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The Standardization And Evolution Of The Cobol Language
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Book Synopsis The Standardization and Evolution of the COBOL Language by : Patrick M. Hoyt
Download or read book The Standardization and Evolution of the COBOL Language written by Patrick M. Hoyt and published by . This book was released on 1977 with total page 6 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Government-wide testing of COBOL compilers is the responsibility of the Federal COBOL Compiler Testing Service, an activity of the Department of the Navy's Automatic Data Processing Equipment Selection Office, Software Development Division. In May 1974, the American National Standards Institute approved ANS Programming Language COBOL, X3.23-1974 as the national standard for the COBOL language. Specifications for this revision were drawn from USA Standard COBOL X3.23-1968 and the CODASYL COBOL Journal of Development, dated 31 December 1971. As a result, the Testing Service is engaged in the development of a COBOL Compiler Validation System for this new Standard, incorporating tests for the revised language into the existing 1968 COBOL Compiler Validation System. The first part of the paper focuses on the rationale behind changes from the '68 to '74 COBOL Standard as well as highlighting the new features in the language. The second part of the paper discusses evolution within the COBOL language itself with respect to the CODASYL COBOL Journal of Development and several other CODASYL language activities. (Author).
Book Synopsis Everlasting Code by : Mark Jones Lorenzo
Download or read book Everlasting Code written by Mark Jones Lorenzo and published by Independently Published. This book was released on 2021-08-22 with total page 512 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Grace Hopper's remarkable innovations in computing led to COBOL, which for decades was the most widely used programming language in the world. Everlasting Code offers an in-depth look at Hopper's work, while also chronicling the entire history of COBOL. The development of COBOL (COmmon Business-Oriented Language) was the strangest, wildest, and most dramatic story in the early history of computing. Everlasting Code covers it all, from Grace Hopper's pioneering work with compilers to the many contentious committee meetings that repeatedly put the birth of the language in jeopardy; from the race to build the world's first COBOL compiler to the numerous standardization efforts; and from the Y2K bug to the COVID-19 pandemic, times when public scapegoating of COBOL shifted into high gear. Even though it was the work of a committee and she was only indirectly involved in its creation, COBOL has Grace Hopper's fingerprints all over it. Therefore, since Everlasting Code tells two interrelated stories (that of Hopper's breakthroughs as well as the history of COBOL), the book is split into two parts. In the first part, we meet one of the most prolific computer scientists of the twentieth century and examine how Hopper's varied life experiences--as a student, professor, military officer, and programmer--led to her revolutionary ideas, setting the stage for the birth of COBOL. Hopper developed some of the earliest working compilers--programs that translated human-readable source code into machine code, a language computers could make sense of--including MATH-MATIC, for algebraic problems, and FLOW-MATIC, for data processing. Source code for Hopper's compilers had to be written in a form of everyday English, which proved eminently readable to some people and endlessly frustrating for others. FLOW-MATIC was the key influence for COBOL, as we discover in the second part of Everlasting Code. By the late 1950s, with the FORTRAN programming language dominating the engineering, scientific, and mathematical landscape, the need for a corresponding business data-processing language emerged. With Grace Hopper's full support, in early 1959 a programmer named Mary Hawes publicly suggested developing an industrywide common business language (CBL) capable of running the same programs on different computers. Thanks to Hopper's many government and military connections, the U.S. Department of Defense sponsored the CBL effort, taking the unprecedented step of bringing together many competing manufacturers and computer users for a high-stakes meeting at the Pentagon. Before long, subcommittees of CODASYL (the Committee on Data Systems Languages, which was formed to write the CBL) were at war with each other. Meanwhile, the chairman of CODASYL received a mysterious crated package. Inside was a tombstone with a reclining lamb statuette at the top and a single word engraved on the front: COBOL. Was this intended as a threat? Did someone want the language dead? Or was the tombstone merely delivering a warning: That if CODASYL couldn't get its act together, COBOL was sure to die an early death? Author Mark Jones Lorenzo takes you behind the scenes and inside the meeting rooms where the fate of a programming language hung in the balance. Filled with intrigue, conflict, suspense, drama, technical details, and the biographies of many larger-than-life personalities, Everlasting Code traces the precedents, the development, and the history of the COBOL programming language, which came to rule the world.
Book Synopsis Scientific and Technical Aerospace Reports by :
Download or read book Scientific and Technical Aerospace Reports written by and published by . This book was released on 1982 with total page 662 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Lists citations with abstracts for aerospace related reports obtained from world wide sources and announces documents that have recently been entered into the NASA Scientific and Technical Information Database.
Book Synopsis History of Programming Languages by : Richard L. Wexelblat
Download or read book History of Programming Languages written by Richard L. Wexelblat and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2014-05-27 with total page 784 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: History of Programming Languages presents information pertinent to the technical aspects of the language design and creation. This book provides an understanding of the processes of language design as related to the environment in which languages are developed and the knowledge base available to the originators. Organized into 14 sections encompassing 77 chapters, this book begins with an overview of the programming techniques to use to help the system produce efficient programs. This text then discusses how to use parentheses to help the system identify identical subexpressions within an expression and thereby eliminate their duplicate calculation. Other chapters consider FORTRAN programming techniques needed to produce optimum object programs. This book discusses as well the developments leading to ALGOL 60. The final chapter presents the biography of Adin D. Falkoff. This book is a valuable resource for graduate students, practitioners, historians, statisticians, mathematicians, programmers, as well as computer scientists and specialists.
Book Synopsis COBOL by : United States. National Bureau of Standards
Download or read book COBOL written by United States. National Bureau of Standards and published by . This book was released on 1975 with total page 8 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis National Bureau of Standards Handbook by :
Download or read book National Bureau of Standards Handbook written by and published by . This book was released on 1969 with total page 364 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Sams Teach Yourself COBOL in 24 Hours by : Thane Hubbell
Download or read book Sams Teach Yourself COBOL in 24 Hours written by Thane Hubbell and published by Pearson Education. This book was released on 1998-11-28 with total page 574 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Sams Teach Yourself COBOL in 24 Hours teaches the basics of COBOL programming in 24 step-by-step lessons. Each lesson builds on the previous one providing a solid foundation in COBOL programming concepts and techniques. This hands-on guide is the easiest, fastest way to begin creating standard COBOL compliant code. Business professionals and programmers from other languages will find this hands-on, task-oriented tutorial extremely useful for learning the essential features and concepts of COBOL programming. Writing a program can be a complex task. Concentrating on one development tool guides you to good results every time. There will be no programs that will not compile!
Book Synopsis COBOL 177 Success Secrets - 177 Most Asked Questions on COBOL - What You Need to Know by : Wayne Russell
Download or read book COBOL 177 Success Secrets - 177 Most Asked Questions on COBOL - What You Need to Know written by Wayne Russell and published by Emereo Publishing. This book was released on 2014-01 with total page 234 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: There has never been a COBOL Guide like this. It contains 177 answers, much more than you can imagine; comprehensive answers and extensive details and references, with insights that have never before been offered in print. Get the information you need--fast! This all-embracing guide offers a thorough view of key knowledge and detailed insight. This Guide introduces what you want to know about COBOL. A quick look inside of some of the subjects covered: Categorical list of programming languages - Procedural languages, Assembly language Historical perspective, University of Pennsylvania - Research, innovations, and discoveries, COBOL - Data types, COBOL - Hello, OS/360 circa 1972, Database 1980s desktop databases, Eclipse (software), Computer programming History, ICL VME - Application development tools, Binary-coded decimal Packed BCD, Packed decimal - Fixed-point packed decimal, FACT computer language - Ever working?, Database model Network model, Hexadecimal - Using 0-9 and A-F, Jean Sammet - Works, High-level programming language, Binary-coded decimal Signed variations, Object-oriented programming - OOP languages, OpenCOBOL - Documentation, Burroughs large systems, COBOL - Lack of structurability, Grace Hopper - Standards, COBOL - ANS COBOL 1968, Categorical list of programming languages - Imperative languages, CODASYL - History, Bill Gates - Early life, Library (computing) - History, Naming convention (programming) - Multiple-word identifiers, Picture clause - Formatting, Object-oriented programming - History, Copybook (programming), SQL - Standardization, Compiler - History, Software engineering - History, OpenCOBOL - Philosophy, COBOL - History of COBOL standards, NCR Corporation - Post-war, David Taylor Model Basin - Computing, PL/I - Early history, and much more...
Book Synopsis Object-Oriented COBOL by : Edmund C. Arranga
Download or read book Object-Oriented COBOL written by Edmund C. Arranga and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 1996 with total page 532 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Walks COBOL users through the next phase of COBOL: Object-Oriented COBOL. Teaches how to integrate COBOL with object-oriented methodologies.
Book Synopsis American National Standard Programming Language COBOL by : American National Standards Institute
Download or read book American National Standard Programming Language COBOL written by American National Standards Institute and published by . This book was released on 1978 with total page 548 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Beginning COBOL for Programmers by : Michael Coughlan
Download or read book Beginning COBOL for Programmers written by Michael Coughlan and published by Apress. This book was released on 2014-04-04 with total page 575 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Beginning COBOL for Programmers is a comprehensive, sophisticated tutorial and modular skills reference on the COBOL programming language for established programmers. This book is for you if you are a developer who would like to—or must—add COBOL to your repertoire. Perhaps you recognize the opportunities presented by the current COBOL skills crisis, or are working in a mission critical enterprise which retains legacy COBOL applications. Whatever your situation, Beginning COBOL for Programmers meets your needs as an established programmer moving to COBOL. Beginning COBOL for Programmers includes comprehensive coverage of ANS 85 COBOL features and techniques, including control structures, condition names, sequential and direct access files, data redefinition, string handling, decimal arithmetic, subprograms, and the report writer. The final chapter includes a substantial introduction to object-oriented COBOL. Benefiting from over one hundred example programs, you’ll receive an extensive introduction to the core and advanced features of the COBOL language and will learn to apply these through comprehensive and varied exercises. If you've inherited some legacy COBOL, you’ll be able to grasp the COBOL idioms, understand the constructs, and recognize what's happening in the code you’re working with. Today’s enterprise application developers will find that COBOL skills open new—or old—doors, and this extensive COBOL reference is the book to help you acquire and develop your COBOL skills.
Author :American National Standards Institute Publisher :Forgotten Books ISBN 13 :9780428621582 Total Pages :74 pages Book Rating :4.6/5 (215 download)
Book Synopsis American National Standard for Information Systems by : American National Standards Institute
Download or read book American National Standard for Information Systems written by American National Standards Institute and published by Forgotten Books. This book was released on 2018-01-09 with total page 74 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Excerpt from American National Standard for Information Systems: Programming Language-Correction Amendment for Cobol Paragraph entitled Initial Values of T ables, change numbered item 3 at the top of page 11-14 to read. About the Publisher Forgotten Books publishes hundreds of thousands of rare and classic books. Find more at www.forgottenbooks.com This book is a reproduction of an important historical work. Forgotten Books uses state-of-the-art technology to digitally reconstruct the work, preserving the original format whilst repairing imperfections present in the aged copy. In rare cases, an imperfection in the original, such as a blemish or missing page, may be replicated in our edition. We do, however, repair the vast majority of imperfections successfully; any imperfections that remain are intentionally left to preserve the state of such historical works.
Book Synopsis American National Standard for Information Systems by : American National Standards Institute
Download or read book American National Standard for Information Systems written by American National Standards Institute and published by . This book was released on 1985 with total page 166 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Author :American National Standards Institute Publisher :Forgotten Books ISBN 13 :9780428148744 Total Pages :94 pages Book Rating :4.1/5 (487 download)
Book Synopsis American National Standard for Information Systems by : American National Standards Institute
Download or read book American National Standard for Information Systems written by American National Standards Institute and published by Forgotten Books. This book was released on 2018-01-09 with total page 94 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Excerpt from American National Standard for Information Systems: Programming Language, Intrinsic Function Module for Cobol Caution notice: This American National Standard may be revised or withdrawn at any time. The procedures of the American National Standards Institute require that action be taken periodically to reaffirm. Revise, or withdraw this standard. Purchasers of American National Standards may receive current information on all standards by calling or writing the American National Standards Institute. About the Publisher Forgotten Books publishes hundreds of thousands of rare and classic books. Find more at www.forgottenbooks.com This book is a reproduction of an important historical work. Forgotten Books uses state-of-the-art technology to digitally reconstruct the work, preserving the original format whilst repairing imperfections present in the aged copy. In rare cases, an imperfection in the original, such as a blemish or missing page, may be replicated in our edition. We do, however, repair the vast majority of imperfections successfully; any imperfections that remain are intentionally left to preserve the state of such historical works.
Book Synopsis Abstracting Away the Machine by : Mark Jones Lorenzo
Download or read book Abstracting Away the Machine written by Mark Jones Lorenzo and published by Independently Published. This book was released on 2019-08-22 with total page 326 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: At the dawn of the computer age, an elite development team at IBM built the most influential computer programming language in history: FORTRAN. Abstracting Away the Machine tells the epic story of how they did it--and what happened next. Over the past six decades, programming languages like ALGOL, BASIC, C/C++, COBOL, Java, LISP, LOGO, Pascal, PL/I, Python, Visual Basic, and many others opened up the field of computer science, and of computer programming in general, to the masses. But all of these high-level languages (HLLs)--computer languages that automate, hide, or otherwise abstract away the underlying operations of the machine--owe a huge debt of gratitude to FORTRAN (FORmula TRANslation), the first HLL to achieve widespread adoption. Many programming practices that we take for granted now came about as a result of FORTRAN. Created over a three-year period at IBM by a development team led by a brilliant but wayward mathematician named John W. Backus, FORTRAN was implemented initially on the IBM 704 mainframe computer in the mid-1950s, with dialects of the language quickly spreading thereafter to other platforms. FORTRAN's powerful compiler, which translated human-readable code into code a computer could understand, produced incredibly clean and optimized standalone executable programs, all of which could be run independently of the compiler, setting the standard for decades to come--and overcoming the doubts of many skeptics along the way, who thought the FORTRAN project would never succeed. In the 1960s the language was standardized, with machine-dependent commands excised, and many platform-independent implementations followed. With the language now portable, able to run on any computer (at least in theory), FORTRAN, almost by accident, secured a stranglehold in the fields of science and engineering. The language also came to dominate in the supercomputing industry. But FORTRAN, a blue-collar workhorse more concerned with results than with style, was a victim of its own success--the language sowed the seeds of its own demise. New high-level languages sprouted up, stealing the good bits from FORTRAN while simultaneously defining themselves in opposition to it. FORTRAN had become the foil. As these new languages pierced the cutting edge of the programming landscape, they redefined computing paradigms (e.g., with structured programming, object-oriented programming, and the like), and FORTRAN--though eventually (and repeatedly) modernized and formally renamed Fortran--struggled to keep up through multiple standardization efforts, finally ceding significant ground to its successors as it slowly withdrew from the spotlight. To add insult to injury, even John Backus eventually turned against his creation. This is not a book on how to program in FORTRAN, nor is it a technical manual. Rather, the focus in Abstracting Away the Machine, which chronicles the complete history and development of the FORTRAN programming language, is set squarely on telling three interlocking stories: (1) How an elite group of computing trailblazers built FORTRAN, (2) Why the conditions at the time were ripe for them to succeed, and (3) What happened after they did. Tracing the long arc of FORTRAN's development and maturation is integral to understanding not only the history of programming but also the state of computer science today. The birth of FORTRAN planted a seed that led to the full flowering of high-level languages, since FORTRAN overcame initial skepticism by demonstrating to the world that a well-made HLL really could abstract away the machine.
Book Synopsis The History and Heritage of Scientific and Technological Information Systems by : W. Boyd Rayward
Download or read book The History and Heritage of Scientific and Technological Information Systems written by W. Boyd Rayward and published by Information Today, Inc.. This book was released on 2004 with total page 444 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Emphasis for the second conference on the history of information science systems was on scientific and technical information systems in the period from the Second World War up through the early 1990s. These proceedings present the papers of historians of science and technology, information scientists, and scientists in other fields on a wide range of topics: informatics in chemistry; biology and medicine; information developments in multinational, industrial, and military settings; biographical studies of pioneering individuals; and the transformation of information systems and formats in the twentieth century.
Book Synopsis A New History of Modern Computing by : Thomas Haigh
Download or read book A New History of Modern Computing written by Thomas Haigh and published by MIT Press. This book was released on 2021-09-14 with total page 545 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: How the computer became universal. Over the past fifty years, the computer has been transformed from a hulking scientific supertool and data processing workhorse, remote from the experiences of ordinary people, to a diverse family of devices that billions rely on to play games, shop, stream music and movies, communicate, and count their steps. In A New History of Modern Computing, Thomas Haigh and Paul Ceruzzi trace these changes. A comprehensive reimagining of Ceruzzi's A History of Modern Computing, this new volume uses each chapter to recount one such transformation, describing how a particular community of users and producers remade the computer into something new. Haigh and Ceruzzi ground their accounts of these computing revolutions in the longer and deeper history of computing technology. They begin with the story of the 1945 ENIAC computer, which introduced the vocabulary of "programs" and "programming," and proceed through email, pocket calculators, personal computers, the World Wide Web, videogames, smart phones, and our current world of computers everywhere--in phones, cars, appliances, watches, and more. Finally, they consider the Tesla Model S as an object that simultaneously embodies many strands of computing.
