Thermofluid Modeling for Energy Efficiency Applications

Download Thermofluid Modeling for Energy Efficiency Applications PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Academic Press
ISBN 13 : 0128025891
Total Pages : 362 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (28 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Thermofluid Modeling for Energy Efficiency Applications by : Mohammad Masud Kamal Khan

Download or read book Thermofluid Modeling for Energy Efficiency Applications written by Mohammad Masud Kamal Khan and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2015-09-01 with total page 362 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Thermofluid Modeling for Sustainable Energy Applications provides a collection of the most recent, cutting-edge developments in the application of fluid mechanics modeling to energy systems and energy efficient technology. Each chapter introduces relevant theories alongside detailed, real-life case studies that demonstrate the value of thermofluid modeling and simulation as an integral part of the engineering process. Research problems and modeling solutions across a range of energy efficiency scenarios are presented by experts, helping users build a sustainable engineering knowledge base. The text offers novel examples of the use of computation fluid dynamics in relation to hot topics, including passive air cooling and thermal storage. It is a valuable resource for academics, engineers, and students undertaking research in thermal engineering. Includes contributions from experts in energy efficiency modeling across a range of engineering fields Places thermofluid modeling and simulation at the center of engineering design and development, with theory supported by detailed, real-life case studies Features hot topics in energy and sustainability engineering, including thermal storage and passive air cooling Provides a valuable resource for academics, engineers, and students undertaking research in thermal engineering

Thermofluid Modeling for Energy Efficiency Applications

Download Thermofluid Modeling for Energy Efficiency Applications PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (986 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Thermofluid Modeling for Energy Efficiency Applications by : M. M. K. Khan

Download or read book Thermofluid Modeling for Energy Efficiency Applications written by M. M. K. Khan and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "Thermofluid Modeling for Sustainable Energy Applications provides a collection of the most recent, cutting-edge developments in the application of fluid mechanics modeling to energy systems and energy efficient technology. Each chapter introduces relevant theories alongside detailed, real-life case studies that demonstrate the value of thermofluid modeling and simulation as an integral part of the engineering process. Research problems and modeling solutions across a range of energy efficiency scenarios are presented by experts, helping users build a sustainable engineering knowledge base. The text offers novel examples of the use of computation fluid dynamics in relation to hot topics, including passive air cooling and thermal storage. It is a valuable resource for academics, engineers, and students undertaking research in thermal engineering"--OCLC.

Application of Thermo-fluid Processes in Energy Systems

Download Application of Thermo-fluid Processes in Energy Systems PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 9811006970
Total Pages : 286 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (11 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Application of Thermo-fluid Processes in Energy Systems by : M. Masud K. Khan

Download or read book Application of Thermo-fluid Processes in Energy Systems written by M. Masud K. Khan and published by Springer. This book was released on 2017-10-03 with total page 286 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book provides essential information on and case studies in the fields of energy technology, clean energy, energy efficiency, sustainability and the environment relevant to academics, researchers, practicing engineers, technologists and students. The individual chapters present cutting-edge research on key issues and recent developments in thermo-fluid processes, including but not limited to: energy technologies in process industries, applications of thermo-fluid processes in mining industries, applications of electrostatic precipitators in thermal power plants, biofuels, energy efficiency in building systems, etc. Helping readers develop an intuitive understanding of the relevant concepts in and solutions for achieving sustainability in medium and large-scale industries, the book offers a valuable resource for undergraduate, honors and postgraduate research students in the field of thermo-fluid engineering.

Positive Energy Districts: Transforming Urban Areas Into High Efficiency Districts With Local Renewable Generation and Storage

Download Positive Energy Districts: Transforming Urban Areas Into High Efficiency Districts With Local Renewable Generation and Storage PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Frontiers Media SA
ISBN 13 : 2889760901
Total Pages : 127 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (897 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Positive Energy Districts: Transforming Urban Areas Into High Efficiency Districts With Local Renewable Generation and Storage by : Ursula Eicker

Download or read book Positive Energy Districts: Transforming Urban Areas Into High Efficiency Districts With Local Renewable Generation and Storage written by Ursula Eicker and published by Frontiers Media SA. This book was released on 2022-11-16 with total page 127 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Towards Nanofluids for Large-Scale Industrial Applications

Download Towards Nanofluids for Large-Scale Industrial Applications PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Elsevier
ISBN 13 : 0443154848
Total Pages : 479 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (431 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Towards Nanofluids for Large-Scale Industrial Applications by : Bharat A. Bhanvase

Download or read book Towards Nanofluids for Large-Scale Industrial Applications written by Bharat A. Bhanvase and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2024-05-14 with total page 479 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Nanofluids for Large-Scale Industrial Applications examines the challenges and current progress towards large-scale industrial application of nanofluids, summarizing and bringing together varied current research strands and providing potential solutions pertaining to the scientific, economic, and social barriers that currently exist. Opening with an introduction to nanofluid synthesis, types, and properties, this book traverses the potential large-scale applications and commercialisation of nanofluids in industrial heating/cooling, solar energy systems, refrigeration systems, automotive systems, and various chemical processes and manufacturing systems. This book provides knowledge of a vast area of applications of nanofluids in industries. Thus, it also has potential to encourage and trigger the minds of researchers to discover more about nanofluids, investigate the gaps, overcome the challenges, and provide future directions for newer applications and develop nanofluids further. The book is written chiefly for graduate/postdoc level students and researchers/academics teaching or studying in chemical and thermal engineering and who are focused on heat transfer enhancement, thermal energy, nanofluids, and nano-enhanced energy systems such as solar thermal systems. Examines the challenges and current progress towards implementing large-scale industrial application of nanofluids Addresses current gaps in research, explores challenges and controversies as well as weaknesses and strengths versus alternative solutions Aims to bridge the gap between fundamental research and potential industrial-scale utilization in the future by providing pathways towards convenient and sustainable scale-up Meets a need to compile all current information and knowledge from studies and research related to large-scale nanofluids applications in one single resource

Biomass for Energy Country Specific Show Case Studies

Download Biomass for Energy Country Specific Show Case Studies PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : MDPI
ISBN 13 : 3038429120
Total Pages : 265 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (384 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Biomass for Energy Country Specific Show Case Studies by : Tariq Al-Shemmeri

Download or read book Biomass for Energy Country Specific Show Case Studies written by Tariq Al-Shemmeri and published by MDPI. This book was released on 2018-04-27 with total page 265 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book is a printed edition of the Special Issue "Biomass for Energy Country Specific Show Case Studies" that was published in Energies

Design Strategies for Efficient and Sustainable Building Facilities

Download Design Strategies for Efficient and Sustainable Building Facilities PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : IGI Global
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 587 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (693 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Design Strategies for Efficient and Sustainable Building Facilities by : González-Lezcano, Roberto Alonso

Download or read book Design Strategies for Efficient and Sustainable Building Facilities written by González-Lezcano, Roberto Alonso and published by IGI Global. This book was released on 2024-08-05 with total page 587 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Despite the growing emphasis on energy efficiency in building design, our indoor environments often fall short of providing optimal conditions for health and well-being. Indoor air quality, temperature, and lighting levels play crucial roles in occupant health, yet they are frequently overlooked in building practices. This oversight leads to environments that can harm health, contributing to respiratory problems, allergies, and reduced productivity. Design Strategies for Efficient and Sustainable Building Facilities offers a comprehensive solution. We delve into recent advances in building design, construction, and operation that prioritize energy efficiency and occupant health. By incorporating intelligent sensors, automation systems, and renewable energy sources like solar and wind power, buildings can be transformed into healthy, sustainable spaces that promote well-being. This book is tailored for researchers, professionals, university professors, and master's and doctoral students who seek to advance sustainable building practices.

Recent Advances in Nano-Tailored Multi-Functional Cementitious Composites

Download Recent Advances in Nano-Tailored Multi-Functional Cementitious Composites PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Woodhead Publishing
ISBN 13 : 0323852300
Total Pages : 514 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (238 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Recent Advances in Nano-Tailored Multi-Functional Cementitious Composites by : Mustafa Şahmaran

Download or read book Recent Advances in Nano-Tailored Multi-Functional Cementitious Composites written by Mustafa Şahmaran and published by Woodhead Publishing. This book was released on 2022-03-08 with total page 514 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Over the past few years, concrete technology has advanced quite dramatically thanks to the use of a great variety of additives and admixtures, which have paved the way for the effective development of new-generation concrete mixtures. Among these additives and admixtures, nanomaterials used in construction materials such as paste, mortar, and concrete mixtures have become very popular recently. Much of the previous attention in regard to the utilization of nanomaterials in construction materials was specifically devoted to the characterization of their fresh-state, hydration, microstructure, pore structure, mechanical, transport, and durability properties. However, research into the tailoring of multi-functional properties of construction materials (especially cementitious) with the use of nanomaterials is still in its infancy. Recent Advances in Nano-Tailored Multi-Functional Cementitious Composites aims to capture recent major scientific advances and the current state of the art in multi-functional cementitious composites developed with nanomaterials. The book will provide researchers, engineers, and other stakeholders with an insight into future directions of multi-functional capabilities of cementitious composites. Chapters focus on the large-scale development, characterization, and application of multi-functional cementitious composites addressing the following topics: nano-modified concrete; strain-hardening cementitious composites; self-sensing concrete; self-healing and bacteria-based concrete; self-cleaning concrete; self-consolidating concrete; material/construction technology for 3D printing; thermal insulation capability; green concretes including geopolymer concrete; nanoscale characterization methods; low CO2 reactive magnesia cements; and future developments and challenges of nano-tailored cementitious composites. The book will be an essential reference resource for academic and industrial researchers, materials scientists, and civil engineers working on the development and application of nano-tailored multi-functional cementitious composites. Provides very comprehensive and unique details about multi-functional properties of cementitious composites Presents a detailed account of investigations conducted into the application of nanomaterials and nanoscale tailoring to achieve multi-functional properties for cementitious composites Features state-of-the-art preparation, production, processing, and implementation techniques of nanoscale tailoring of multi-functional cementitious composites starting from laboratory to large scale

Bioenergy Resources and Technologies

Download Bioenergy Resources and Technologies PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Academic Press
ISBN 13 : 0128225262
Total Pages : 504 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (282 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Bioenergy Resources and Technologies by : Abul Kalam Azad

Download or read book Bioenergy Resources and Technologies written by Abul Kalam Azad and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2021-03-10 with total page 504 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Bioenergy Resources and Technologies presents advanced approaches and applications of bioenergy resources, with a strong focus on environmental sustainability. Chapters on the applications of bioenergy, the implementation of bioenergy as an alternative fuel, and future energy security make this an invaluable and unique resource to further advance the field. This book provides new information and novel techniques across a variety of bioenergy applications, with the book's authors addressing key uses for bioenergy resources as an alternative fuel. Various case studies and examples help demonstrate meaning and provide additional clarity. Social and economic aspects are included for each technology discussed, along with a number of research works and their findings in a diverse mix of areas including energy, environmental science, biotechnology, chemical engineering and mechanical engineering. Researchers and professionals in these disciplines will gain knowledge on the underlying concepts, technologies, fuel applications and solutions to global environmental issues using bioenergy resources. Presents technical and social issues surrounding the latest bioenergy technologies Explores solutions to global sustainability goals through bioenergy applications and the future of energy security Includes experimental investigations of engine performance, emissions and combustion phenomena using different types of oxygenated fuel

Water (R718) Turbo Compressor and Ejector Refrigeration / Heat Pump Technology

Download Water (R718) Turbo Compressor and Ejector Refrigeration / Heat Pump Technology PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Butterworth-Heinemann
ISBN 13 : 0081007345
Total Pages : 306 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (81 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Water (R718) Turbo Compressor and Ejector Refrigeration / Heat Pump Technology by : Milan N. Šarevski

Download or read book Water (R718) Turbo Compressor and Ejector Refrigeration / Heat Pump Technology written by Milan N. Šarevski and published by Butterworth-Heinemann. This book was released on 2016-02-03 with total page 306 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Water (R718) Turbo Compressor and Ejector Refrigeration/Heat Pump Technology provides the latest information on efficiency improvements, a main topic in recent investigations of thermal energy machines, plants, and systems that include turbo compressors, ejectors, and refrigeration/heat pump systems. This, when coupled with environmental concerns, has led to the application of eco-friendly refrigerants and to a renewed interest in natural refrigerants. Within this context, readers will find valuable information that explores refrigeration and heat pump systems using natural refrigerants, polygeneration systems, the energy efficiency of thermal systems, the utilization of low temperature waste heat, and cleaner production. The book also examines the technical, economic, and environmental reasons of R718 refrigeration/heat pump systems and how they are competitive with traditional systems, serving as a valuable reference for engineers who work in the design and construction of thermal plants and systems, and those who wish to specialize in the use of R718 as a refrigerant in these systems. Describes existing novel R718 turbo compressor and ejector refrigeration/heat pump systems and technologies Provides procedures calculating and optimizing cycles, system components, and system structures Estimates the performance characteristics of the thermal systems Exposes the possibilities for wider applications of R718 systems in the field of refrigeration and heat pumps

Innovative Production And Construction: Transforming Construction Through Emerging Technologies

Download Innovative Production And Construction: Transforming Construction Through Emerging Technologies PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : World Scientific
ISBN 13 : 9813272503
Total Pages : 716 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (132 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Innovative Production And Construction: Transforming Construction Through Emerging Technologies by : Peng Wu

Download or read book Innovative Production And Construction: Transforming Construction Through Emerging Technologies written by Peng Wu and published by World Scientific. This book was released on 2019-05-03 with total page 716 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Throughout the 38 chapters, this must-have volume outlines essential information about the implementation of emerging technologies, from building information modeling and 3D printing, to life cycle assessment and information technology in construction and engineering projects.It covers practical case studies to demonstrate the implementation of emerging technologies in a compact style, ensuring that practitioners can adopt these methods to realize immediate benefits in productivity, safety and performance improvement.

Thermal Energy Systems

Download Thermal Energy Systems PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : CRC Press
ISBN 13 : 1351736582
Total Pages : 603 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (517 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Thermal Energy Systems by : Steven G. Penoncello

Download or read book Thermal Energy Systems written by Steven G. Penoncello and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2018-09-19 with total page 603 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Thermal Energy Systems: Design and Analysis, Second Edition presents basic concepts for simulation and optimization, and introduces simulation and optimization techniques for system modeling. This text addresses engineering economy, optimization, hydraulic systems, energy systems, and system simulation. Computer modeling is presented, and a companion website provides specific coverage of EES and Excel in thermal-fluid design. Assuming prior coursework in basic thermodynamics and fluid mechanics, this fully updated and improved text will guide students in Mechanical and Chemical Engineering as they apply their knowledge to systems analysis and design, and to capstone design project work.

Theoretical, Computational, and Experimental Solutions to Thermo-Fluid Systems

Download Theoretical, Computational, and Experimental Solutions to Thermo-Fluid Systems PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Springer Nature
ISBN 13 : 9813341653
Total Pages : 505 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (133 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Theoretical, Computational, and Experimental Solutions to Thermo-Fluid Systems by : Muthukumar Palanisamy

Download or read book Theoretical, Computational, and Experimental Solutions to Thermo-Fluid Systems written by Muthukumar Palanisamy and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2021-03-09 with total page 505 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book presents select proceedings of the International Conference on Innovations in Thermo-Fluid Engineering and Sciences (ICITFES 2020). It covers topics in theoretical and experimental fluid dynamics, numerical methods in heat transfer and fluid mechanics, different modes of heat transfer, multiphase flow, fluid machinery, fluid power, refrigeration and air conditioning, and cryogenics. The book will be helpful to the researchers, scientists, and professionals working in the field of fluid mechanics and machinery, and thermal engineering.

Engineering Design and Optimization of Thermofluid Systems

Download Engineering Design and Optimization of Thermofluid Systems PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 111970166X
Total Pages : 274 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (197 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Engineering Design and Optimization of Thermofluid Systems by : David S. K. Ting

Download or read book Engineering Design and Optimization of Thermofluid Systems written by David S. K. Ting and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2021-02-17 with total page 274 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A practical and accessible introductory textbook that enables engineering students to design and optimize typical thermofluid systems Engineering Design and Optimization of Thermofluid Systems is designed to help students and professionals alike understand the design and optimization techniques used to create complex engineering systems that incorporate heat transfer, thermodynamics, fluid dynamics, and mass transfer. Designed for thermal systems design courses, this comprehensive textbook covers thermofluid theory, practical applications, and established techniques for improved performance, efficiency, and economy of thermofluid systems. Students gain a solid understanding of best practices for the design of pumps, compressors, heat exchangers, HVAC systems, power generation systems, and more. Covering the material using a pragmatic, student-friendly approach, the text begins by introducing design, optimization, and engineering economics—with emphasis on the importance of engineering optimization in maximizing efficiency and minimizing cost. Subsequent chapters review representative thermofluid systems and devices and discuss basic mathematical models for describing thermofluid systems. Moving on to system simulation, students work with the classical calculus method, the Lagrange multiplier, canonical search methods, and geometric programming. Throughout the text, examples and practice problems integrate emerging industry technologies to show students how key concepts are applied in the real world. This well-balanced textbook: Integrates underlying thermofluid principles, the fundamentals of engineering design, and a variety of optimization methods Covers optimization techniques alongside thermofluid system theory Provides readers best practices to follow on-the-job when designing thermofluid systems Contains numerous tables, figures, examples, and problem sets Emphasizing optimization techniques more than any other thermofluid system textbook available, Engineering Design and Optimization of Thermofluid Systems is the ideal textbook for upper-level undergraduate and graduate students and instructors in thermal systems design courses, and a valuable reference for professional mechanical engineers and researchers in the field.

Energy Systems and Nanotechnology

Download Energy Systems and Nanotechnology PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Springer Nature
ISBN 13 : 9811612560
Total Pages : 384 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (116 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Energy Systems and Nanotechnology by : Dharmendra Tripathi

Download or read book Energy Systems and Nanotechnology written by Dharmendra Tripathi and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2021-05-27 with total page 384 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book presents a very useful and readable collection of chapters in nanotechnologies for energy conversion, storage, and utilization, offering new results which are sure to be of interest to researchers, students, and engineers in the field of nanotechnologies and energy. Readers will find energy systems and nanotechnology very useful in many ways such as generation of energy policy, waste management, nanofluid preparation and numerical modelling, energy storage, and many other energy-related areas. It is also useful as reference book for many energy and nanofluid-related courses being taken up by graduate and undergraduate students. In particular, this book provides insights into various forms of renewable energy, such as biogas, solar energy, photovoltaic, solar cells, and solar thermal energy storage. Also, it deals with the CFD simulations of various aspects of nanofluids/hybrid nanofluids.

ECOS 2012 The 25th International Conference on Efficiency, Cost, Optimization and Simulation of Energy Conversion Systems and Processes (Perugia, June 26th-June 29th, 2012)

Download ECOS 2012 The 25th International Conference on Efficiency, Cost, Optimization and Simulation of Energy Conversion Systems and Processes (Perugia, June 26th-June 29th, 2012) PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Firenze University Press
ISBN 13 : 8866553220
Total Pages : 3218 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (665 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis ECOS 2012 The 25th International Conference on Efficiency, Cost, Optimization and Simulation of Energy Conversion Systems and Processes (Perugia, June 26th-June 29th, 2012) by : Umberto Desideri

Download or read book ECOS 2012 The 25th International Conference on Efficiency, Cost, Optimization and Simulation of Energy Conversion Systems and Processes (Perugia, June 26th-June 29th, 2012) written by Umberto Desideri and published by Firenze University Press. This book was released on 2012 with total page 3218 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The 8-volume set contains the Proceedings of the 25th ECOS 2012 International Conference, Perugia, Italy, June 26th to June 29th, 2012. ECOS is an acronym for Efficiency, Cost, Optimization and Simulation (of energy conversion systems and processes), summarizing the topics covered in ECOS: Thermodynamics, Heat and Mass Transfer, Exergy and Second Law Analysis, Process Integration and Heat Exchanger Networks, Fluid Dynamics and Power Plant Components, Fuel Cells, Simulation of Energy Conversion Systems, Renewable Energies, Thermo-Economic Analysis and Optimisation, Combustion, Chemical Reactors, Carbon Capture and Sequestration, Building/Urban/Complex Energy Systems, Water Desalination and Use of Water Resources, Energy Systems- Environmental and Sustainability Issues, System Operation/ Control/Diagnosis and Prognosis, Industrial Ecology.

Modeling of Flow and Thermal Energy Transport of High and Low Temperature Applications with Thermal Energy Storage

Download Modeling of Flow and Thermal Energy Transport of High and Low Temperature Applications with Thermal Energy Storage PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 82 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (972 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Modeling of Flow and Thermal Energy Transport of High and Low Temperature Applications with Thermal Energy Storage by : Ruth Herrera Reed

Download or read book Modeling of Flow and Thermal Energy Transport of High and Low Temperature Applications with Thermal Energy Storage written by Ruth Herrera Reed and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page 82 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A 3D model simulation using computational fluid dynamics (ANSYS) was used to assess the heat transfer from the molten glass to incoming air at ambient temperature. A system model was developed to simulate an experimental helical coil counter-flow test heat exchanger. The molten glass is also implemented as a falling thin film (