Three Essays on the Determinants of Labor Market Dynamics

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ISBN 13 : 9788449045745
Total Pages : 118 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (457 download)

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Book Synopsis Three Essays on the Determinants of Labor Market Dynamics by : Dario S. Judzik

Download or read book Three Essays on the Determinants of Labor Market Dynamics written by Dario S. Judzik and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page 118 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Esta tesis está constituida por tres ensayos empíricos sobre los determinantes de las dinámicas del mercado laboral. Cada uno de estos ensayos se centra en tres variables fundamentales para el mercado laboral: el salario real, la intensidad de capital (o capital por trabajador), y el empleo a nivel sectorial. El primer ensayo presenta un análisis sobre el proceso de fijación de salarios aplicado a 8 países, de acuerdo con la clasificación del mercado de trabajo de Daveri y Tabellini (2000): anglosajón (EE.UU. y Reino Unido), Europa continental (Francia, Italia y España), los países nórdicos (Suecia y Finlandia), y Japón. Los resultados muestran que la determinación de los salarios en las últimas décadas ha estado condicionada por tres factores estructurales, independientemente de las diferencias entre estos modelos económicos. Es decir, los resultados son robustos a diferentes estructuras institucionales, por ejemplo, si el mercado laboral se ve afectado por una más o menos estricta legislación de protección del empleo. La identificación de estos principales motores de la determinación de los salarios es fundamental para el diseño de políticas de desempleo porque éstos determinan los resultados del mercado laboral a través de la presión sobre los salarios. Dichos factores estructurales son: el crecimiento de la productividad, la desafiliación sindical, y el comercio internacional. También se pone de manifiesto que la desafiliación sindical y el comercio, mediante evitar que los salarios reales suban aún más, y aumentando así la brecha entre salario y productividad, han actuado como importantes contribuyentes a la continua caída en la participación de las rentas del trabajo. El segundo ensayo se centra en la intensidad de capital (es decir, la relación capital por trabajador), que generalmente se considera como un factor en crecimiento económico, y la evaluación empírica de sus factores determinantes ha sido un tema en general descuidado. Se presenta un marco analítico que incluye consideraciones del lado de la demanda en el modelo uniecuacional estándar de intensidad de capital. Los resultados de las estimaciones confirman el coste relativo de los factores de producción como motor de la oferta fundamental de la intensidad de capital generando, también, estimaciones plausibles de la elasticidad de sustitución entre capital y trabajo. Los dos proxies que consideramos para las presiones del lado de la demanda resultan también relevantes. Este resultado requiere un enfoque más amplio que el habitual cuando se trabaja con los factores de la demanda de producción y, como lo hemos hecho, al examinar los determinantes de la intensidad de capital. Este ensayo también revela la posibilidad de una naturaleza diferente de los cambios tecnológicos en Japón y los EE.UU. Como se ha argumentado, esta misma diferencia proporciona una explicación de la diferente evolución de la intensidad de capital en Japón y los EE.UU., e incluso de sus modelos de crecimiento ya bien conocidos, siendo Japón, tradicionalmente, uno de los grandes exportadores netos mundo; y los EE.UU. una de las mayores economías importadoras netas. Nuestros resultados alertan sobre un diseño simplista de las políticas basadas exclusivamente en consideraciones relativas a la oferta, y requieren un cuidadoso diseño de las políticas que afectan a las decisiones de las empresas sobre la inversión y la contratación de trabajo. La razón es que estas políticas afectan de manera crucial el comportamiento procíclico de la relación entre las tasas de utilización de la capacidad instalada y el empleo, ya que en las expansiones económicas la tasa de utilización de la capacidad tiende a aumentar proporcionalmente más que la tasa de empleo, probablemente debido a que en el muy corto plazo es menos costoso utilizar una mayor proporción de la capacidad ya instalada que contratar a nuevos trabajadores. En el tercer ensayo se analiza la heterogeneidad de la demanda laboral desde dos perspectivas empíricas. Por un lado, se calcula la elasticidad a nivel sectorial de la demanda de mano de obra y encontramos que estos valores varían significativamente entre las actividades económicas. Éstos son, generalmente, más altos en los EE.UU. y en Suecia que los que se encuentran en el caso de Alemania. Por otra parte, se investigan los efectos sobre el empleo de una mayor exposición al comercio internacional. Hacemos esto mediante la ampliación de un modelo de demanda de trabajo sectorial con apertura al comercio en la ecuación empírica. Luego, se desagrega la apertura al comercio en cuatro variables de acuerdo a cuatro tipos de mercancías: manufacturas, servicios, agricultura y combustibles. Por último, este ensayo también verifica la presencia de cambio tecnológico ahorrador de trabajo (labor-saving) en los tres países estudiados. Este descubrimiento es un resultado común en la literatura relacionada (Klump et al. 2012, Feldmann 2013). En particular, en los EE.UU. y Suecia se detecta una tasa de crecimiento de la eficiencia del trabajo similar. Dado que hay un efecto negativo sobre el empleo del cambio técnico, esta menor tasa de crecimiento de la eficiencia en el caso de Alemania puede explicar, en parte, su desempeño laboral diferenciado en la última década.

Three Essays on Frictional Labor Markets

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ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 152 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (728 download)

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Book Synopsis Three Essays on Frictional Labor Markets by : Georg Duernecker

Download or read book Three Essays on Frictional Labor Markets written by Georg Duernecker and published by . This book was released on 2010 with total page 152 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Three Essays on the Labor Market

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ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 95 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (739 download)

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Book Synopsis Three Essays on the Labor Market by : Seung Gyu Sim

Download or read book Three Essays on the Labor Market written by Seung Gyu Sim and published by . This book was released on 2010 with total page 95 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Three Essays on Labour Market Dynamic Aspects

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ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : pages
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Book Synopsis Three Essays on Labour Market Dynamic Aspects by : Marco Guerrazzi

Download or read book Three Essays on Labour Market Dynamic Aspects written by Marco Guerrazzi and published by . This book was released on 2002 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Three Essays on the Labor Market

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ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 186 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (249 download)

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Book Synopsis Three Essays on the Labor Market by : John Marshall Barron

Download or read book Three Essays on the Labor Market written by John Marshall Barron and published by . This book was released on 1977 with total page 186 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Three Essays on Labor Market Transitions

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ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 0 pages
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Book Synopsis Three Essays on Labor Market Transitions by : Huanan Xu

Download or read book Three Essays on Labor Market Transitions written by Huanan Xu and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Essays in Labor Market Dynamics

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ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 228 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (181 download)

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Book Synopsis Essays in Labor Market Dynamics by : Manuel E. Toledo

Download or read book Essays in Labor Market Dynamics written by Manuel E. Toledo and published by . This book was released on 2007 with total page 228 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Essays on Labor Market Dynamics

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ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 287 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (111 download)

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Book Synopsis Essays on Labor Market Dynamics by : Christina Hyde Patterson

Download or read book Essays on Labor Market Dynamics written by Christina Hyde Patterson and published by . This book was released on 2019 with total page 287 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This thesis consists of three chapters on labor market dynamics. In the first chapter, I show empirically that the unequal incidence of recessions is a core channel through which aggregate shocks are amplified. I show that the aggregate marginal propensity to consume (MPC) is larger when income shocks disproportionately hit high-MPC individuals, and I define the Matching Multiplier as the increase in the output multiplier originating from the matching of workers to jobs with different income elasticities - a greater matching multiplier translates into more powerful amplification in a range of business cycle models. Using administrative data from the United States, I document that the earnings of individuals with a higher marginal propensity to consume are more exposed to recessions. I show that this covariance between worker MPCs and the elasticity of their earnings to GDP is large enough to increase shock amplification by 40 percent over a benchmark in which all workers are equally exposed. Using local labor market variation, I validate this amplification mechanism by showing that areas with higher matching multipliers experience larger employment fluctuations over the business cycle. Lastly, I derive a generalization of the matching multiplier in an incomplete markets model and show numerically that this mechanism is quantitatively similar within this structural framework. In the second chapter, joint with David Autor, David Dorn, Lawrence Katz, and John Van Reenen, we explore the well-documented fall of labor's share of GDP in the United States and many other countries. Existing empirical assessments typically rely on industry or macro data, obscuring heterogeneity among firms. In this paper, we analyze micro panel data from the U.S. Economic Census since 1982 and document empirical patterns to assess a new interpretation of the fall in the labor share based on the rise of "superstar firms." If globalization or technological changes advantage the most productive firms in each industry, product market concentration will rise as industries become increasingly dominated by superstar firms. Since these firms have high markups and a low labor share of firm value-added and sales, this depresses the aggregate labor share. We empirically assess seven predictions of this hypothesis: (i) industry sales will increasingly concentrate in a small number of firms; (ii) industries where concentration rises most will have the largest declines in the labor share; (iii) the fall in the labor share will be driven largely by reallocation rather than a fall in the unweighted mean labor share across all firms; (iv) the between-firm reallocation component of the fall in the labor share will be greatest in the sectors with the largest increases in market concentration; (v) the industries that are becoming more concentrated will exhibit faster growth of productivity and innovation; (vi) the aggregate markup will rise more than the unweighted firm markup; and (vii) these patterns should be observed not only in U.S. firms, but also internationally. We find support for all of these predictions. In the third chapter, I explore how the distribution of tasks across industries affects labor market responses to shocks. I present a model in which task-level wages connect industries employing the same tasks, meaning that the distribution of tasks across industries insures some workers against shocks and alters their labor market experiences. Workers trained in more dispersed tasks (e.g. accountants) face less unemployment risk from industry-specific shocks than workers who do tasks that are concentrated in few industries (e.g. petroleum engineers). Using industry and regional data, I show empirical evidence that supports the model's predictions - industries that employ more specialized labor contract less in response to demand shocks than industries with less specialized labor. JEL Classifications: E21, J23, D33

Education and Asymmetric Information in the Labor Market

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ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 72 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (181 download)

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Book Synopsis Education and Asymmetric Information in the Labor Market by : Christian Holzner

Download or read book Education and Asymmetric Information in the Labor Market written by Christian Holzner and published by . This book was released on 2005 with total page 72 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Essays on the Dynamics of the Labor Market

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ISBN 13 : 9780549156659
Total Pages : 262 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (566 download)

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Book Synopsis Essays on the Dynamics of the Labor Market by : Leena Rudanko

Download or read book Essays on the Dynamics of the Labor Market written by Leena Rudanko and published by . This book was released on 2007 with total page 262 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This dissertation explores the business cycle dynamics of the aggregate labor market. In two essays I advance the theoretical modelling of these markets and examine whether the new theory does quantitatively better at accounting for empirical evidence than existing models. Both essays examine models where market incompleteness faced by workers implies that long term wage contracts play a role in providing consumption smoothing to workers. The terms of these state contingent contracts depend on: (1) the preferences of the contracting parties, (2) whether parties can commit to contracts. The essays embed such optimal dynamic contracting problems into a Mortensen-Pissarides style model of labor market flows with aggregate shocks, contributing to the theoretical modelling of wage determination in this model framework. I find that market incompleteness has quantitatively only limited ability to explain the volatility puzzle facing existing models: unemployment varies strongly over the business cycle, while labor productivity varies much less. Whether the models are consistent with wage data hinges both on the preferences of contracting parties: entrepreneurs versus workers, as well as constraints on contracting.

Three Essays on Labor Markets and Institutions

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ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 360 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (33 download)

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Book Synopsis Three Essays on Labor Markets and Institutions by : Marc A. Van Audenrode

Download or read book Three Essays on Labor Markets and Institutions written by Marc A. Van Audenrode and published by . This book was released on 1991 with total page 360 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Three Essays on Labor Market Transitions

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ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 576 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (476 download)

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Book Synopsis Three Essays on Labor Market Transitions by : Stephen E. Rhody

Download or read book Three Essays on Labor Market Transitions written by Stephen E. Rhody and published by . This book was released on 1997 with total page 576 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Three Essays on the Labor Market Effects of Technological Change and Unemployment Benefits

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ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (141 download)

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Book Synopsis Three Essays on the Labor Market Effects of Technological Change and Unemployment Benefits by : Franziska Brall

Download or read book Three Essays on the Labor Market Effects of Technological Change and Unemployment Benefits written by Franziska Brall and published by . This book was released on 2023 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Three Essays on Labor Market Inequality and Policy Implications in Search Models

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ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : pages
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Book Synopsis Three Essays on Labor Market Inequality and Policy Implications in Search Models by : Jun Lu

Download or read book Three Essays on Labor Market Inequality and Policy Implications in Search Models written by Jun Lu and published by . This book was released on 2011 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Essays on Labor Market Dynamics and Policies

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ISBN 13 : 9788449045813
Total Pages : 226 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (458 download)

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Book Synopsis Essays on Labor Market Dynamics and Policies by : Arnau Valladares-Esteban

Download or read book Essays on Labor Market Dynamics and Policies written by Arnau Valladares-Esteban and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page 226 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Aquesta tesi estudia les interaccions entre les dinàmiques del mercat laboral i l'estructura de les famílies, i com aquestes interaccions afecten les polítiques públiques. Als EUA, s'observen patrons molt diferents pel que fa a participació laboral, ocupació i desocupació entre les persones casades i solteres. Fins i tot un cop es controla per la distinta composició dels dos grups, encara apareixen comportaments molt diferents entre casats i solters en termes del mercat de treball. L'explicació proposada en aquesta tesi és simple: la gent es comporta de manera diferent quan forma part d'una família comparat amb quan està sola. A partir d'aquesta premissa, la tesi explora dues qüestions fonamentals. La primera és analitzar quina part de les diferencies que observem a les dades és deguda a l'efecte de la família. La segona tracta d'entendre com canvien les implicacions d'una política bàsica del mercat laboral, com és l'assegurança d'atur, quan introduïm la família en l'anàlisi. En el primer capítol, escrit amb en Sekyu Choi, documentem una diferència remarcable i estable entre la taxa d'atur de la gent casada i la soltera, als EUA. A través d'una descomposició estàndard de les transicions laborals, trobem quins són els canals que expliquen millor les diferències tant en termes de gènere com a d'estructura familiar. Després, construïm un model simple del mercat laboral, on els agents presenten diferències en termes de xocs d'ingressos, béns, gènere i estat civil. A través del model, demostrem que la família genera dos efectes de signe oposat sobre la taxa d'atur. Per una banda, actua completant els mercats i, per tant, reduint els incentius per treballar, el que genera una menor ocupació i, ceteris paribus, major taxa d'atur. Per altra banda, augmenta la inclinació dels agents a sortir de l'atur a través de no participar en el mercat laboral, cosa que redueix la taxa d'atur. En el segon capítol, escrit amb en Nezih Guner i na Yuliya Kulikova, estudiem les transicions conjuntes de les parelles en el mercat laboral. La literatura empírica existent s'ha centrat en analitzar els moviments entre ocupació i atur, ignorant la participació. Una altre característiques de la literatura existent és que analitza individus, en canvi, nosaltres focalitzem en nostre anàlisi en parelles. Els homes i les dones casades son diferents pel que fa a les seves dinàmiques en el mercat laboral. Les transicions entre atur i inactivitat tenen un paper més important per a les dones que per als homes. Per tant, tenir en compte el marge de participació és clau per entendre les dinàmiques laborals de les parelles. Els nostres resultats mostren que el component de coordinació per explicar els moviments de les parelles a través dels estats laborals és fonamental. En el tercer capítol, estudio un programa d'assegurança d'atur, semblant al que està en marxa als EUA, en un entorn on la principal font d'heterogeneïtat entre els agents és el tipus de llar on viuen: alguns viuen sols mentre els altres viuen amb la seva parella formant una família. La principal conclusió, es que l'assegurança d'atur beneficia als solters però no als casats. Aquest resultat no depèn de les diferents característiques entre solters i casats. Fins i tot si els solters formessin una família amb els seus clons, no es beneficiarien de l'assegurança. En canvi, si els casats visquessin sols, si que la valorarien. Per tant, la principal raó per la qual els casats no es beneficien de l'assegurança és que la família, amb els seus dos treballadors, és un mecanisme suficient de suport.

Essays on Dynamics of the Labor Market

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ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 89 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (65 download)

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Book Synopsis Essays on Dynamics of the Labor Market by : Hiroaki Miyamoto

Download or read book Essays on Dynamics of the Labor Market written by Hiroaki Miyamoto and published by . This book was released on 2009 with total page 89 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Essays in Labor Economics

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ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 182 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (128 download)

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Book Synopsis Essays in Labor Economics by : Nicholas Anthony Carollo

Download or read book Essays in Labor Economics written by Nicholas Anthony Carollo and published by . This book was released on 2021 with total page 182 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This dissertation contains three essays in labor economics with a focus on economic and institutional differences in regional labor markets. It separately explores the causes and consequences of two major trends in the United States - the declining geographic concentration of immigrant location choices and the increasing prevalence of state-level occupational licensing requirements. Chapter one shows that the geographic concentration of the foreign-born population in the United States fell sharply between 1980 and 2010 as immigrants were increasingly drawn to areas with historically low migrant inflows. This trend was driven primarily by the changing location choices of new immigrant cohorts, though secondary migration has played a minor role as well. An analysis of the determinants of location choice across four decades suggests that immigrants remain highly responsive to local labor market conditions, but the traditionally strong pull of ethnic enclaves has diminished over time. Chapter two describes the construction of a novel dataset that compiles over one hundred years of occupational licensing, certification, and registration requirements in all fifty states and the District of Columbia. The data are assembled through a comprehensive analysis of numerous primary and secondary sources and currently identify major state and federal policy changes for 250 unique occupation categories. It is the first occupational licensing database to link each policy to both current statutes or administrative regulations, as well as to historical legislation covering the entire twentieth century. A comprehensive analysis of state session laws, in particular, allows me to observe the exact text of all legislative acts enacting, amending, or replacing statutes that reference specific occupations. Using the content of these laws, I record the enactment and effective dates of regulatory changes and several variables that characterize the type of regulation that was adopted. Relative to existing sources, my data offer a significantly longer time series, the ability to observe superseded legislation, and a more complete coding of legal prohibitions that differentiates between practice and title restrictions. Chapter three studies the short- and long-run impact of occupational licensing on labor market outcomes in the United States using the data described in chapter two. I implement an event study design that exploits within-occupation variation in the timing of licensing statutes across states to trace out the dynamic response of earnings and employment to policy changes. I find consistent evidence across several independent employer and household surveys that the typical licensing statute adopted during the past half-century increased worker earnings, but had null or weakly positive effects on employment. Twenty-five years after licensing statutes were adopted, cumulative wage growth in treated state-occupation cells exceeded that of untreated controls by 4 to 7%. Over the same time period, my results rule out an average disemployment effect greater than -5%. The data show much larger decreases in employment, however, among occupations that have little potential to cause serious harm. In cases where the consumer protection rationale for licensing is more plausible, I find simultaneous increases in both earnings and employment following the adoption of licensing requirements.