Thermidor

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Author :
Publisher : Xlibris Corporation
ISBN 13 : 1413455905
Total Pages : 298 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (134 download)

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Book Synopsis Thermidor by : Leslie Herzberger

Download or read book Thermidor written by Leslie Herzberger and published by Xlibris Corporation. This book was released on 2006-12-27 with total page 298 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The history of the United States in the last thirty years, its preoccupation with the Vietnam War and the devastating affects of that war on the psyche of this nation is evidence of a foreign policy tragedy. Foreign policy tragedy brings domestic tragedy in its wake. The purpose of this study is to work out why the approaches to social revolution--and that is what the Vietnam War was about--have been wrong on both sides of the ideological spectrum the last thirty years in the U.S., point out why they were wrong, point to where they were wrong, and point to the consequences of acting in a society when the perceptions are in certain respects wrong. Let me sum up my perception on what went wrong in Vietnam. It was a Right wing war fought on Left wing premises. It was a war that could not have been won because those who designed it would not or could not win it--but were also afraid of losing it. It was a war that was wrongly perceived by both sides of the ideological spectrum. The Liberal argument was that America tried everything and still' lost it! The Conservative argument was that it could have been won if the opposition had not tied their hands, keeping them from an all out effort that would have been required to win it. The war was started in earnest by the Liberals under Kennedy. The strategy was to roll up the enemy by hitting on the peasant and through it, cut off the leaders. Pacification, education, re-education, indoctrination, and the introduction of self-defense' techniques to the South Vietnamese peasants was meant to stop the revolution exported from the North in its tracks. The U.S. policy was predicated on the assumption that the peasants really had something to do with the ruling functions of the North Vietnamese revolution after Thermidor; that after the onset of Thermidor--after the institutionalization' of the revolution--in Hanoi, the revolution' was still revolution. The Liberal' approach has believed that revolution is tantamount to Mao's view of it in China--peasants all immersed in the revolutionary process as fish in the sea'. And so you would have to drain the very ocean itself to stop it. Our' approach to the post revolutionary process is that after' the onset of Thermidor in a society, revolution' is a bunch of terror informed super bureaucrats at the center' of a society increasingly cut off from the periphery. In a post revolutionary society, it is the leaders that matter--not the fish in the sea'. So bombing the small fish' into fish soup hell in response--as did the West' in Vietnam in that war--every tree, every outhouse, every shack, and every village, until they drop so much ordinance that the entire region is brain dead from defoliants and pockmarks and natural calamities, while leaving the center' untouched, would seem insane. Yet that was the policy in Vietnam of America. And then nothing happened! Nothing happened week after week, year after year except that America itself was being driven mad doing the same thing, and expecting it to come out different. That, as the President-elect said in 1993, was and is insanity. But what choice did they all have? The pro-war liberal American leadership that designed the war in Vietnam did not dare bomb Hanoi, the capitol of North Vietnam, for fear of triggering World War III with Red China and with Soviet Russia--both of whose client North Vietnam was. So they tied their own hands, figuring that by coming through the back door, fish in the sea' style, piece by piece, nobody will notice in China and Russia; ergo no World War III. So they took a strategy that was insane, and made a virtue out of its necessity. They tied their own hand! And then they blamed the opposition for forcing them to fight with their hands tied behind their backs. On the other h

The Structure of Thermidor

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Author :
Publisher : Xlibris Corporation
ISBN 13 : 1413477178
Total Pages : 343 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (134 download)

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Book Synopsis The Structure of Thermidor by : Leslie Herzberger

Download or read book The Structure of Thermidor written by Leslie Herzberger and published by Xlibris Corporation. This book was released on 2007-01-01 with total page 343 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Monsieur Thermidor

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Author :
Publisher : Lincoln Children's Books
ISBN 13 : 9781845072100
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (721 download)

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Book Synopsis Monsieur Thermidor by : Lindsay Kidd

Download or read book Monsieur Thermidor written by Lindsay Kidd and published by Lincoln Children's Books. This book was released on 2004-11-18 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: At the bottom of the sea, a lobster called Monsieur Thermidor runs the best restaurant under the waves -- until one fateful evening, he is swept up by an enormous fishing-net and finds himself for sale on a fish stall. He is rescued by a kind but unsuccessful chef called Henry, who needs his help.

The Oxford Handbook of the French Revolution

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Author :
Publisher : OUP Oxford
ISBN 13 : 0191009911
Total Pages : 704 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (91 download)

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Book Synopsis The Oxford Handbook of the French Revolution by : David Andress

Download or read book The Oxford Handbook of the French Revolution written by David Andress and published by OUP Oxford. This book was released on 2015-01-22 with total page 704 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Oxford Handbook of the French Revolution brings together a sweeping range of expert and innovative contributions to offer engaging and thought-provoking insights into the history and historiography of this epochal event. Each chapter presents the foremost summations of academic thinking on key topics, along with stimulating and provocative interpretations and suggestions for future research directions. Placing core dimensions of the history of the French Revolution in their transnational and global contexts, the contributors demonstrate that revolutionary times demand close analysis of sometimes tiny groups of key political actors - whether the king and his ministers or the besieged leaders of the Jacobin republic - and attention to the deeply local politics of both rural and urban populations. Identities of class, gender and ethnicity are interrogated, but so too are conceptions and practices linked to citizenship, community, order, security, and freedom: each in their way just as central to revolutionary experiences, and equally amenable to critical analysis and reflection. This volume covers the structural and political contexts that build up to give new views on the classic question of the 'origins of revolution'; the different dimensions of personal and social experience that illuminate the political moment of 1789 itself; the goals and dilemmas of the period of constitutional monarchy; the processes of destabilisation and ongoing conflict that ended that experiment; the key issues surrounding the emergence and experience of 'terror'; and the short- and long-term legacies, for both good and ill, of the revolutionary trauma - for France, and for global politics.

Something Happened in Paradise: Thermidor in America

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Author :
Publisher : Xlibris Corporation
ISBN 13 : 146910010X
Total Pages : 192 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (691 download)

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Book Synopsis Something Happened in Paradise: Thermidor in America by : Leslie Herzberger

Download or read book Something Happened in Paradise: Thermidor in America written by Leslie Herzberger and published by Xlibris Corporation. This book was released on 2009-09-18 with total page 192 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Thermidor is just another way of saying Inquisition. At a point in time, the structure is in trouble. You either fix the structure, or you start shooting the people in the life of a complex group called a society. The shooting of people in a complex group, randomly constituted on account of the structure is what we call an Inquisition.

Thermidorian Society

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Author :
Publisher : Xlibris Corporation
ISBN 13 : 1413456359
Total Pages : 250 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (134 download)

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Book Synopsis Thermidorian Society by : Leslie Herzberger

Download or read book Thermidorian Society written by Leslie Herzberger and published by Xlibris Corporation. This book was released on 2006-12-01 with total page 250 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The history of the United States in the last thirty years, its preoccupation with the Vietnam War and the devastating affects of that war on the psyche of this nation is evidence of a foreign policy tragedy. Foreign policy tragedy brings domestic tragedy in its wake. The purpose of this study is to work out why the approaches to social revolution--and that is what the Vietnam War was about--have been wrong on both sides of the ideological spectrum the last thirty years in the U.S., point out why they were wrong, point to where they were wrong, and point to the consequences of acting in a society when the perceptions are in certain respects wrong. Let me sum up my perception on what went wrong in Vietnam. It was a Right wing war fought on Left wing premises. It was a war that could not have been won because those who designed it would not or could not win it--but were also afraid of losing it. It was a war that was wrongly perceived by both sides of the ideological spectrum. The Liberal argument was that America tried everything and 'still' lost it! The Conservative argument was that it could have been won if the opposition had not tied their hands, keeping them from an all out effort that would have been required to win it. The war was started in earnest by the Liberals under Kennedy. The strategy was to roll up the enemy by hitting on the peasant and through it, cut off the leaders. Pacification, education, re-education, indoctrination, and the introduction of 'self-defense' techniques to the South Vietnamese peasants was meant to stop the revolution exported from the North in its tracks. The U.S. policy was predicated on the assumption that the peasants really had something to do with the ruling functions of the North Vietnamese revolution after Thermidor; that after the onset of Thermidor--after the 'institutionalization' of the revolution--in Hanoi, the 'revolution' was still revolution. The 'Liberal' approach has believed that revolution is tantamount to Mao's view of it in China--peasants all immersed in the revolutionary process as 'fish in the sea'. And so you would have to drain the very ocean itself to stop it. 'Our' approach to the post revolutionary process is that 'after' the onset of Thermidor in a society, 'revolution' is a bunch of terror informed super bureaucrats at the 'center' of a society increasingly cut off from the periphery. In a post revolutionary society, it is the leaders that matter--not the 'fish in the sea'. So bombing the 'small fish' into fish soup hell in response--as did the 'West' in Vietnam in that war--every tree, every outhouse, every shack, and every village, until they drop so much ordinance that the entire region is brain dead from defoliants and pockmarks and natural calamities, while leaving the 'center' untouched, would seem insane. Yet that was the policy in Vietnam of America. And then nothing happened! Nothing happened week after week, year after year except that America itself was being driven mad doing the same thing, and expecting it to come out different. That, as the President-elect said in 1993, was and is insanity. But what choice did they all have? The pro-war liberal American leadership that designed the war in Vietnam did not dare bomb Hanoi, the capitol of North Vietnam, for fear of triggering World War III with Red China and with Soviet Russia--both of whose client North Vietnam was. So they tied their own hands, figuring that by coming through the back door, 'fish in the sea' style, piece by piece, nobody will notice in China and Russia; ergo no World War III. So they took a strategy that was insane, and made a virtue out of its necessity. They tied their own hand! And then they blamed the opposition for forcing them to fight with their hands tied behind their backs. On the other hand, for the anti

Thermidorian Societies and Their Enemies

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Author :
Publisher : Xlibris Corporation
ISBN 13 : 1469100053
Total Pages : 212 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (691 download)

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Book Synopsis Thermidorian Societies and Their Enemies by : Leslie Herzberger

Download or read book Thermidorian Societies and Their Enemies written by Leslie Herzberger and published by Xlibris Corporation. This book was released on 2007-01-25 with total page 212 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The author was born in Budapest, Hungary in 1946. He served in the U.S. Army, then attended Columbia University School of International Affairs, and the Ph.D. Program in History at New York University. This book is part of the follow-up of the PH.D. Thesis Proposal that the author presented to New York University on December 24, 1980, and worked out as a private scholar the next 20 years. The work that went into the book spanned a period of around thirty years overall.

Gilded Youth of Thermidor

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Publisher : McGill-Queen's Press - MQUP
ISBN 13 : 0773563350
Total Pages : 239 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (735 download)

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Book Synopsis Gilded Youth of Thermidor by : François Gendron

Download or read book Gilded Youth of Thermidor written by François Gendron and published by McGill-Queen's Press - MQUP. This book was released on 1993-03-05 with total page 239 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The jeunesse dorée, or "gilded youth," were a parallel militia recruited from the ranks of minor officials and small shopkeepers. They formed a distinctive subculture, defined by age and social origin, with their own forms of extravagant dress, their own anthem ("Le Réveil du Peuple"), their own affectations of speech, their own regular meeting-places in the cafés of the Palais-Royal, and even their own passwords, which were usually indirect references to Louis XVII. Gendron sees them as the shock-troops of the Thermidorian Convention, encouraged and sometimes employed by its Committee of General Security to force the pace of the reaction against the "terrorists," the sans-culottes. This provocation led to the uprisings of Germinal and Prairial and the consequent eviction of the sans-culottes from the political arena. Social historians such as Albert Soboul have written mainly about the sans-culottes at the peak of the Revolution. In focusing on the jeunesse dorée, Gendron highlights the ways in which, although initially used as a means to counteract the revolts of the sans-culottes, they were to become one of the driving forces of the reaction, carrying the Convention well beyond its political aims. This work, available in French since 1979, won the Médaille d'Argent du Prix Biguet (Académie Française). This translation will be welcomed by English-speaking historians and students of the French Revolution.

The Danton Case ; Thermidor

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Author :
Publisher : Northwestern University Press
ISBN 13 : 9780810108066
Total Pages : 308 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (8 download)

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Book Synopsis The Danton Case ; Thermidor by : Stanisława Przybyszewska

Download or read book The Danton Case ; Thermidor written by Stanisława Przybyszewska and published by Northwestern University Press. This book was released on 1989 with total page 308 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Stanislawa Przybyszewski is recognized as a major twentieth-century playwright on the basis of her trilogy about the French Revolution, of which The Danton Case and Thermidor are the principal parts. The Danton Case depicts the battle for power between two exceptional individuals: the corrupt sentimental idealist, Danton, and the incorruptible genius of the Revolution, Robespierre. Thermidor shows the final playing out of this drama, as Robespierre, left alone with the heroic absolutist Saint-Just, foresees the ruin of himself and his cause, and in his despair predicts that hatred, war, and capitalism will steal the Revolution and corrupt nineteenth-century man.

The Fall of Robespierre

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Author :
Publisher : Oxford University Press
ISBN 13 : 0198715951
Total Pages : 592 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (987 download)

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Book Synopsis The Fall of Robespierre by : Colin Jones

Download or read book The Fall of Robespierre written by Colin Jones and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2021 with total page 592 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The day of 9 Thermidor (27 July 1794) is universally acknowledged as a major turning-point in the history of the French Revolution. Maximilien Robespierre, the most prominent member of the Committee of Public Safety, was planning to destroy one of the most dangerous plots that the Revolution had faced.

The Saturday Review of Politics, Literature, Science and Art

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Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 984 pages
Book Rating : 4.A/5 ( download)

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Book Synopsis The Saturday Review of Politics, Literature, Science and Art by :

Download or read book The Saturday Review of Politics, Literature, Science and Art written by and published by . This book was released on 1891 with total page 984 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Matty Matheson: Home Style Cookery

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Author :
Publisher : Abrams
ISBN 13 : 1647001730
Total Pages : 524 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (47 download)

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Book Synopsis Matty Matheson: Home Style Cookery by : Matty Matheson

Download or read book Matty Matheson: Home Style Cookery written by Matty Matheson and published by Abrams. This book was released on 2020-09-29 with total page 524 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The acclaimed New York Times–bestselling chef, author, and TV star returns with an even bigger book that is all about quality home cooking. Matty returns with 135 of his absolute favorite recipes to cook at home for his family and friends, so you can cook them for the people you love. Home Style Cookery is his definitive guide to mastering your kitchen, covering everything from pantry staples (breads, stocks, and pickles) to party favorites (dips, fried foods, and grilled meats), to weeknight go-tos (stews, pastas, salads), and special occasion show-stoppers (roasts, smoked meats, and desserts). It starts with basics like Molasses Bread in an Apple Juice Can, Beef and Bone Marrow Stock, Kitchen Sink Salad, Thanksgiving Stuffing Butternut Squash, and the tallest Seven-Layer Dip you have ever seen. Next it covers comforting recipes like Littleneck Clam Orecchiette, Pho Ga, Sichuan Newfoundland Cod, Double Beef Patty Melt with Gruyere and Molasses Bread, and Matty’s take on the ultimate Submarine sandwich. And it closes with bangers like Fish Sticks with Kewpie Tartar Sauce, Salt Crust Leg of Lamb and Yukon Golds with Creamed Spinach, Texas-Style Prime Rib, T-bone Steak and Fine Herb Chimichurri, and Lobster Thermidor with Bearnaise and Salt and Vinegar Chips. It even has desserts like his wife Trish’s Chocolate Chip Cookies and Creme Caramel. In Home Style Cookery, Matty shares his bold style of cooking. Along with beautiful photographs of Matty’s dishes and his farm, this book is filled with signature recipes that are equal parts approachable and tasty. Matty’s first book shared his culinary story, Home Style Cookery will help you build yours.

The Coming of the Terror in the French Revolution

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Author :
Publisher : Harvard University Press
ISBN 13 : 0674736559
Total Pages : 476 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (747 download)

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Book Synopsis The Coming of the Terror in the French Revolution by : Timothy Tackett

Download or read book The Coming of the Terror in the French Revolution written by Timothy Tackett and published by Harvard University Press. This book was released on 2015-02-23 with total page 476 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Between 1793 and 1794, thousands of French citizens were imprisoned and hundreds sent to the guillotine by a powerful dictatorship that claimed to be acting in the public interest. Only a few years earlier, revolutionaries had proclaimed a new era of tolerance, equal justice, and human rights. How and why did the French Revolution’s lofty ideals of liberty, equality, and fraternity descend into violence and terror? “By attending to the role of emotions in propelling the Terror, Tackett steers a more nuanced course than many previous historians have managed...Imagined terrors, as...Tackett very usefully reminds us, can have even more political potency than real ones.” —David A. Bell, The Atlantic “[Tackett] analyzes the mentalité of those who became ‘terrorists’ in 18th-century France...In emphasizing weakness and uncertainty instead of fanatical strength as the driving force behind the Terror...Tackett...contributes to an important realignment in the study of French history.” —Ruth Scurr, The Spectator “[A] boldly conceived and important book...This is a thought-provoking book that makes a major contribution to our understanding of terror and political intolerance, and also to the history of emotions more generally. It helps expose the complexity of a revolution that cannot be adequately understood in terms of principles alone.” —Alan Forrest, Times Literary Supplement

A People's History of the French Revolution

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Author :
Publisher : Verso Books
ISBN 13 : 1781689849
Total Pages : 434 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (816 download)

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Book Synopsis A People's History of the French Revolution by : Eric Hazan

Download or read book A People's History of the French Revolution written by Eric Hazan and published by Verso Books. This book was released on 2017-01-31 with total page 434 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A bold new history of the French Revolution from the standpoint of the peasants, workers, women and sans culottes The assault on the Bastille, the Reign of Terror, Danton mocking his executioner, Robespierre dispensing a fearful justice, and the archetypal gadfly Marat—the events and figures of the French Revolution have exercised a hold on the historical imagination for more than 200 years. It has been a template for heroic insurrection and, to more conservative minds, a cautionary tale. In the hands of Eric Hazan, author of The Invention of Paris, the revolution becomes a rational and pure struggle for emancipation. In this new history, the first significant account of the French Revolution in over twenty years, Hazan maintains that it fundamentally changed the Western world—for the better. Looking at history from the bottom up, providing an account of working people and peasants, Hazan asks, how did they see their opportunities? What were they fighting for? What was the Terror and could it be justified? And how was the revolution stopped in its tracks? The People’s History of the French Revolution is a vivid retelling of events, bringing them to life with a multitude of voices. Only in this way, by understanding the desires and demands of the lower classes, can the revolutionary bloodshed and the implacable will of a man such as Robespierre be truly understood.

Black Spartacus

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Author :
Publisher : Macmillan + ORM
ISBN 13 : 0374722161
Total Pages : 327 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (747 download)

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Book Synopsis Black Spartacus by : Sudhir Hazareesingh

Download or read book Black Spartacus written by Sudhir Hazareesingh and published by Macmillan + ORM. This book was released on 2020-09-01 with total page 327 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Winner of the 2021 Wolfson History Prize “Black Spartacus is a tour de force: by far the most complete, authoritative and persuasive biography of Toussaint that we are likely to have for a long time . . . An extraordinarily gripping read.” —David A. Bell, The Guardian A new interpretation of the life of the Haitian revolutionary Toussaint Louverture Among the defining figures of the Age of Revolution, Toussaint Louverture is the most enigmatic. Though the Haitian revolutionary’s image has multiplied across the globe—appearing on banknotes and in bronze, on T-shirts and in film—the only definitive portrait executed in his lifetime has been lost. Well versed in the work of everyone from Machiavelli to Rousseau, he was nonetheless dismissed by Thomas Jefferson as a “cannibal.” A Caribbean acolyte of the European Enlightenment, Toussaint nurtured a class of black Catholic clergymen who became one of the pillars of his rule, while his supporters also believed he communicated with vodou spirits. And for a leader who once summed up his modus operandi with the phrase “Say little but do as much as possible,” he was a prolific and indefatigable correspondent, famous for exhausting the five secretaries he maintained, simultaneously, at the height of his power in the 1790s. Employing groundbreaking archival research and a keen interpretive lens, Sudhir Hazareesingh restores Toussaint to his full complexity in Black Spartacus. At a time when his subject has, variously, been reduced to little more than a one-dimensional icon of liberation or criticized for his personal failings—his white mistresses, his early ownership of slaves, his authoritarianism —Hazareesingh proposes a new conception of Toussaint’s understanding of himself and his role in the Atlantic world of the late eighteenth century. Black Spartacus is a work of both biography and intellectual history, rich with insights into Toussaint’s fundamental hybridity—his ability to unite European, African, and Caribbean traditions in the service of his revolutionary aims. Hazareesingh offers a new and resonant interpretation of Toussaint’s racial politics, showing how he used Enlightenment ideas to argue for the equal dignity of all human beings while simultaneously insisting on his own world-historical importance and the universal pertinence of blackness—a message which chimed particularly powerfully among African Americans. Ultimately, Black Spartacus offers a vigorous argument in favor of “getting back to Toussaint”—a call to take Haiti’s founding father seriously on his own terms, and to honor his role in shaping the postcolonial world to come. Shortlisted for the Baillie Gifford Prize | Finalist for the PEN / Jacqueline Bograd Weld Award for Biography Named a best book of the year by the The Economist | Times Literary Supplement | New Statesman

Stalinism and the Dialectics of Saturn

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Author :
Publisher : Rowman & Littlefield
ISBN 13 : 1666930903
Total Pages : 385 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (669 download)

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Book Synopsis Stalinism and the Dialectics of Saturn by : Douglas Greene

Download or read book Stalinism and the Dialectics of Saturn written by Douglas Greene and published by Rowman & Littlefield. This book was released on 2023-03-20 with total page 385 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This study examines the complicated legacy of Stalinism in the twentieth century. The descent of the Russian Revolution into Stalinism has given rise to an oft-accepted truism that revolutions are like Saturn and will devour their own children. For anticommunists, Stalinism is condemned as a “bolt from blue,” whether an insidious contagion, Big Brother, or totalitarian reason that socialism cannot escape from. On the other end, Communists and their fellow-travelers have seen Stalinism as a force of historical necessity and the only way for the working class to reach a communist society. Both these twin camps accept a Dialectic of Saturn where Stalinism, whether for evil or good, is the preordained fate of all socialist revolutions. However, there is another position that views Stalinism as the product of material circumstance and class struggle. This position was represented by Leon Trotsky in his seminal work The Revolution Betrayed. In contrast to those who accept a mystical dialectic of Saturn, Trotsky argued that Stalinism can be rationally explained and was not inevitable outcome of socialism.

Napoleon

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Author :
Publisher : Simon and Schuster
ISBN 13 : 1439131074
Total Pages : 602 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (391 download)

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Book Synopsis Napoleon by : Steven Englund

Download or read book Napoleon written by Steven Englund and published by Simon and Schuster. This book was released on 2010-05-11 with total page 602 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This sophisticated and masterful biography, written by a respected French history scholar who has taught courses on Napoleon at the University of Paris, brings new and remarkable analysis to the study of modern history's most famous general and statesman. Since boyhood, Steven Englund has been fascinated by the unique force, personality, and political significance of Napoleon Bonaparte, who, in only a decade and a half, changed the face of Europe forever. In Napoleon: A Political Life, Englund harnesses his early passion and intellectual expertise to create a rich and full interpretation of a brilliant but flawed leader. Napoleon believed that war was a means to an end, not the end itself. With this in mind, Steven Englund focuses on the political, rather than the military or personal, aspects of Napoleon's notorious and celebrated life. Doing so permits him to arrive at some original conclusions. For example, where most biographers see this subject as a Corsican patriot who at first detested France, Englund sees a young officer deeply committed to a political event, idea, and opportunity (the French Revolution) -- not to any specific nationality. Indeed, Englund dissects carefully the political use Napoleon made, both as First Consul and as Emperor of the French, of patriotism, or "nation-talk." As Englund charts Napoleon's dramatic rise and fall -- from his Corsican boyhood, his French education, his astonishing military victories and no less astonishing acts of reform as First Consul (1799-1804) to his controversial record as Emperor and, finally, to his exile and death -- he is at particular pains to explore the unprecedented power Napoleon maintained over the popular imagination. Alone among recent biographers, Englund includes a chapter that analyzes the Napoleonic legend over the course of the past two centuries, down to the present-day French Republic, which has its own profound ambivalences toward this man whom it is afraid to recognize yet cannot avoid. Napoleon: A Political Life presents new consideration of Napoleon's adolescent and adult writings, as well as a convincing argument against the recent theory that the Emperor was poisoned at St. Helena. The book also offers an explanation of Napoleon's role as father of the "modern" in politics. What finally emerges from these pages is a vivid and sympathetic portrait that combines youthful enthusiasm and mature scholarly reflection. The result is already regarded by experts as the Napoleonic bicentennial's first major interpretation of this perennial subject.