The Us Current Account Deficit

Author : Jack L. Hervey
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (137 download)

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Download or read book A Record Current Account Deficit written by Jack L. Hervey and published by . This book was released on 2001 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The U.S. deficit in international trade soared to new heights in 1998, again in 1999, and in all likelihood, will increase even further this year. Mirroring these deficits have been huge foreign capital inflows. In 1999, the U.S. current account deficit, that is, the difference between exports and imports of goods, services, receipts and payments of income from and to foreigners, and unilateral transfers, totaled $331 billion or 3.6 percent of nominal gross domestic product (GDP). This record deficit compares with the previous record of $217 billion (2.5 percent of GDP) in 1998 and $141 billion (1.7 percent of GDP) in 1997. The magnitude of the recent year-to-year increases in this deficit, as well as its absolute dollar size, has raised considerable concern among many public and private observers of the U.S. economy. Not since 1987, when the current account deficit peaked at a then record $161 billion, has the condition of the U.S. international accounts so captured the attention of economists, policymakers, and the popular press. Further compounding uneasiness about the current situation is the expectation by many economists that the magnitude of the trade deficit will show a further increase this year, and that only a modest reduction, if any, is likely in 2001. Indeed, trade developments thus far in 2000 indicate that at least the first half of that expectation (that is, an increase in the year-to-year size of the deficit during 2000) will be borne out. There are also fears surrounding an eventual economic adjustment, "the current account gap is the single biggest threat to the current expansion of the economy."1 There is nothing inherently "bad" (or "good") about a current account deficit, or for that matter, a current account surplus. However, the concern about the deficit that has drawn the attention of reasonable observers centers on a specific issue: Does the size of the deficit (or the recent rapid increase) in the U.S. international accounts represent a risk to our economic well-being in the near term or in the longer term? To answer this question, we need to identify the underlying cause of the deficit. What developments during the past two or three years, in the domestic economy and in the rest of the world, have led the U.S. to purchase dramatically more goods and services from abroad than it sold abroad? Furthermore, can the U.S. economy maintain a deficit of this magnitude? And, if not, what are the likely implications of an adjustment for the U.S. economy? Three rationales are commonly used to explain the sudden and dramatic increase in the U.S. current account deficit. The first rationale contends that U.S. consumers have shifted their preferences from saving for the future, witness the near zero personal savings rate, toward purchasing more consumption goods in the present.2 This surge in demand for domestic consumption goods translates into a corresponding increase in imported consumption goods. We call this the consumption boom hypothesis. Certainly, trade in consumer type goods has increased in recent years. Indeed, more than 60 percent ($52 billion) of the year-to-year increase in the goods trade deficit between 1998 and 1999 was accounted for by the year-to-year increase in consumer goods, foods and beverages, and automotive imports (most of which are broadly classed as consumer goods). If the consumption boom story is true, it implies that there has been excessive borrowing from abroad to finance a domestic consumption binge. And according to this argument, since this borrowing has not gone toward enhancing productivity, the economy will be forced to suffer a decline in consumption in the future as resources are diverted away from production for domestic use toward production to service the foreign debt. A second hypothesis suggests that the financial/exchange rate crises in Asia, Russia, and Brazil from mid-1997 through early 1999 contributed to a "safe haven" inflow of short-term foreign capital into U.S. markets.3 Briefly, the idea here is that the flight of capital from the foreign economies takes away from the productive and consuming capacity of those economies; it not only detracts from the capacity of their domestic economies to perform, but it also reduces their capacity to import from foreign markets, namely, the U.S. From the U.S. perspective, this flight of foreign capital into the economy does two things, it makes it more difficult for the U.S. to export goods and services to these now poorer performing foreign markets and it facilitates (makes cheaper, in terms of dollars) the U.S. importation of goods and services from these countries. Thus, other things remaining the same, the U.S. deficit increases. We call this the safe haven hypothesis. The concern implicit within this explanation for the capital inflow is that economic recovery and increased stability abroad might result in an abrupt and substantial outflow of short-term capital, with resulting disruption in U.S. financial markets. A third potential explanation for the recent rapid increase in the current account deficit is associated with the technological restructuring of the U.S. economy. This hypothesis implies that a technology shift in the economy (largely related to the assimilation of advances in computer and communication technology) has increased the level of productivity, and returns on investment, in the economy. Demand for investment has increased in response to this technology shift, which in turn has stimulated the inflow (supply) of foreign capital in support of this new type of investment. We call this the technological change hypothesis. There is less concern about an eventual adverse adjustment in the economy in this case, because this hypothesis implies that productivity-enhancing investment will result in increased output in the economy, thereby facilitating the servicing and eventual repayment of the increased level of borrowing from abroad (the larger trade/current account deficit).4 Before we can examine the relationship between the international accounts and the domestic economy, we need to understand how these international transactions work. In the next section, we set out a simple framework for understanding these relationships, based on national income accounting identities. We then review the three hypotheses outlined above, which seek to explain the recent rapid increase in the current account deficit/capital inflow, and analyze how well they match the available evidence. Finally, we consider whether the deficit is sustainable and, if not, what the implications of each hypothesis might be for an eventual adjustment in the U.S. economy. We find little support for the consumption boom explanation in the data. While consumption has increased, its share of total expenditures has declined. We find some evidence to support the safe haven rationale for the increase in capital inflows. However, because much of the capital inflow appears to represent long-term investment rather than a short-term flight to safety, we do not find the implications of this story to be particularly worrisome for the health of the U.S. economy. In other words, our view is that an unwinding of such capital inflows is unlikely to be overly disruptive to domestic financial markets. Finally, we find the technological change argument to have some merit. Much of the recent increase in goods imports has been in the "investment" goods categories-capital equipment, intermediate capital equipment components, and industrial supplies used in the production of capital goods. Recent gains in productivity measures and continuing structural changes across the spectrum of U.S. industry suggest that the economy may be shifting to a new and higher level of potential output. An economy in the process of such a shift has an incentive to increase borrowing from abroad to fulfill the increased demand for investment. We believe that the available data on the current U.S. economic environment fit well with this scenario.