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Three Essays On Monetary Policy Transmission And Banking Crises
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Book Synopsis Three Essays on Monetary Policy Transmission and Banking Crises by : Dongping Xie
Download or read book Three Essays on Monetary Policy Transmission and Banking Crises written by Dongping Xie and published by . This book was released on 2018 with total page 149 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This dissertation aims to increase understanding of financial fragility and to support good responses by monetary policymakers. It is composed of three essays. Chapter 2 studies how the supply of bank loans affected balance sheets and bankruptcies of businesses under various regulatory structures in the early twentieth century. I find that a contraction in the supply of bank loans deteriorated businesses' balance sheets. As a result, courts saw more bankruptcies among businesses with high exposure to bank debt. Tight bank credit also reduced trade credit extended among businesses. I also show that the Glass-Steagall Act mitigated the impact of bank loans on businesses. Chapter 3, co-authored with Alan G. Isaac, develops a network model of financial contagion and demonstrates with agent-based simulations that the interactions between banks and firms can generate and propagate financial fragility and business cycles. We also show that timely monetary policy intervention has effects on both financial and economic stabilization. Active use of discount window proves a useful response to idiosyncratic shocks, but intervention in the repo market is more powerful against cyclical fluctuations. Chapter 4 uses an event study approach to examine how Fed's credit easing policy in the recent crisis affected different sectors. I show that, early on, emergency lending programs only benefited financial firms, while quantitative easing improved the fundamentals of all firms, although the financial sector still benefited more than other sectors.
Book Synopsis Three Essays on Monetary Policy by : Lea Steininger
Download or read book Three Essays on Monetary Policy written by Lea Steininger and published by . This book was released on 2023* with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Englische Version: This thesis includes three chapters that inform the debate about central bank policies, especially with respect to trans-national dimensions. Thereby, the project aims at complementing the existing literature by fostering a better understanding of international monetary policy under the use of micro-economic data. The first chapter investigates how monetary policy conducted by the European Central Bank (ECB) affects the labor share at the firm-level, and suggests that the effectiveness of monetary policy may depend on the labor intensity of production. The results inform the policy debate on transmission and redistribution effects of monetary policy. The second chapter provides empirical evidence that euro-area wide monetary policy affects industrial competition in local markets. The findings suggest that tightening the policy stance is associated with a decline in competition (and vice versa), and this effect is sizeable and significant. This chapter highlights that low interest rates may support market competition and anti-monopolistic tendencies in an environment of bank-based lending. The third chapter sheds light on central bank cooperation in the shape of swap lines opened between the six major centrals banks (These are: The US Federal Reserve, ECB, Bank of England, Swiss National Bank, Bank of Canada, and the Bank of Japan.) during the Global Financial Crisis 2007/08. This facility ultimately developed into a permanent international lender of last resort facility, and acts a public liquidity backstop to Eurodollar markets. Building an interpretative framework of political economic analysis, we contrast rationalist approaches by showing that central bankers eventually institutionalize their crisis inventions. We answer the question of how the public backstop for the largest financial market - the eurodollar market - emerged in 2013.[...].
Book Synopsis Three Essays in Monetary Economics by : Qiao Zhang
Download or read book Three Essays in Monetary Economics written by Qiao Zhang and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In this dissertation, my research aims at dwelling on the questions, at understanding and explaining -- as a follow of current strand of literature on financial frictions -- the mechanisms that allowed the imperfect and perfect credit intermediation to affect the dynamics of economy and the transmission of monetary policy, and providing a new theoretical formulation for evaluating the unconventional monetary policy. To do this, I first considered the impact of financial intermediation on the analysis of central bank transparency issue (Chapter 2). ln Chapter 3, I focused on the role played by the imperfect financial intermediation/financial frictions in the transmission of shocks : through which mechanisms, do the presence of balance-sheet constraint financial intermediaries affect the effect of shocks on the macroeconomy? Finally, in Chapter 4, 1 construct an theoreticalmodel to analyze an important issue which have net been carried out in existing literature: the transmission mechanism of the central bank's large-scale purchase of mortgage-backed securities. ln this chapter, I first simulated a financial crisis to see if the model is able to replicate some of the most important stylized facts of the Great Recession. Then, basing on the simulated crisis, I examine the efficacy and transmission mechanism of large scale purchases of MBS through comparing these purchases to the purchases of corporate bonds. This experiment is conducted in two credit market configurations, i.e., a partially and a totally segmented credit market. The latter case of market condition is considered by many economists as main obstacle that impedes the nominal functioning of the financial markets. ln this work, we have obtained rich and important findings for guiding the use of unconventional monetary policy. The following parts briefly present the findinqs of the thesis.
Book Synopsis Foreign Exchange Reserves, Financial Instability and Contagion by : Olivier Accominotti
Download or read book Foreign Exchange Reserves, Financial Instability and Contagion written by Olivier Accominotti and published by . This book was released on 2010 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This dissertation is a collection of three essays, all dealing with unexplored aspects of international financial instability during the 1920s and 1930s. The research included in these papers aims to provide a better understanding of the destabilizing monetary policies of the interwar years, and of the spread of financial crises, as well as to bring new historical perspectives to current policy issues in international finance. The first chapter revisits the French international reserves policy of the interwar years. Based on original data documenting the currency composition of the foreign reserves, the chapter identifies the motivations behind the Bank of France's disastrous policy of this period. The second chapter deals with the international transmission of the 1931 global financial crisis. Relying on bank balance sheet data collected in the archives, it explores the precise transmission channel through which the Central European crisis of the spring 1931 propagated to the most important financial center of the period, London, endangered the British banking system and eventually led to the sterling crisis of September. Last, the third chapter identifies the main factors of international financial crisis propagation during the 1930s, based on an extensive dataset documenting exchange markets, bond markets and stock markets. The statistical analysis in this chapter reveals that the 1931 crisis was the most global financial shock of the Great Depression and that net importers of capital were hit first.
Book Synopsis Monetary Policy and Discount Window Lending During the Financial Crisis by : Cuiyi Zhang
Download or read book Monetary Policy and Discount Window Lending During the Financial Crisis written by Cuiyi Zhang and published by . This book was released on 2020 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This dissertation studies monetary policy during the financial crisis. Particularly, the three essays investigate the transmission channel and effect Discount Window (DW) and Term Auction Facility (TAF) as well as the optimal policy conduct during crisis period. In the first essay, we examine the transmission channels of the Federal Reserve's maturity extension policy on DW and TAF activity during the crisis period. Specifically, we separate the maturities and the size of loans to differentiate the effects of overnight fund availability from maturity extension. Our findings indicate that maturity extension of DW loans promoted long-term (LT) lending by small banks in the banking sector, but this was generally limited to the time before the failure of Lehman Brothers. Finally, maturity extension of the TAF promoted residential real estate (RRE) lending by medium and large banks. In the second chapter, we seek to examine the impact of mortgage recourse provisions on the effectiveness of the Federal Reserve's maturity extension policy during the crisis. Our results indicate that banks that were operating in non-recourse states did have a higher probability to borrow from the DW in comparison to their peers in recourse states. Moreover, small-sized banks in non-recourse states tended to borrow for longer maturities, especially after the bankruptcy of Lehman Brothers. Furthermore, the effect of maturity extension at the Federal Reserve's Term lending programs was weaker among non-recourse banks. In the last chapter, we develop a general equilibrium framework in which banks perform two important functions in the financial system 0́4 risk pooling and lending services. In doing so, the paper thoroughly investigates how the effects of monetary policy depend on the distribution of liquidity risk and demand for loans in the economy. When the rate of money growth is sufficiently high, monetary policy is superneutral in parts of the economy but non-superneutral to the rest. Finally, if there is more liquidity risk in parts of the economy, it is optimal to adopt a lower rate of money growth. However, if such an increase happens in the lower liquidity risk region, the optimal policy is the opposite.
Book Synopsis Essays on the Risk-Taking Channel of Monetary Policy Transmission in the Euro Area by : Bruno De Menna
Download or read book Essays on the Risk-Taking Channel of Monetary Policy Transmission in the Euro Area written by Bruno De Menna and published by . This book was released on 2020 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The thesis contributes to recurrent debates in the macroeconomics of banking regarding the risk-taking channel of monetary policy. As the unifying theme of the present essays, I tackle this issue from three different angles with a special focus on the euro area. I rely on available data and different identification strategies to deliver up-to-date empirical evidence contributing to a deeper understanding of the monetary policy impacts on credit risk. In the first chapter of the thesis, I investigate how the risk-taking channel of monetary policy interacts with the degree of leverage in banks' balance sheets after the Global Financial Crisis of 2008 (GFC). Using dynamic panel techniques, I first find significant statistical evidence that credit risk is negatively associated with variations in interest rates, while competition in national banking industries tends to enhance this effect. I also suggest that this negative relationship is most pronounced for banks with relatively high levels of leverage, which is consistent with a ''search for yield'' effect. These results for the euro area are strikingly different from the U.S. banking industry, confirming that time, geographical circumstances, and local banking market conditions are key in understanding the impact of monetary policy on credit risk. The second chapter investigates the joint impact of bank capital and funding liquidity on the monetary policy's risk-taking channel. Using data on the euro area from 1999 to 2018 and triple interactions between monetary policy, bank equity, and funding liquidity, I shed light on a ''crowding-out of deposits'' effect prior to the GFC, which supports the need for simultaneous capital and funding liquidity ratios to mitigate the monetary transmission to bank credit risk. Interestingly, the analysis also highlights a missing crowding-out of deposits effect among low-efficiency banks in the aftermath of the GFC. Consequently, a trade-off arises between financial stability and increased funding liquidity, requiring a special treatment for inefficient banks operating in a low interest rate environment. These results challenge the implementation of uniform funding liquidity requirements across the euro area as by the Basel III framework suggests. The third and last chapter extends the analysis to the special case of cooperative banks and relationship lending in the euro area. These financial intermediaries tell a different story between countries and therefore imply different responses to a common monetary policy. Accordingly, I find no evidence of the presence of a risk-taking channel of monetary policy for consolidated (i.e., less committed to relationship lending) cooperative banks, whereas the results indicate extensive evidence of a risk-taking channel in the euro area for non-cooperative banks (see also the previous chapters of the thesis). Therefore, consolidated cooperative banks seem not to raise their credit risk significantly when monetary policy is eased. Further, I highlight that the profitability of cooperative banks preserving their relationship lending model is more severely hit by a low interest rate environment compared to cooperative banks opting for consolidation. This finding raises issues on the mid-term durability of relationship lending as interest rates have been low for an extended period in the European banking industry. I ultimately find that both non-cooperative banks and relationship-based cooperative banks are concerned about the risk-taking channel of monetary policy transmission, which results in an increase in their credit risk under accommodating monetary conditions. Nevertheless, I suggest that such similarities do not exist for the same reasons, as relationship lending is associated with a fundamentally different lending process than transactions-based lending technologies, which devote significantly lower proportions of their assets to lending to small businesses.
Book Synopsis Three Essays in Financial Networks and Shock Propagation by : Jonas Heipertz
Download or read book Three Essays in Financial Networks and Shock Propagation written by Jonas Heipertz and published by . This book was released on 2019 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Financial inter-dependencies are since the financial crisis at the forefront of macroeconomic research and policy making. The world had painfully learned how small and localized events can travel through the global financial system with huge repercussions for the real economy. Since then, many studies have analyzed the propagation properties of given financial exposure networks. Each day, however, large amounts of financial assets are traded and financial institutions' balance-sheets change in response to new information, regulation or monetary policy. Changes in exposures crucially affect the transmission of shocks. This thesis develops general equilibrium frameworks that show how financial networks emerge endogenously from trade in financial assets between heterogeneous institutions. I use micro and macro-level datasets including confidential data from the Banque de France to structurally identify risk-preferences, institutions' beliefs about the distribution of future financial asset returns, and the specific constraints that drive financial network formation. The thesis also derives an explicit firm-level link of financial networks to an economy's productive structure.Chapter 1 of the thesis shows how firm-level productivity shocks propagate through financial networks. If firms need external funds to finance capital expenditure, banks create linkages between them that go beyond their input-output relationships. These links can affect aggregate output. The chapter builds a multi-sector production model of heterogeneous firms that are financed by heterogeneous leverage targeting banks. Banks are themselves connected through bilateral cross-holdings. Endogenous financial asset prices introduce a new propagation channel of productivity shocks. Structural parameters such as bank-level leverage constraints determine the strength of this channel and one statistic is sufficient to capture it. I use confidential matched bank-firm-level data from the Banque de France on corporate bond investments to estimate the model. The model can be used to study macro-prudential regulation and monetary policy.Chapter 2 uses bank- and instrument-level data on asset holdings and liabilities to identify and estimate a general equilibrium model of trade in financial instruments shaping an endogenous network of interlinked banks' balance-sheets. Bilateral ties are formed as each bank selects the size and the diversification of its assets and liabilities. Shocks propagate due to the response, rather than the size, of bilateral ties to such shocks. The network exhibit key theoretical properties: (i) more connected networks lead to less amplification of partial equilibrium shocks, (ii) the influence of a bank's equity is independent of the size of its holdings; (iii) more risk-averse banks are more diversified, lowering their own volatility but increasing their influence on other banks. The structural estimation of the network model for the universe of French banks shows that the endogenous change in the network matters two to three times more than the initial network of cross-holdings for the transmission of shocks. The estimated network is used to assess the effects of the ECB's quantitative easing policy.Chapter 3 concludes the thesis with a more aggregated sector-level analysis. It first studies how the sharp deterioration of the net external portfolio position of France between 2008 and 2014 was driven by sectoral patterns such as the banking sector retrenchment and the increase in foreign liabilities of the public and corporate sectors but was mitigated by the expansion of domestic and foreign asset portfolios of insurance companies. It provides a network representation of the links between domestic sectors and the rest of the world. Sectoral shock propagation through inter-sectoral security holdings is studied in an estimated balance-sheet contagion model.
Book Synopsis Essays on Monetary Policy and Banking by : Tumisang Bertha Loate
Download or read book Essays on Monetary Policy and Banking written by Tumisang Bertha Loate and published by . This book was released on 2018 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The size of the nancial sector in South Africa has grown signi cantly over the past fi fteen years to now almost three times the size of the economy. Parallel to that growth is the growth of the banking sector, speci cally the six commercial banks that dominate the sector. This expansion has both monetary policy and financial stability implications. The objectives of this PhD are to: (1) study the importance of internal and external variables for nancial stability; (2) determine the role of the structure of the banking sector in the transmission of monetary policy and macroeconomic shocks; and (3) understand financial stability in the context of both the South African financial system structure and demographic dynamics. We start with a cross-sectional analysis of how external and internal variables affect local fi nancial stability. We fi nd that local variables such as credit, stock market capitalisation and real exchange rate growth are better candidates for understanding local fi nancial stability for both the high and the upper middle income countries. Next we explore monetary policy and financial stability in the context of the South African banking system structure and socio-economic dynamics. An empirical analysis of the bank lending channel indicate that the effect of monetary policy is asymmetric - small banks are more affected by a contractionary monetary policy, whereas the big banks can adjust their loan portfolios to cushion the effects. However, these results (as well as the current South African literature) assume that the transmission of monetary policy and the way the exogenous shocks are generated have remained constant over time. We show that following the 2008 fi nancial crisis, both the big banks and small banks became more responsive to a monetary policy shock. We then develop a dynamic stochastic general equilibrium model to analyse - financial stability for the South African banking sector. The main elements to capture the socio-demographic characteristics include banking and household heterogeneity. We incorporate the relative consumption motive to capture the culture of "keeping up with the Joneses" that has resulted in high consumption driven by debt. The heterogeneity of the banking sector is motivated by the structure of the banking sector, which has enabled the existence of the big and the small banks serving the high-income and low-income households respectively. We calibrate the model using South African data. Our model shows that liquidity injections in the presence of the relative consumption motive increase loan demand whilst adverse shocks to the banks' balance sheets have welfare effects, especially for low-income households.
Book Synopsis Three Essays in Banking Sector of Thailand by : Itthipong Mahathanaseth
Download or read book Three Essays in Banking Sector of Thailand written by Itthipong Mahathanaseth and published by . This book was released on 2011 with total page 150 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This dissertation consists of three essays. The first essay examines the cost efficiency and production technology in the banking sector of Thailand using a stochastic frontier approach. The empirical results indicate that banks with lower Non-performing-loanto-total-loan ratio, higher equity-to-total-asset ratio, higher liquid-asset-to-total-asset ratio, and more branches are likely to be more efficient. The second essay investigates the degree of competition in the banking industry using the new empirical industrial organization approach. The empirical results indicate that, despite the Thailand government's efforts to increase competition in the banking industry by relaxing restrictions on entry to the market after the financial crisis, the oligopolistic degree of the biggest four banks has intensified. The third essay links the results of the first and second essays, cost efficiency and competition in the banking sector, to the transmission mechanism of monetary policy in Thailand using Vector Autoregression approach. The empirical results indicate that an unexpected tightening monetary policy shock leads to higher financial costs in the banking industry, forcing banks to compete more fiercely and operate more efficiently, significantly helping strengthen the transmission of monetary policy. Hence, the policy implication is that Thai government should exert more effort to enhance efficiency and competition in the banking sector.
Book Synopsis Financial Crises Explanations, Types, and Implications by : Mr.Stijn Claessens
Download or read book Financial Crises Explanations, Types, and Implications written by Mr.Stijn Claessens and published by International Monetary Fund. This book was released on 2013-01-30 with total page 66 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This paper reviews the literature on financial crises focusing on three specific aspects. First, what are the main factors explaining financial crises? Since many theories on the sources of financial crises highlight the importance of sharp fluctuations in asset and credit markets, the paper briefly reviews theoretical and empirical studies on developments in these markets around financial crises. Second, what are the major types of financial crises? The paper focuses on the main theoretical and empirical explanations of four types of financial crises—currency crises, sudden stops, debt crises, and banking crises—and presents a survey of the literature that attempts to identify these episodes. Third, what are the real and financial sector implications of crises? The paper briefly reviews the short- and medium-run implications of crises for the real economy and financial sector. It concludes with a summary of the main lessons from the literature and future research directions.
Book Synopsis Essays on the Great Depression by : Ben S. Bernanke
Download or read book Essays on the Great Depression written by Ben S. Bernanke and published by Princeton University Press. This book was released on 2024-01-09 with total page 352 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: From the Nobel Prize–winning economist and former chair of the U.S. Federal Reserve, a landmark book that provides vital lessons for understanding financial crises and their sometimes-catastrophic economic effects As chair of the U.S. Federal Reserve during the Global Financial Crisis, Ben Bernanke helped avert a greater financial disaster than the Great Depression. And he did so by drawing directly on what he had learned from years of studying the causes of the economic catastrophe of the 1930s—work for which he was later awarded the Nobel Prize. Essays on the Great Depression brings together Bernanke’s influential work on the origins and economic lessons of the Depression, and this new edition also includes his Nobel Prize lecture.
Book Synopsis Three Essays on the Monetary Policy of Indonesia by : Fahlino Fauzi Sjuib
Download or read book Three Essays on the Monetary Policy of Indonesia written by Fahlino Fauzi Sjuib and published by . This book was released on 2003 with total page 150 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Financial Crises by : Mr.Stijn Claessens
Download or read book Financial Crises written by Mr.Stijn Claessens and published by International Monetary Fund. This book was released on 2014-02-19 with total page 754 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The lingering effects of the economic crisis are still visible—this shows a clear need to improve our understanding of financial crises. This book surveys a wide range of crises, including banking, balance of payments, and sovereign debt crises. It begins with an overview of the various types of crises and introduces a comprehensive database of crises. Broad lessons on crisis prevention and management, as well as the short-term economic effects of crises, recessions, and recoveries, are discussed.
Book Synopsis Money, Crises, and Transition by : Guillermo A. Calvo
Download or read book Money, Crises, and Transition written by Guillermo A. Calvo and published by Mit Press. This book was released on 2008 with total page 520 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The essays taken on the issues that have fascinated Calvo most as an academic, a senior advisor at the International Monetary Fund and as the chief economist at the Inter-American Development Bank: monetary and exchange rate policy, financial crises, debt, taxation and reform, and transition and growth.
Book Synopsis Three Essays on the Transmission of the Korean Financial Crisis to the Real Sector by : Jong Hun Kim
Download or read book Three Essays on the Transmission of the Korean Financial Crisis to the Real Sector written by Jong Hun Kim and published by . This book was released on 2005 with total page 136 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The main purpose of this dissertation is to identify the prominent channels through which financial decisions are transmitted to real economic activities with three different empirical studies. The first essay examines investment behavior and the effects of financing constraints among Korean manufacturing firms before and after the 1997 financial crisis using a firm-level panel data. The results indicate that investment depends on both sales and the level of cash balances. Firms' financing constraints, as measured by their cash balances, turn out to be binding in financially "weaker" groups such as younger firms and those with lower dividend payouts. The second essay identifies the role of non-monetary factors using a methodology similar to Bernanke's (1983) study of the Great Depression in the United States. We find that increases in the spread between market interest rates and government bond yields, which is a measure of the cost of credit intermediation, whether caused by shifts in business risk or lowered expectations for the Korean economy among international investors, explain the decline in output more fully than frameworks relying only on a fall in the real stock of money. The results, obtained from structural regression equations, unrestricted vector autoregressive systems, and the accompanying dynamic forecasts, suggest that the causes of the crisis lie in factors far deeper than shifts in precautionary and speculative demands for the won. We also find that the credit crunch following the crisis affected light industry more emphatically than heavy industry. The third essay examines the impact of financial factors on economic growth in several East Asian countries using macroeconomic panel data and various estimation techniques. The dynamic panel vector autoregressive analysis shows that growth in these countries was to some extent "finance-led." We do not find that the relationship between finance and growth differs between the four countries that experienced crises (Indonesia, Korea, Malaysia and Thailand) and the other countries that did not. The results suggest that we may not be able to blame the financial sector solely as the main trigger of the economic crisis. While these essays focus on the 1997 East Asian crisis, and may give more attention on the Korean episode, we believe that they shed light on financial and economic developments more generally since the crisis could happen to any country, especially when they are on a path to having more developed and internationally open economies.
Book Synopsis Global Waves of Debt by : M. Ayhan Kose
Download or read book Global Waves of Debt written by M. Ayhan Kose and published by World Bank Publications. This book was released on 2021-03-03 with total page 403 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The global economy has experienced four waves of rapid debt accumulation over the past 50 years. The first three debt waves ended with financial crises in many emerging market and developing economies. During the current wave, which started in 2010, the increase in debt in these economies has already been larger, faster, and broader-based than in the previous three waves. Current low interest rates mitigate some of the risks associated with high debt. However, emerging market and developing economies are also confronted by weak growth prospects, mounting vulnerabilities, and elevated global risks. A menu of policy options is available to reduce the likelihood that the current debt wave will end in crisis and, if crises do take place, will alleviate their impact.
Book Synopsis The Chicago Plan Revisited by : Mr.Jaromir Benes
Download or read book The Chicago Plan Revisited written by Mr.Jaromir Benes and published by International Monetary Fund. This book was released on 2012-08-01 with total page 71 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: At the height of the Great Depression a number of leading U.S. economists advanced a proposal for monetary reform that became known as the Chicago Plan. It envisaged the separation of the monetary and credit functions of the banking system, by requiring 100% reserve backing for deposits. Irving Fisher (1936) claimed the following advantages for this plan: (1) Much better control of a major source of business cycle fluctuations, sudden increases and contractions of bank credit and of the supply of bank-created money. (2) Complete elimination of bank runs. (3) Dramatic reduction of the (net) public debt. (4) Dramatic reduction of private debt, as money creation no longer requires simultaneous debt creation. We study these claims by embedding a comprehensive and carefully calibrated model of the banking system in a DSGE model of the U.S. economy. We find support for all four of Fisher's claims. Furthermore, output gains approach 10 percent, and steady state inflation can drop to zero without posing problems for the conduct of monetary policy.
