatrated Holocaust and the opposing claim of its exclusive "uniqueness," using the full scope of what happened in Europe as a backdrop against which to demonstrate that genocide is precisely what has been-and still is-carried out against the American Indians. Churchill lays bare the means by which many of these realities have remained hidden, how public understanding of this most monstrous of crimes has been subverted not only by its perpetrators and their beneficiaries but by the institutions and individuals who perceive advantages in the confusion. In particular, he outlines the reasons underlying the United States's 40-year refusal to ratify the Genocide Convention, as well as the implications of the attempt to exempt itself from compliance when it finally offered its "endorsement." In conclusion, Churchill proposes a more adequate and coherent definition of the crime as a basis for identifying, punishing, and preventing genocidal practices, wherever and whenever they occur. Ward Churchill (enrolled Keetoowah Cherokee) is Professor of American Indian Studies with the Department of Ethnic Studies at the University of Colorado-Boulder. A member of the American Indian Movement since 1972, he has been a leader of the Colorado chapter for the past fifteen years. Among his previous books have been Fantasies of a Master Race, Struggle for the Land, Since Predator Came, and From a Native Son.

Making and Unmaking Nations

Author : Scott Straus
Publisher : Cornell University Press
ISBN 13 : 0801455677
Total Pages : 401 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (14 download)

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Book Synopsis Making and Unmaking Nations by : Scott Straus

Download or read book Making and Unmaking Nations written by Scott Straus and published by Cornell University Press. This book was released on 2015-03-15 with total page 401 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Winner of the Grawmeyer Award for Ideas Improving World Order, 2018 Winner of the Joseph Lepgold Prize Winner of the Best Books in Conflict Studies (APSA) Winner of the Best Book in Human Rights (ISA) In Making and Unmaking Nations, Scott Straus seeks to explain why and how genocide takes place—and, perhaps more important, how it has been avoided in places where it may have seemed likely or even inevitable. To solve that puzzle, he examines postcolonial Africa, analyzing countries in which genocide occurred and where it could have but did not. Why have there not been other Rwandas? Straus finds that deep-rooted ideologies—how leaders make their nations—shape strategies of violence and are central to what leads to or away from genocide. Other critical factors include the dynamics of war, the role of restraint, and the interaction between national and local actors in the staging of campaigns of large-scale violence. Grounded in Straus's extensive fieldwork in contemporary Africa, the study of major twentieth-century cases of genocide, and the literature on genocide and political violence, Making and Unmaking Nations centers on cogent analyses of three nongenocide cases (Côte d'Ivoire, Mali, and Senegal) and two in which genocide took place (Rwanda and Sudan). Straus's empirical analysis is based in part on an original database of presidential speeches from 1960 to 2005. The book also includes a broad-gauge analysis of all major cases of large-scale violence in Africa since decolonization. Straus's insights into the causes of genocide will inform the study of political violence as well as giving policymakers and nongovernmental organizations valuable tools for the future.