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Thermal Structure Of Mid Ocean Ridges Lucky Strike Mid Atlantic Ridge And Magma Chambers
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Book Synopsis Thermal Structure of Mid-Ocean Ridges (Lucky Strike, Mid-Atlantic Ridge) and Magma Chambers by : Doga Dusunur
Download or read book Thermal Structure of Mid-Ocean Ridges (Lucky Strike, Mid-Atlantic Ridge) and Magma Chambers written by Doga Dusunur and published by . This book was released on 2008 with total page 163 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Modeling the thermal state of the oceanic crust is an important task to understand the construction of oceanic crust which covers two thirds of the surface of our planet. The interplays among magma delivery to the axis and cooling of the oceanic lithosphere as a function of both space and time are key factors to understand the creation of the oceanic crust, which is primarily determined by the overall thermal structure of mid-ocean ridges. Classical thermal models do not predict steady state axial magma chambers (AMCs) along mid-ocean ridges at spreading rates less than 30 mm/year. The identification and seismic imaging of an axial magma chamber underlying the Lucky Strike central volcano and hydrothermal field at the Mid-Atlantic Ridge provides a unique opportunity to study the thermal structure of slow spreading ridges. Here we present coupled microseismic data and thermal modeling to provide insight on the nature of ephemeral magma chambers at slow-spreading ridges, to constrain the timescales associated with changes in melt supply and the parameters that can create them, and to shed light on the different mechanisms that can result on the cooling and disappearance of these structures. Both the coupled microseismic and thermal modeling results, and the time-constraints derived from the geological constraints put forward, suggest that focused melt supply to the segment center is required regularly, and that this supply is maintained over extended periods of time, that can lead to a durable magma chamber. This thesis, while focusing on the processes occurring at the Lucky Strike, provide a more general template to both understand and study other slow-spreading ridge segments, and to gain insight on how the oceanic crust is formed along them.
Book Synopsis Mid-ocean Ridges Processes by : Violaine Combier
Download or read book Mid-ocean Ridges Processes written by Violaine Combier and published by . This book was released on 2007 with total page 277 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: At fast spreading ridges such as the East Pacific Rise, the nature and geometry of the magma chamber are relatively well constrained, due in part to the fact that melt has been quasi ubiquitously identified in the crust beneath the ridge axis with seismic methods experiments since the end of the 1970s. In contrast, at slow-spreading ridges such as the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, the nature of the magma chamber is less well understood, because until recently, seismic methods revealed little evidence of melt in the crut. During the SISMOMAR scientific cruise in 2005, a seismic reflector interpreted as the roof of a maga chamber was discovered beneath the Lucky Strike Volcano at the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, providing new contraints on accretion processes at slow-spreading ridges. The first part of this thesis concerns the overlapping spreading center (OSC) at 9°N on the East-Pacifc Rise. Accretion at fast-spreading ridges is often treated as bi-dimensional, with no variation along the ridge axis. At OSCs, which are non-transform discontinuities of the ridge axis found at fast-spreaing ridges, volcanic and tectonic processes are tri-dimensional (3D). The study of OSCs provides new insights into the coupling between the melt supply and the tectonics of the brittle lithosphere. I will present my study of the relationships between seafloor volcanic and tectonic structures and the geometry of melt concentrations in the crust at the 9°N OSC. My study is based mainly on a new interpretation of 3D reflection seismic data acquired during the 1997 ARAD cruise. I produced a high-resolution bathymtric map derived from the seismics and a map of the melt lens reflectors in depth. The main results inlude firstly, the identification of decoupled stresses between the brittle upper crust and the lower cust, with the melt lens acting as an effective decoupling zone; and secondly, the determination of factors controlling the geometry of the melt lens: the location of the melt source beneath the melt lens, the ambient stress-field at melt lens depth which is the regional stress-field controlled by plate separation, and the brittle upper crust local stress-field. A second part of the thesis concerns the 3D processing and interpretation of the seismic reflection data acquired at the Lucky Strike Volcano during the SISMOMAR cruise. The newly processed data constrain the depth and geometry of the reflector corresponding to the roof of the magma chamber. Faults are also imaged at depth, including the axial valley bounding faults and faults on the volcano itself. The spatial relationships between the magma chamber roof and the faults suggest a vigorous cooling of the magma chamber through hydrothermal circulation.
Book Synopsis Mid-Ocean Ridges by : Johnson Robin Cann
Download or read book Mid-Ocean Ridges written by Johnson Robin Cann and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 1999-07-22 with total page 328 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Covers the most important problems that arise at mid-ocean ridges; for researchers working in the earth sciences.
Book Synopsis Faulting and Magmatism at Mid-Ocean Ridges by : W. Roger Buck
Download or read book Faulting and Magmatism at Mid-Ocean Ridges written by W. Roger Buck and published by American Geophysical Union. This book was released on 1998-02-04 with total page 349 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book can benefit the nonspecialist who wants to keep up with work on magmatism and tectonics, as well as researchers working on mid-ocean ridges."--BOOK JACKET.
Book Synopsis Diversity of Hydrothermal Systems on Slow Spreading Ocean Ridges by : Peter A. Rona
Download or read book Diversity of Hydrothermal Systems on Slow Spreading Ocean Ridges written by Peter A. Rona and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2013-05-02 with total page 1110 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Published by the American Geophysical Union as part of the Geophysical Monograph Series, Volume 188. Diversity of Hydrothermal Systems on Slow Spreading Ocean Ridges presents a multidisciplinary overview of the remarkable emerging diversity of hydrothermal systems on slow spreading ocean ridges in the Atlantic, Indian, and Arctic oceans. When hydrothermal systems were first found on the East Pacific Rise and other Pacific Ocean ridges beginning in the late 1970s, the community consensus held that the magma delivery rate of intermediate to fast spreading was necessary to support black smoker-type high-temperature systems and associated chemosynthetic ecosystems and polymetallic sulfide deposits. Contrary to that consensus, hydrothermal systems not only occur on slow spreading ocean ridges but, as reported in this volume, are generally larger, exhibit different chemosynthetic ecosystems, produce larger mineral deposits, and occur in a much greater diversity of geologic settings than those systems in the Pacific. The full diversity of hydrothermal systems on slow spreading ocean ridges, reflected in the contributions to this volume, is only now emerging and opens an exciting new frontier for ocean ridge exploration, including Processes of heat and chemical transfer from the Earth's mantle and crust via slow spreading ocean ridges to the oceans The major role of detachment faulting linking crust and mantle in hydrothermal circulation Chemical reaction products of mantle involvement including serpentinization, natural hydrogen, abiotic methane, and hydrocarbon synthesis Generation of large polymetallic sulfide deposits hosted in ocean crust and mantle Chemosynthetic vent communities hosted in the diverse settings The readership for this volume will include schools, universities, government laboratories, and scientific societies in developed and developing nations, including over 150 nations that have ratified the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea.
Download or read book Mid-Ocean Ridges written by Roger Searle and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2013-09-19 with total page 331 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The world's mid-ocean ridges form a single, connected global ridge system that is part of every ocean, and is the longest mountain range in the world. Geologically active, mid-ocean ridges are key sites of tectonic movement, intimately involved in seafloor spreading. This coursebook presents a multidisciplinary approach to the science of mid-ocean ridges – essential for a complete understanding of global tectonics and geodynamics. Designed for graduate and advanced undergraduate students, it will also provide a valuable reference for professionals in relevant fields. Background chapters provide a historical introduction and an overview of research techniques, with succeeding chapters covering the structure of the lithosphere and crust, and volcanic, tectonic and hydrothermal processes. A summary and synthesis chapter recaps essential points to consolidate new learning. Accessible to students and professionals working in marine geology, plate tectonics, geophysics, geodynamics, volcanism and oceanography, this is the ideal introduction to a key global phenomenon.
Download or read book RIDGE Events written by and published by . This book was released on 1990 with total page 296 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Magmatic Evolution of Mid-ocean Ridges and Hotspots by : Karen Swanson Harpp
Download or read book Magmatic Evolution of Mid-ocean Ridges and Hotspots written by Karen Swanson Harpp and published by . This book was released on 1995 with total page 489 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Results suggest that slow-spreading ridges are underlain by small, ephemeral magma chambers. Statistical analysis of isotopic data suggests the Galapagos hotspot is compositionally complex, involving the interaction of at least four distinct mantle endmembers. The plume appears to be sampling a high $\sp3$He/$\sp4$He mantle reservoir that may be the common component of many hotspots. The plume is relatively weak and cool, and interacts strongly with surrounding asthenosphere. Asthenospheric currents tilt the plume in the direction of plate motion. As it bends, the plume thermally entrains surrounding upper mantle. There is also a deep flow of plume toward the adjacent ridge system.
Book Synopsis Diversity of Hydrothermal Systems on Slow Spreading Ocean Ridges by : Peter A. Rona
Download or read book Diversity of Hydrothermal Systems on Slow Spreading Ocean Ridges written by Peter A. Rona and published by American Geophysical Union. This book was released on 2010-01-11 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Published by the American Geophysical Union as part of the Geophysical Monograph Series, Volume 188. Diversity of Hydrothermal Systems on Slow Spreading Ocean Ridges presents a multidisciplinary overview of the remarkable emerging diversity of hydrothermal systems on slow spreading ocean ridges in the Atlantic, Indian, and Arctic oceans. When hydrothermal systems were first found on the East Pacific Rise and other Pacific Ocean ridges beginning in the late 1970s, the community consensus held that the magma delivery rate of intermediate to fast spreading was necessary to support black smoker-type high-temperature systems and associated chemosynthetic ecosystems and polymetallic sulfide deposits. Contrary to that consensus, hydrothermal systems not only occur on slow spreading ocean ridges but, as reported in this volume, are generally larger, exhibit different chemosynthetic ecosystems, produce larger mineral deposits, and occur in a much greater diversity of geologic settings than those systems in the Pacific. The full diversity of hydrothermal systems on slow spreading ocean ridges, reflected in the contributions to this volume, is only now emerging and opens an exciting new frontier for ocean ridge exploration, including Processes of heat and chemical transfer from the Earth's mantle and crust via slow spreading ocean ridges to the oceans The major role of detachment faulting linking crust and mantle in hydrothermal circulation Chemical reaction products of mantle involvement including serpentinization, natural hydrogen, abiotic methane, and hydrocarbon synthesis Generation of large polymetallic sulfide deposits hosted in ocean crust and mantle Chemosynthetic vent communities hosted in the diverse settings The readership for this volume will include schools, universities, government laboratories, and scientific societies in developed and developing nations, including over 150 nations that have ratified the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea.
Book Synopsis Magma to Microbe by : Robert P. Lowell
Download or read book Magma to Microbe written by Robert P. Lowell and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2013-04-30 with total page 304 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Magma to Microbe Published by the American Geophysical Union as part of the Geophysical Monograph Series, Volume 178. Hydrothermal systems at oceanic spreading centers reflect the complex interactions among transport, cooling and crystallization of magma, fluid circulation in the crust, tectonic processes, water-rock interaction, and the utilization of hydrothermal fluids as a metabolic energy source by microbial and macro-biological ecosystems. The development of mathematical and numerical models that address these complex linkages is a fundamental part the RIDGE 2000 program that attempts to quantify and model the transfer of heat and chemicals from “mantle to microbes” at oceanic ridges. This volume presents the first “state of the art” picture of model development in this context. The most outstanding feature of this volume is its emphasis on mathematical and numerical modeling of a broad array of hydrothermal processes associated with oceanic spreading centers. By examining the state of model development in one volume, both cross-fertilization of ideas and integration across the disparate disciplines that study seafloor hydrothermal systems is facilitated. Students and scientists with an interest in oceanic spreading centers in general and more specifically in ridge hydrothermal processes will find this volume to be an up-to-date and indispensable resource.
Book Synopsis Towards a Petrologically Constrained Thermal Model of Mid-ocean Ridges by : Jameson Lee Scott
Download or read book Towards a Petrologically Constrained Thermal Model of Mid-ocean Ridges written by Jameson Lee Scott and published by . This book was released on 2017 with total page 221 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Plate spreading at mid-ocean ridges (MOR) is responsible for the creation of most of the crust on earth. The ridge system is very complex and many questions remain unresolved. Among these are the controls on the architecture of magma plumbing systems beneath mid-ocean ridges of different spreading rates and in proximity to transform faults. Previous studies have called into question the hypothesis that a decrease in magma flux and increase in conductive cooling along transforms faults promotes higher pressures of partial crystallization, and that this also explains the higher partial pressures of crystallization inferred for magmas erupted along slow spreading ridges compared to magmas erupted along faster spreading ridges. To test these hypothesis, I undertook a detailed analysis of pressures of partial crystallization (PPC) for magmas erupted along the slow spreading Reykjanes Ridge (RR), indeterminate spreading Juan de Fuca Ridge (JdF), 3 transforms along the fast to intermediate spreading East Pacific Rise (Blanco, Clipperton, and Siqueiros), and 5 transforms along the slow spreading Mid Atlantic Ridge (Oceanographer, Famous Transform A & B, Kane, and 15°20’N). PPC were calculated from the compositions of glasses (quenched liquids) lying along the P (and T) dependent olivine, plagioclase, and augite cotectic using the method described by Kelley and Barton (2008). Published analyses of MOR basalt glasses sampled from the ridges and transforms were used as input data. Samples with anomalous chemical compositions and samples that yielded pressures associated with unrealistically large uncertainties were filtered out of the database. The calculated pressures for the remaining 459 samples for the RR, 564 samples for the JdF, and 1056 samples for the transforms were used to calculate the depths of partial crystallization and to identify the likely location of magma chambers. The RR results indicate that the pressure of partial crystallization decreases from 102 ± 37 MPa at the Charlie Gibbs Fracture Zone to 12 ± 14 MPa at 56°N, then increases to 357 ± 68 MPa as Iceland is approached. Five magma lenses were identified at depths of 3.6 ± 1.15 km, 0.2 ± .48 km, 2.2 ± 1km, 6.7 ± 1km, and 5.1 ± 0.8km. The magma lens at 2.2 ± 1 km agrees very well with seismically imaged sill at 2.5 km. The JDF results indicate that the pressure of partial crystallization decreases from 207 ± 90 MPa near the Blanco fracture zone to 107 ± 54 MPa along the Cleft segment of the ridge to the north. Calculated pressures remain approximately constant at 87± 73 MPa along ridge segments to the north of Cleft. One magma lens was identified at depths of 2.90± 0.9 km which is in good agreement with a nearby seismically imaged magma lens at 2.5 km depth. The pressures of partial crystallization for the transforms ranged from 0 to 520 MPa with most samples returning pressures of less than 300 MPa. Pressures of
Book Synopsis Tectonic, Magmatic, Hydrothermal and Biological Segmentation of Mid-ocean Ridges by : C. J. MacLeod
Download or read book Tectonic, Magmatic, Hydrothermal and Biological Segmentation of Mid-ocean Ridges written by C. J. MacLeod and published by Geological Society of London. This book was released on 1996 with total page 272 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book The Galapagos written by Karen S. Harpp and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2014-07-22 with total page 443 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Galápagos Islands are renown for their unique flora and fauna, inspiring Charles Darwin in the elaboration of his theory of evolution. Yet in his Voyage of the Beagle, published in 1839, Darwin also remarked on the fascinating geology and volcanic origin of these enchanted Islands. Since then, the Galápagos continue to provide scientists with inspiration and invaluable information about ocean island formation and evolution, mantle plumes, and the deep Earth. Motivated by an interdisciplinary Chapman Conference held in the Islands, this AGU volume provides cross-disciplinary collection of recent research into the origin and nature of ocean islands, from their deepest roots in Earth's mantle, to volcanism, surface processes, and the interface between geology and biodiversity. Volume highlights include: Case studies in biogeographical, hydrological, and chronological perspective Understanding the connection between geological processes and biodiversity Synthesis of decades of interdisciplinary research in physical processes from surface to deep interior of the earth In-depth discussion of the concept of the island acting as a natural laboratory for earth scientists Integrated understanding of the Galápagos region from a geological perspective Collectively, The Galápagos presents case studies illustrating the Galápagos Archipelago as a dynamic natural laboratory for the earth sciences. This book would be of special interest to a multidisciplinary audience in earth sciences, including petrologists, volcanologists, geochronologists, geochemists, and geobiologists.
Book Synopsis Understanding ocean ridges, a new frontier for science and development by : Philip Weaver
Download or read book Understanding ocean ridges, a new frontier for science and development written by Philip Weaver and published by Frontiers Media SA. This book was released on 2023-06-30 with total page 318 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Treatise on Geochemistry written by and published by Newnes. This book was released on 2013-10-19 with total page 14787 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This extensively updated new edition of the widely acclaimed Treatise on Geochemistry has increased its coverage beyond the wide range of geochemical subject areas in the first edition, with five new volumes which include: the history of the atmosphere, geochemistry of mineral deposits, archaeology and anthropology, organic geochemistry and analytical geochemistry. In addition, the original Volume 1 on "Meteorites, Comets, and Planets" was expanded into two separate volumes dealing with meteorites and planets, respectively. These additions increased the number of volumes in the Treatise from 9 to 15 with the index/appendices volume remaining as the last volume (Volume 16). Each of the original volumes was scrutinized by the appropriate volume editors, with respect to necessary revisions as well as additions and deletions. As a result, 27% were republished without major changes, 66% were revised and 126 new chapters were added. In a many-faceted field such as Geochemistry, explaining and understanding how one sub-field relates to another is key. Instructors will find the complete overviews with extensive cross-referencing useful additions to their course packs and students will benefit from the contextual organization of the subject matter Six new volumes added and 66% updated from 1st edition. The Editors of this work have taken every measure to include the many suggestions received from readers and ensure comprehensiveness of coverage and added value in this 2nd edition The esteemed Board of Volume Editors and Editors-in-Chief worked cohesively to ensure a uniform and consistent approach to the content, which is an amazing accomplishment for a 15-volume work (16 volumes including index volume)!
Download or read book Encyclopedia of Ocean Sciences written by and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2019-04-12 with total page 4318 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The oceans cover 70% of the Earth’s surface, and are critical components of Earth’s climate system. This new edition of Encyclopedia of Ocean Sciences, Six Volume Set summarizes the breadth of knowledge about them, providing revised, up to date entries as well coverage of new topics in the field. New and expanded sections include microbial ecology, high latitude systems and the cryosphere, climate and climate change, hydrothermal and cold seep systems. The structure of the work provides a modern presentation of the field, reflecting the input and different perspective of chemical, physical and biological oceanography, the specialized area of expertise of each of the three Editors-in-Chief. In this framework maximum attention has been devoted to making this an organic and unified reference. Represents a one-stop. organic information resource on the breadth of ocean science research Reflects the input and different perspective of chemical, physical and biological oceanography, the specialized area of expertise of each of the three Editors-in-Chief New and expanded sections include microbial ecology, high latitude systems and climate change Provides scientifically reliable information at a foundational level, making this work a resource for students as well as active researches
Book Synopsis Discovering the Deep by : Jeffrey A. Karson
Download or read book Discovering the Deep written by Jeffrey A. Karson and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2015-04-23 with total page 431 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A beautifully illustrated reference providing fascinating insights into the hidden world of the seafloor using the latest deep-sea imaging.
