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Author : Sidinei Magela Thomaz
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 424 pages
Book Rating : 4.F/5 ( download)
Download or read book The Upper Paraná River and Its Floodplain written by Sidinei Magela Thomaz and published by . This book was released on 2004 with total page 424 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Author : Avijit Gupta
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 1118451430
Total Pages : 378 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (184 download)
Download or read book Introducing Large Rivers written by Avijit Gupta and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2020-02-14 with total page 378 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: An accessible introduction to large rivers, including coverage of the geomorphology, hydrology, ecology, and environments of large river systems This indispensible book takes a structured and global approach to the subject of large rivers, covering geomorphology, hydrology, ecology, and anthropogenic environment. It offers a thorough foundation for readers who are new to the field and presents enlightening discussions about issues of management at the worldwide scale. The book also examines possible future adaptations that may come about due to climate change. The book has benefitted from contributions by Professor W.J. Junk on the ecology of floodplains and Professor Olav Slaymaker on the large arctic rivers. Introducing Large Rivers is presented in three parts. Part 1 provides an introduction to the world’s large rivers and their basins. It covers source, transfer, and storage of their water and sediment; Pleistocene inheritance; the ecology of channels and floodplains; deltas; and more. Several large rivers are discussed in the next part. These include the Amazon Mississippi, Nile, Ganga-Brahmaputra System, Mekong, and Yangtze. The last part examines changes in large rivers and our management of river systems. It studies anthropogenic alterations such as land use and deforestation in large river basins; structural control systems like dams and reservoirs on channels; and ecological changes. It finishes with chapters on the management of large rivers, covering both technical and political aspects, and the future of the world’s big river systems. Introducing Large Rivers is ideal as an introductory textbook on large rivers for future earth and environmental scientists and river managers. It will also benefit advanced undergraduate and graduate students studying geography, geology, ecology, and river management.
Author : Chris D. Metcalfe
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1000069737
Total Pages : 229 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 ( download)
Download or read book The Paraná River Basin written by Chris D. Metcalfe and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2020-06-10 with total page 229 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book provides insight into the hydrology, ecosystem services and management of water resources in the Paraná River basin, including the importance of water to the socio-economic development of the countries within the watershed. Running through Brazil. Paraguay and Argentina, the Paraná River and its watershed is home to some of South America's major population centers as well as important ecosystems threatened by development. At the same time, the river is a major resource driving the economies of the nations within its boundaries. This volume examines the impacts of environmental degradation, and the tradeoffs between the energy sector and the maintenance of ecosystem services. In particular, it focuses on the threats from development to sensitive ecosystems within the basin and the challenges of transboundary management of water resources. In addition to presenting wider perspectives on water management, the volume specifically covers water infrastructure, aquatic ecosystems, water quality, geomorphological influences and the impact of climate change. Finally, by assessing each country's current status in meeting the Sustainable Development Goals this volume provides a timely analysis as national governments within the basin are becoming increasingly concerned about the sustainability of the freshwater ecosystems within the Paraná River basin. This book will be of great interest to students and scholars of water and natural resource management, environmental policy, sustainable development and Latin American studies. It will also be relevant to water management professionals.
Author : Wolfgang J. Junk
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 9048187257
Total Pages : 620 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (481 download)
Download or read book Amazonian Floodplain Forests written by Wolfgang J. Junk and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2010-09-27 with total page 620 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Central Amazonian floodplain forests are an unique and endangered ecosystem. The forests grow in areas that are annually flooded by large rivers during mean periods of up to 8 months and at depths of up to 10 m. Despite this severe stress, these forests consist of over 1,000 species and are by far the most species-rich floodplain forests worldwide. The trees show a broad range of morphological, anatomical, physiological, and phenological adaptations that enable them not only to survive the adverse environmental conditions, but also to produce large amounts of biomass when the nutrient levels in water and soils are sufficiently high. This is the case in the floodplains of white-water rivers, which are used for fisheries, agriculture, and cattle-ranching but which also have a high potential for the production of timber and non-timber products, when adequately managed. Latest research on ecophysiology gives insight how tree species adapt to the oscillating flood-pulse focusing on their photosynthesis, respiration, sap flow, biochemistry, phenology, wood and leave anatomy, root morphology and functioning, fruit chemistry, seed germination, seedling establishment, nitrogen fixation and genetic variability. Based on tree ages, lifetime growth rates and net primary production, new concepts are developed to improve the sustainability of traditional forest managements in the background of an integrated natural resource management. This is the first integrative book on the functioning and ecologically oriented use of floodplain forests in the tropics and sub-tropics.It provides fundamental knowledge for scientist, students, foresters and other professionals on their distribution, evolution and phytogeography. “This book is an excellent testimony to the interdisciplinary collaboration of a group of very dedicated scientists to unravel the functioning of the Amazonian Floodplain forests. They have brought together a highly valuable contribution on the distribution, ecology, primary production, ecophysiology, typology, biodiversity, and human use of these forests offering recommendations for sustainable management and future projects in science and development of these unique wetland ecosystems. It lays a solid scientific foundation for wetland ecologists, foresters, environmentalists, wetland managers, and all those interested in sustainable management in the tropics and subtropics.” Brij Gopal, Executive Vice President International Society for Limnology (SIL).
Author : Angelo Antônio Agostinho
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9788576280101
Total Pages : 275 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (81 download)
Download or read book Structure and functioning of the Paraná River and its floodplain written by Angelo Antônio Agostinho and published by . This book was released on 2004 with total page 275 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Physical component; Geology of the Paraná River valley in the vicinity of Porto Rico; Geomorphology of the Paraná River floodplain in the reach between the Paranapanema and Ivaí Rivers; Characteristics and dynamics of the Paraná River channel bedform: an approach to study the inlfuences of the Porto Primavera Dam, sand mining, and channel construction; Flood extension in the Baia-Curutuba-Ivinheima complex of the Paraná River floodplain; Bank erosion downstream Porto Primavera Dam; Eolian dunes in the Upper Paraná River: evidence of aridity during the holocene; Limnology of the Upper Paraná floodplain habitats: patterns of spatio-temporal variations and influence of the water levels; Biotic component; Structure of communities of periphytic algae in the upper Paraná River floodplain; Composition and abundance of the periphytic meiofauna in lentic systems of the Upper Paraná River floodplain; Periphytic biomass in floodplain rivers of Brazil: Pantanal and Upper Paraná River; Phytoplankton composition and biomass in environments of the upper Paraná River floodplain; Zooplankton in the Upper Paraná River floodplain: composition, richness, abundance and relationships with the hydrological level and the connectivity; Spatial and temporal fluctuation of zooplankton body size is isolated lagoons of the upper Paraná River floodplain, Brazil; Influence of the environmental heterogeneity and water level on distribution of zoobenthos in the upper Paraná River floodplain (Baia and Paraná Rivers); Perspectives on exotic bivalves proliferation in the upper Paraná River floodplain; Influence of the decrease of water level on the chironomidae community of the upper Paraná River alluvial plain; Fish assemblages in the upper Paraná River floodplain; Structure of the fish assemblage in biotopes and subsystems of the upper Paraná River floodplain; Reproductive strategies of the fish community of the upper Paraná River floodplain; Fish assemblages of the seasonally isolated lagoons of the upper Paraná River floodplain; Trophic structure of the fish fauna; Estimation of the energy of producers and consumers in the upper Paraná River floodplain; Trophic structure of the fish assemblage in the floodplain of the Upper Paraná River: stable isotopes; Eggs and larvae of fishes in the upper Paraná River floodplain; Estimation of the genetic variability of fishes of the Upper Paraná River floodplain based on enzyme markers; Molecular markers and genetic variability of Hoplias aff. malabaricus populations from the upper Paraná River floodplain; Genetic distances among populations of Leporinus elongatus (Characiformes) and Hemisorubim platyrhynchos (Siluriformes) orginally isolated by the Sete Quedas falls; Cytogenetics as a tool for ecological studies; Parasite fauna of fishes from the upper Paraná River floodplain, Brazil; Survey of the digenean cercarial fauna in the upper Paraná River floodplain: identification of snails as potential intermediated hosts; Bird richness on the islands of the upper Paraná River, Paraná and Mato Grosso do Sul Border, Brazil; Richness and distribution of falconiformes in the Upper Paraná River floodplain, Brazil; Interactions between birds and other organisms in the upper Paraná River floodplain, Brazil; Aquatic macrophytes from the upper Paraná River floodplain: species list and patterns of diversity in large scale; The role of connectivity in structuring aquatic macrophyte assemblages; Riparian vegetation of the upper Paraná River floodplain, Paraná and Mato Grosso do Sul States, Brazil; Molecular polymorphism in populations of Inga spp. (Mimosaceae), Eugenia spp. (Myrtaceae), and Lonchocarpus cultratus (Fabaceae) in Riparian forest of the Upper Paraná River; Human dimension; Known environment: a study of social representation on nature by teenagers from Porto Rico, Paraná State; Demographic studies in the upper Paraná River floodplain; Historical reconstructions of the (Re) occupation of the northwestern Paraná: official versions and experienced situations; Health, environment and social representations in the populations of Porto Rico, Paraná State; Illegible floodplain: environmental education and citizenship.
Author : Pierre Girard
Publisher : Frontiers Media SA
ISBN 13 : 2889718182
Total Pages : 179 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (897 download)
Download or read book Balancing Hydropower and Freshwater Environments in the Global South written by Pierre Girard and published by Frontiers Media SA. This book was released on 2021-12-06 with total page 179 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Author : Sven Erik Jorgensen
Publisher : CRC Press
ISBN 13 : 1439845255
Total Pages : 439 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (398 download)
Download or read book Handbook of Inland Aquatic Ecosystem Management written by Sven Erik Jorgensen and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2012-10-17 with total page 439 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Combining background knowledge and practical tools, Handbook of Inland Aquatic Ecosystem Management gives you an overview of how to manage inland waters in a holistic manner. It examines the problems that threaten aquatic inland water ecosystems and presents a set of toolboxes for solving them. The book focuses on lakes, reservoirs, ponds, rivers, wetlands, lagoons, and estuaries, including the predominant freshwater ecosystems as well as saline and brackish ecosystems. Understand Ecosystem Properties and Ecological Processes The book consists of two parts. The first part reviews the basic scientific knowledge needed in the environmental and ecological management of aquatic ecosystems, from limnology and ecology of inland water ecosystems to environmental physics and chemistry. It emphasizes the interacting processes that characterize all inland aquatic ecosystems and explains the scientific considerations behind the conservation principles and their applications. Define the Problems and Quantify Their Sources The second part of the book presents toolboxes that you can apply to achieve more holistic environmental and ecological management. After an overview of the environmental problems of inland aquatic ecosystems and their sources, the book examines toolboxes to help you identify the problem, namely mass balances, ecological indicators, and ecological models. It also discusses toolboxes that can be used to find an environmental management solution to the problem: environmental technology, cleaner technology, and ecotechnology. Integrate Science and Practical Toolboxes to Manage Inland Waters More Effectively This book shows you how to integrate biology, ecology, limnology, and chemistry with the toolboxes in an up-to-date, multidisciplinary approach to environmental management. It provides a powerful framework for identifying ecological mechanisms that interact with global environmental problems threatening inland aquatic ecosystems.
Author : Bryan R. Davies
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 9401732906
Total Pages : 788 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (17 download)
Download or read book The Ecology of River Systems written by Bryan R. Davies and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2013-03-09 with total page 788 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Our understanding of the ecology of running waters has come a long way during the past few years. From being a largely descriptive subject, with a few under tones concerned with such things as fisheries, pollution or control of blackflies, it has evolved into a discipline with hypotheses, such as the River Continuum Concept (Vannote et a/. 1980), and even a book suggesting that it offers opportunity for the testing of ecological theory (Barnes & Minshall 1983). However, perusal of the literature reveals that, although some of the very early studies were concerned with large rivers (references in Hynes 1970), the great mass of the work that has been done on running water has been on streams and small rivers, and information on larger rivers is either on such limited topics as fisheries or plankton, scattered among the journals, or not available to the general limnologist. The only exceptions are a few books in this series of publications, such as those on the Nile (Rz6ska 1976), the Volga (Morduckai Boltovskoi 1979) and the Amazon {Sioli 1984), and the recent compendium by Whitton (1984) on European rivers, among which there are a few that rate as large.
Author : Ian G. Cowx
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 0470695277
Total Pages : 458 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (76 download)
Download or read book Management and Ecology of River Fisheries written by Ian G. Cowx and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2008-04-30 with total page 458 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In this edited work, international experts in fisheries management and ecology review and appraise the status of river fisheries, assessment methodology, constraints on development, issues and options regarding management and associated problems in both temperate and tropical countries. Recommendations are made to improve management and an attempt is made to provide guidelines for formulating policy, for planning methodology and for evaluating future activities. Assessment of fish community structure and dynamics. Factors constraining stock recruitment. Fish habitat requirements. Instream flow needs. Impact of water resource schemes. Rehabilitation of river fisheries. Enhancement of fish stocks. Exploitation of stocks. Management of migratory fish stocks. Conservation of endangered species. Integrated river management. Bioeconomic issues. Legislation. Multinational management of rivers. Case studies.
Author :
Publisher : unipampa
ISBN 13 : 856333722X
Total Pages : 1163 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (633 download)
Download or read book Sustainable water management in the tropics and subtropics - and case studies in Brazil. Vl. 3 written by and published by unipampa. This book was released on with total page 1163 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Author : Jose Galizia Tundisi
Publisher : CRC Press
ISBN 13 : 0203803957
Total Pages : 888 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (38 download)
Download or read book Limnology written by Jose Galizia Tundisi and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2012-01-27 with total page 888 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Limnology provides an in-depth and current overview of the field of limnology. The result of a major tour de force by two renowned and experienced experts, this unique and richly illustrated reference presents a wealth of data on limnology history, water as a substrate, lakes' origins and aquatic biota. Besides a general part, it gives special focu
Author : Martin H. Iriondo
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 3540706240
Total Pages : 382 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (47 download)
Download or read book The Middle Paraná River written by Martin H. Iriondo and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2007-06-03 with total page 382 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Middle Paraná river is one of the largest in the world. Exceptionally rich in fauna and flora, it provides researchers with a glimpse into an ecosystem yet undisturbed by human civilization. This fascinating book covers all the key aspects of the Paraná’s fluvial limnology and ecology, arranged in discrete and easily navigable sections. First, the physical and chemical environment is explained, then the river’s plant life, followed by its invertebrate life, and finally the vertebrates that inhabit the river.
Author : Ravindra Soni
Publisher : Springer Nature
ISBN 13 : 981995018X
Total Pages : 439 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (199 download)
Download or read book Current Status of Fresh Water Microbiology written by Ravindra Soni and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2023-12-28 with total page 439 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This contributed volume deals with the various aspects of freshwater microbiology including diverse habitats, associated microorganisms, their ecological interactions, and industrial applications. Freshwater ecosystems are dynamic natural resources, providing sources of potable water, food, animal habitats, and recreation. Perspectives of microbial dynamics in freshwater bodies, covered in this title, provide a comprehensive and systematic analysis of microbial ecology in these ecosystems. These microbes are at the hub of biogeochemical cycles (carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, and other elements). Moreover, they are an integral part of the aquatic food web and control the quality of freshwater bodies. Chapters in this title also discuss the issue of pollution in freshwater bodies and put forward available strategies for eco-friendly solutions. The book is a perfect documentation of primary and secondary data-based information on the latest research findings, case studies, experiences, and innovations in the field of freshwater microbiology. The book is of great use to students, researchers, and professionals studying aquatic sciences.
Author : Mary Kelly-Quinn
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9781910820551
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (25 download)
Download or read book Ireland's Rivers written by Mary Kelly-Quinn and published by . This book was released on 2020 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book is a fascinating study of the varied nature of Irish river ecosystems--their beauty, significance, and the natural and human factors that make each one distinct. Ireland's Atlantic climate, alongside its largely agricultural economy and relatively small population, make the nature of Irish rivers vastly different from those on the European continent. With that in mind, there is significant interest in implementing measures to protect the dwindling number of near-pristine rivers in Ireland. This beautifully illustrated book provides a wonderful overview of Irish rivers and the risks that conservationists face in preserving their unique natural beauty.
Author : Thomas T. Veblen
Publisher : Oxford University Press
ISBN 13 : 019803184X
Total Pages : 382 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (98 download)
Download or read book The Physical Geography of South America written by Thomas T. Veblen and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2015-12-01 with total page 382 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Physical Geography of South America, the eighth volume in the Oxford Regional Environments series, presents an enduring statement on the physical and biogeographic conditions of this remarkable continent and their relationships to human activity. It fills a void in recent environmental literature by assembling a team of specialists from within and beyond South America in order to provide an integrated, cross-disciplinary body of knowledge about this mostly tropical continent, together with its high mountains and temperate southern cone. The authors systematically cover the main components of the South American environment - tectonism, climate, glaciation, natural landscape changes, rivers, vegetation, animals, and soils. The book then presents more specific treatments of regions with special attributes from the tropical forests of the Amazon basin to the Atacama Desert and Patagonian steppe, and from the Atlantic, Caribbean, and Pacific coasts to the high Andes. Additionally, the continents environments are given a human face by evaluating the roles played by people over time, from pre-European and European colonial impacts to the effects of modern agriculture and urbanization, and from interactions with El Niño events to prognoses for the future environments of the continent.
Author : John F. Craig
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 1118394402
Total Pages : 920 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (183 download)
Download or read book Freshwater Fisheries Ecology written by John F. Craig and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2016-01-12 with total page 920 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Inland fisheries are vital for the livelihoods and food resources of humans worldwide but their importance is underestimated, probably because large numbers of small, local operators are involved. Freshwater Fisheries Ecology defines what we have globally, what we are going to lose and mitigate for, and what, given the right tools, we can save. To estimate potential production, the dynamics of freshwater ecosystems (rivers, lakes and estuaries) need to be understood. These dynamics are diverse, as are the earths freshwater fisheries resources (from boreal to tropical regions), and these influence how fisheries are both utilized and abused. Three main types of fisheries are illustrated within the book: artisanal, commercial and recreational, and the tools which have evolved for fisheries governance and management, including assessment methods, are described. The book also covers in detail fisheries development, providing information on improving fisheries through environmental and habitat evaluation, enhancement and rehabilitation, aquaculture, genetically modified fishes and sustainability. The book thoroughly reviews the negative impacts on fisheries including excessive harvesting, climate change, toxicology, impoundments, barriers and abstractions, non-native species and eutrophication. Finally, key areas of future research are outlined. Freshwater Fisheries Ecology is truly a landmark publication, containing contributions from over 100 leading experts and supported by the Fisheries Society of the British Isles. The global approach makes this book essential reading for fish biologists, fisheries scientists and ecologists and upper level students in these disciplines. Libraries in all universities and research establishments where biological and fisheries sciences are studied and taught should have multiple copies of this hugely valuable resource. About the Editor John Craig is Editor-in-Chief of the Journal of Fish Biology and has an enormous range of expertise and a wealth of knowledge of freshwater fishes and their ecology, having studied them around the globe, including in Asia, North America, Africa, the Middle East and Europe. His particular interests have been in population dynamics and life history strategies. He is a Fellow of the Linnean Society of London and the Royal Society of Biology.
Author : Kleber Del Claro
Publisher : EOLSS Publications
ISBN 13 : 1848262752
Total Pages : 406 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (482 download)
Download or read book Tropical Biology and Conservation Management - Volume IV written by Kleber Del Claro and published by EOLSS Publications. This book was released on 2009-05-11 with total page 406 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This Encyclopedia of Tropical Biology and Conservation Management is a component of the global Encyclopedia of Life Support Systems (EOLSS), which is an integrated compendium of twenty one Encyclopedias. Tropical environments cover the most part of still preserved natural areas of the Earth. The greatest biodiversity, as in terms of animals and plants, as microorganisms, is placed in these hot and rainy ecosystems spread up and below the Equator line. Additionally, the most part of food products, with vegetal or animal origin, that sustain nowadays human beings is direct or undirected dependent of tropical productivity. Biodiversity should be looked at and evaluated not only in terms of numbers of species, but also in terms of the diversity of interactions among distinct organisms that it maintains. In this sense, the complexity of web structure in tropical systems is a promise of future to nature preservation on Earth. In the chemicals of tropical plant and animals, could be the cure to infinite number of diseases, new food sources, and who knows what more. Despite these facts tropical areas have been exploited in an irresponsible way for more than 500 years due the lack of an ecological conscience of men. Exactly in the same way we did with temperate areas and also tropical areas in the north of Equator line. Nowadays, is estimated that due human exploitation, nation conflicts and social problems, less than 8% of tropical nature inside continental areas is still now untouchable. The extension of damage in the tropical areas of oceans is unknown. Thus so, all knowledge we could accumulate about tropical systems will help us, as in the preservations of these important and threatened ecosystems as in a future recuperation, when it was possible. Only knowing the past and developing culture, mainly that directed to peace, to a better relationship among nations and responsible use and preservation of natural resources, human beings will have a long future on Earth. These volumes, Tropical Biology and Natural Resources was divided in sessions to provide the reader the better comprehension possible of issue and also to enable future complementation and improvements in the encyclopedia. Like we work with life, we intended to transform this encyclopedia also in a “life” volume, in what new information could be added in any time. As president of the encyclopedia and main editor I opened the theme with an article titled: “Tropical Biology and Natural resources: Historical Pathways and Perspectives”, providing the reader an initial view of the origins of human knowledge about the tropical life, and what we hope to the future. In the sequence we have more than 100 chapters distributed in tem sessions: Tropical Ecology (TE); Tropical Botany (TB); Tropical Zoology (TZ); Savannah Ecosystems (SE); Desert Ecosystems (DE); Tropical Agriculture (TA); Natural History of Tropical Plants (NH); Human Impact on Tropical Ecosystems (HI); Tropical Phytopathology and Entomology (TPE); Case Studies (CS). This 11-volume set contains several chapters, each of size 5000-30000 words, with perspectives, applications and extensive illustrations. It is the only publication of its kind carrying state-of-the-art knowledge in the fields of Tropical Biology and Conservation Management and is aimed, by virtue of the several applications, at the following five major target audiences: University and College Students, Educators, Professional Practitioners, Research Personnel and Policy Analysts, Managers, and Decision Makers and NGOs.
