The Social Challenges And Opportunities Of Low Carbon Development

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The Social Challenges and Opportunities of Low Carbon Development

Author : Johan Nordensvärd
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1317813588
Total Pages : 163 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (178 download)

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Book Synopsis The Social Challenges and Opportunities of Low Carbon Development by : Johan Nordensvärd

Download or read book The Social Challenges and Opportunities of Low Carbon Development written by Johan Nordensvärd and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2016-10-04 with total page 163 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book explores the social implications and challenges of low-carbon development. The argument of the book is that a broad understanding of low-carbon development is essential for mitigating climate change and enabling development in a carbon-constrained world, but there are risks that low-carbon development might come at a price that is both social and economic. These risks need to be carefully assessed and reduced. The main aim of the book is to explore, critically analyse and propose different ways of understanding low-carbon development from a social perspective in both developed and developing countries. The author uses concepts such as low-carbon development, social policy, sustainable development and environmental justice to understand the social implications of low-carbon development projects. The book first elaborates the need to understand the social issues and challenges of low-carbon development in both developed and developing countries. It then discusses five contemporary challenges of low-carbon development: the social consequences of Chinese hydropower dams in the Mekong region; the cost of the transition to renewable energies such as wind energy in Germany; the challenges of carbon offsetting in Brazil; the nexus of fuel-inefficient housing and fuel poverty in England; solar power for refugees in Africa. The book fills a crucial gap for researchers, postgraduates, practitioners and policy-makers in the fields of climate change, development and social policy. Johan Nordensvärd is a Lecturer in Social Policy at the University of Southampton, UK.

Low Carbon Development

Author : Frauke Urban
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1136266674
Total Pages : 412 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (362 download)

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Book Synopsis Low Carbon Development by : Frauke Urban

Download or read book Low Carbon Development written by Frauke Urban and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2013-07-18 with total page 412 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Low Carbon Development: Key Issues is the first comprehensive textbook to address the interface between international development and climate change in a carbon constrained world. It discusses the key conceptual, empirical and policy-related issues of low carbon development and takes an international and interdisciplinary approach to the subject by drawing on insights from across the natural sciences and social sciences whilst embedding the discussion in a global context. The first part explores the concept of low carbon development and explains the need for low carbon development in a carbon constrained world. The book then discusses the key issues of socio-economic, political and technological nature for low carbon development, exploring topics such as the political economy, social justice, financing and carbon markets, and technologies and innovation for low carbon development. This is followed by key issues for low carbon development in policy and practice, which is presented based on cross-cutting issues such as low carbon energy, forestry, agriculture and transportation. Afterwards, practical case studies are discussed from low carbon development in low income countries in Africa, middle income countries in Asia and Latin America and high income countries in Europe and North America. Written by an international team of leading academics and practitioners in the field of low carbon development, this book is essential reading for students, academics, professionals and policy-makers interested in the fields of low carbon development, climate change mitigation, climate policy, climate change and development, global environmental change, and environment and development.

Creating Low Carbon Cities

Author : Shobhakar Dhakal
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 3319497308
Total Pages : 205 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (194 download)

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Book Synopsis Creating Low Carbon Cities by : Shobhakar Dhakal

Download or read book Creating Low Carbon Cities written by Shobhakar Dhakal and published by Springer. This book was released on 2017-03-10 with total page 205 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book addresses key topics in the current deliberations and debates on low carbon cities that are underway globally. Contributions by experts from around the world focus on the key factors required for creating low carbon cities. These include appropriate infrastructure, ensuring co-benefits of climate actions, making best use of knowledge and information, proper accounting of emissions, and social factors such as behavioral change. Readers will gain a better understanding of these drivers and explore potential transformation pathways for cities. Particular emphasis is given to the current situation of energy consumption and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions at the urban level, stressing the complexity of measuring GHG emissions from cities. Chapters also shed new light on the long-term transformation pathways towards low carbon. This book discusses key challenges and opportunities in all these domains to aid in creating low carbon cities, making it of value to policy makers, researchers in academia and consultants working on climate change and energy issues. “The low carbon cities agenda is of bold ambition and demands rapid societal transformation. This book provides invaluable information and analysis on how the goals of this agenda can be achieved and what will be the significant obstacles in the way. The content in the book goes below the surface to reveal on-the-ground economic, engineering and equity issues that are at the heart of the Paris Climate Agreement and the ensuing policy debates. In this way, Creating Low Carbon Cities serves as a critical scholarly benchmark and as a toolkit for further action." William Solecki, Professor, Institute for Sustainable Cities, City University of New York "Creating Low Carbon Cities provides a refreshingly critical approach to low-carbon urban development, what has been achieved so far and the challenges ahead. It will be an important data-driven resource for local leaders, sustainability practitioners and urban planners.” Ms. Monika Zimmermann, Deputy Secretary General, ICLEI—Local Governments for Sustainability

Diversification and Cooperation in a Decarbonizing World

Author : Grzegorz Peszko
Publisher : World Bank Publications
ISBN 13 : 1464813418
Total Pages : 160 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (648 download)

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Book Synopsis Diversification and Cooperation in a Decarbonizing World by : Grzegorz Peszko

Download or read book Diversification and Cooperation in a Decarbonizing World written by Grzegorz Peszko and published by World Bank Publications. This book was released on 2020-07-24 with total page 160 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book is the first stocktaking of what the decarbonization of the world economy means for fossil fuel†“dependent countries. These countries are the most exposed to the impacts of global climate policies and, at the same time, are often unprepared to manage them. They depend on the export of oil, gas, or coal; the use of carbon-intensive infrastructure (for example, refineries, petrochemicals, and coal power plants); or both. Fossil fuel†“dependent countries face financial, fiscal, and macro-structural risks from the transition of the global economy away from carbon-intensive fuels and the value chains based on them. This book focuses on managing these transition risks and harnessing related opportunities. Diversification and Cooperation in a Decarbonizing World identifies multiple strategies that fossil fuel†“dependent countries can pursue to navigate the turbulent waters of a low-carbon transition. The policy and investment choices to be made in the next decade will determine these countries’ degree of exposure and overall resilience. Abandoning their comfort zones and developing completely new skills and capabilities in a time frame consistent with the Paris Agreement on climate change is a daunting challenge and requires long-term revenue visibility and consistent policy leadership. This book proposes a constructive framework for climate strategies for fossil fuel†“dependent countries based on new approaches to diversification and international climate cooperation. Climate policy leaders share responsibility for creating room for all countries to contribute to the goals of the Paris Agreement, taking into account the specific vulnerabilities and opportunities each country faces.

Low Carbon Development

Author : Frauke Urban
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9781138778238
Total Pages : pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (782 download)

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Book Synopsis Low Carbon Development by : Frauke Urban

Download or read book Low Carbon Development written by Frauke Urban and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "Low Carbon Development: Key Issues is the first comprehensive textbook to address the interface between international development and climate change in a carbon constrained world. It discusses the key conceptual, empirical and policy-related issues of low carbon development and takes an international and interdisciplinary approach to the subject by drawing on insights from across the natural sciences and social sciences whilst embedding the discussion in a global context.The first part explores the concept of low carbon development and explains the need for low carbon development in a carbon constrained world. The book then discusses the key issues of socio-economic, political and technological nature for low carbon development, exploring topics such as the political economy, social justice, financing and carbon markets, and technologies and innovation for low carbon development. This is followed by key issues for low carbon development in policy and practice, which is presented based on cross-cutting issues such as low carbon energy, forestry, agriculture and transportation. Afterwards, practical case studies are discussed from low carbon development in low income countries in Africa, middle income countries in Asia and Latin America and high income countries in Europe and North America.Written by an international team of leading academics and practitioners in the field of low carbon development, this book is essential reading for students, academics, professionals and policy-makers interested in the fields of low carbon development, climate change mitigation, climate policy, climate change and development, global environmental change, and environment and development"--

The Low Carbon Economy

Author : Polina Baranova
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 3319567535
Total Pages : 215 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (195 download)

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Book Synopsis The Low Carbon Economy by : Polina Baranova

Download or read book The Low Carbon Economy written by Polina Baranova and published by Springer. This book was released on 2017-11-11 with total page 215 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This edited collection explores the challenges and opportunities presented by the transition to a low carbon economy, and outlines the different approaches taken to ensure the sustainability of such a transition. Chapters explore the nature of the transformation from a ‘brown’ to ‘green’ economy, the importance of effective carbon measurement and management methodologies, the use of behaviour economics, and the application of a growth-enabling approach. Offering valuable insights into how various stakeholders respond to the challenges of green growth and focusing in particular on the support of universities, The Low Carbon Economy covers themes of leadership, systems approach, stakeholder management, and collaborative action. This comprehensive study provides readers with constructive ideas for maximising the opportunities of transitioning to a low carbon economy, and will serve as a useful tool for practitioners and academics interested in sustainability.

Moving Toward Net-Zero Carbon Society

Author : Hsing-Hao Wu
Publisher : Springer Nature
ISBN 13 : 3031245458
Total Pages : 187 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (312 download)

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Book Synopsis Moving Toward Net-Zero Carbon Society by : Hsing-Hao Wu

Download or read book Moving Toward Net-Zero Carbon Society written by Hsing-Hao Wu and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2023-05-15 with total page 187 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This open access book explores various issues concerning the net-zero emission achievement, ranging from carbon pricing, carbon trade schemes, energy transition, ecological conservation, and carbon sinks, as well as the economic and social impacts of introducing carbon neutral policies in the Asia-Pacific region. The extreme flooding and drought problems, crop yield problems, and habitat changes brought about by climate change have seriously threatened the ecosystem and human survival, forcing people to rethink environmental management policies and limits on economic development. In the post-COVID-19 era, it is indispensable to adopt a more proactive climate change adaptation policy and establish bilateral cooperation with international partners who value climate change. 2021 is a critical year, and the leaders of major industrial countries at the recently concluded G7 meeting jointly stated the common objective seeking the establishment of carbon-neutral international community by the mid of the century. Major carbon-emitting countries or entities such as the European Union, US, Japan, Korea, China, and India have proposed specific timetables for net-zero carbon emissions and carbon neutrality before or at the COP26. Policy-makers around the world would also work closely with scientists, experts, and enterprises seeking appropriate policy instruments such as the development of carbon tax, carbon pricing, carbon sinks, global or regional carbon emission trade schemes, energy transitions, and other carbon-neutral policies moving toward net-zero emission society by the mid of the century. At a time when carbon pricing policies are being formulated, climate change related laws and policies will reshape the global governance and industrial layout during the period of 2021–-2030, and it is critical to move toward energy and industrial transformation, ecological conservation, and sustainable agricultural development.

The Political Economy of Low Carbon Resilient Development

Author : Susannah Fisher
Publisher : Taylor & Francis
ISBN 13 : 1317393724
Total Pages : 172 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (173 download)

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Book Synopsis The Political Economy of Low Carbon Resilient Development by : Susannah Fisher

Download or read book The Political Economy of Low Carbon Resilient Development written by Susannah Fisher and published by Taylor & Francis. This book was released on 2016-10-04 with total page 172 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Over the last decade, policies and financing decisions aiming to support low carbon resilient development within the least developed countries have been implemented across several regions. Some governments are steered by international frameworks, such as the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), while others take their own approach to planning and implementing climate resilient actions. Within these diverse approaches however, there are unspoken assumptions and normative assessments of what the solutions to climate change are, who the most appropriate actors are and who should benefit from these actions. This book examines the political economy dynamics or the underlying values, knowledge, discourses, resources and power relationships behind decisions that support low carbon resilient development in the least developed countries. While much has been written on the politics of climate change, this book will focus on the political economy of national planning and the ways in which the least developed countries are moving from climate resilient planning to implementation. The book will use empirical evidence of low carbon resilient development planning in four countries: Bangladesh, Ethiopia, Rwanda and Nepal. Different approaches to low carbon resilience are critically analysed based on detailed analysis of key policy areas. This book will be of great interest to policy makers, practitioners’ students and scholars of climate change and sustainable development.

Managing the Transition to a Low-Carbon Economy

Author : Bindu N. Lohani
Publisher : Brookings Institution Press
ISBN 13 : 4899740581
Total Pages : 416 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (997 download)

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Book Synopsis Managing the Transition to a Low-Carbon Economy by : Bindu N. Lohani

Download or read book Managing the Transition to a Low-Carbon Economy written by Bindu N. Lohani and published by Brookings Institution Press. This book was released on 2016-03-08 with total page 416 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Asia must be at the center of the global fight against climate change. It is the world’s most populous region, with high economic growth, a rising share of global greenhouse gas emissions, and the most vulnerability to climate risks. Its current resource- and emission-intensive growth pattern is not sustainable. This study recognizes low-carbon green growth as an imperative—not an option—for developing Asia. Asia has already started to move toward low-carbon green growth. Many emerging economies have started to use sustainable development to bring competitiveness to their industries and to serve growing green technology markets. The aim of this study is to share the experiences of emerging Asian economies and the lessons learned. The book assesses the low-carbon and green policies and practices taken by Asian countries, identifies gaps, and examines new opportunities for low-carbon green growth.

Global Challenges of Climate Change, Vol.2

Author : Tessaleno Campos Devezas
Publisher : Springer Nature
ISBN 13 : 3031164776
Total Pages : 283 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (311 download)

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Book Synopsis Global Challenges of Climate Change, Vol.2 by : Tessaleno Campos Devezas

Download or read book Global Challenges of Climate Change, Vol.2 written by Tessaleno Campos Devezas and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2022-11-16 with total page 283 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This two-volume book offers a broad range of discussions on the immense challenge of climate change, one confronting every country on the planet and forcing them to find a path towards a sustainable future that will not have disastrous consequences in relation to our chances of survival. It also presents a snapshot of the status quo, which reflects all the decisions and measures taken to date. Analyzing the consequences of the steps that will shape our future, the two volumes also reflect on important decisions at a global level that have already been taken. This second volume on risks assessment and the political and social dimension of the green energy transition is structured into 14 chapters. International renowned scholars discuss the inherent risks that arise in consequence of the transition to the intensive use of low carbon energy sources and global warming, risks related to food and water security, as well as risks of social and political conflicts. They further examine the dependence on individual countries' industrial structures and on their socio-economic development level as challenges to climate change solutions and to the global energy policy agenda. This book is a must-read for scholars, researchers and students, as well as policymakers interested in a better understanding of climate change, present scenarios, and alternative solutions and measures.

Carbon Governance, Climate Change and Business Transformation

Author : Adam Bumpus
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1135067864
Total Pages : 264 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (35 download)

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Book Synopsis Carbon Governance, Climate Change and Business Transformation by : Adam Bumpus

Download or read book Carbon Governance, Climate Change and Business Transformation written by Adam Bumpus and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2014-07-17 with total page 264 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Transformation to a low carbon economy is a central tenet to any discussion on the solutions to the complex challenges of climate change and energy security. Despite advances in policy, carbon management and continuing development of clean technology, fundamental business transformation has not occurred because of multiple political, economic, social and organisational issues. Carbon Governance, Climate Change and Business Transformation is based on leading academic and industry input, and three international workshops focused on low carbon transformation in leading climate policy jurisdictions (Canada, USA and the UK) under the international Carbon Governance Project (CGP) banner. The book pulls insights from this innovative collaborative network to identify the policy combinations needed to create transformative change. It explores fundamental questions about how governments and the private sector conceptualize the problem of climate change, the conditions under which business transformation can genuinely take place and key policy and business innovations needed. Broadly, the book is based on emerging theories of multi-levelled, multi-actor carbon governance, and applies these ideas to the real world implications for tackling climate change through business transformation. Conceptually and empirically, this book stimulates both academic discussion and practical business models for low carbon transformation.

Cities and Low Carbon Transitions

Author : Harriet Bulkeley
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1136883266
Total Pages : 208 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (368 download)

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Book Synopsis Cities and Low Carbon Transitions by : Harriet Bulkeley

Download or read book Cities and Low Carbon Transitions written by Harriet Bulkeley and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2010-12-14 with total page 208 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Current societies face unprecedented risks and challenges connected to climate change. Addressing them will require fundamental transformations in the infrastructures that sustain everyday life, such as energy, water, waste and mobility. A transition to a ‘low carbon’ future implies a large scale reorganisation in the way societies produce and use energy. Cities are critical in this transition because they concentrate social and economic activities that produce climate change related emissions. At the same time, cities are increasingly recognised as sources of opportunities for climate change mitigation. Whether, how and why low carbon transitions in urban systems take place in response to climate change will therefore be decisive for the success of global mitigation efforts. As a result, climate change increasingly features as a critical issue in the management of urban infrastructure and in urbanisation policies. Cities and Low Carbon Transitions presents a ground-breaking analysis of the role of cities in low carbon socio-technical transitions. Insights from the fields of urban studies and technological transitions are combined to examine how, why and with what implications cities bring about low carbon transitions. The book outlines the key concepts underpinning theories of socio-technical transition and assesses its potential strengths and limits for understanding the social and technological responses to climate change that are emerging in cities. It draws on a diverse range of examples including world cities, ordinary cities and transition towns, from North America, Europe, South Africa and China, to provide evidence that expectations, aspirations and plans to undertake purposive socio-technical transitions are emerging in different urban contexts. This collection adds to existing literature on cities and energy transitions and introduces critical questions about power and social interests, lock-in and development trajectories, social equity and economic development, and socio-technical change in cities. The book addresses academics, policy makers, practitioners and researchers interested in the development of systemic responses in cities to curb climate change.

Low Carbon Communities

Author : Michael Derek Peters
Publisher : Edward Elgar Publishing
ISBN 13 : 9781849807104
Total Pages : 304 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (71 download)

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Book Synopsis Low Carbon Communities by : Michael Derek Peters

Download or read book Low Carbon Communities written by Michael Derek Peters and published by Edward Elgar Publishing. This book was released on 2010 with total page 304 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Community action is a vital strategy in the fight against climate change and has increasingly informed government policy, academic inquiry and grassroots action over the last decade. This timely and engaging volume explores both the promise of community-based action in tackling climate change and some of its limitations. On the one hand, community-based action offers a meaningful way to achieve global targets and an avenue for renewing social relations at the local level. On the other, it challenges fundamental aspects of social organization in the modern economy and sometimes comes into conflict with wider structures and constraints. This volume brings together theoretical and practical perspectives on community action to mobilize social change towards a sustainable, low carbon future. The opportunities and challenges are considered through a diverse range of models and case studies. Fresh conceptual insights are provided and new light is shed on the policy implications and practical ramifications of establishing effective community engagement in efforts to combat climate change locally.This book will prove a stimulating read for academic researchers in the fields of climate change science, local and national level policy analysis and governance research. Local authorities, development agencies and policymakers seeking to understand and to influence the behaviours and practices of 'energy consumers' and the communities in which they live will also find much to inspire them.

The Political Economy of Low Carbon Transformation

Author : Harold Wilhite
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1317596374
Total Pages : 136 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (175 download)

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Book Synopsis The Political Economy of Low Carbon Transformation by : Harold Wilhite

Download or read book The Political Economy of Low Carbon Transformation written by Harold Wilhite and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2016-03-10 with total page 136 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Deep reductions in energy use and carbon emissions will not be possible within political economies that are driven by the capitalist imperatives of growth, commodification and individualization. As such, it has now become necessary to understand the relationship between capitalism and the emergence of high energy habits. Using the examples of home energy, transport and food, The Political Economy of Low Carbon Transformation articulates the relationship between the politics of economic expansion and the formation of high-energy habits at the level of family and household. The book elaborates a theory of habit and how it can contribute to this relationship. It critiques mainstream green economy and green energy prescriptions for low carbon transformation that take economic growth for granted and ignore habits formed in a material world designed and built for high energy use. The book explores the growing number of communities around the world that are engaged in collaborative efforts to reform their community and household habits in ways that are less environmentally intrusive. It assesses their potential to make an impact on national and urban low carbon political agendas. The book is aimed at a large and growing interdisciplinary audience interested in the relationship between political economy, consumption and sustainability.

The Political Economy of the Low-Carbon Transition

Author : Peadar Kirby
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 3319625543
Total Pages : 303 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (196 download)

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Book Synopsis The Political Economy of the Low-Carbon Transition by : Peadar Kirby

Download or read book The Political Economy of the Low-Carbon Transition written by Peadar Kirby and published by Springer. This book was released on 2017-10-26 with total page 303 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book addresses the global need to transition to a low-carbon society and economy by 2050. The authors interrogate the dominant frames used for understanding this challenge and the predominant policy approaches for achieving it. Highlighting the techno-optimism that informs our current understanding and policy options, Kirby and O’Mahony draw on the lessons of international development to situate the transition within a political economy framework. Assisted by thinking on future scenarios, they critically examine the range of pathways being implemented by both developed and developing countries, identifying the prevailing forms of climate capitalism led by technology. Based on evidence that this is inadequate to achieve a low-carbon and sustainable society, the authors identify an alternative approach. This advance emerges from community initiatives, discussions on postcapitalism and debates about wellbeing and degrowth. The re-positioning of society and environment at the core of development can be labelled “ecosocialism” – a concept which must be tempered against the conditions created by Trumpism and Brexit.

China's Sustainability Transitions

Author : Ali Cheshmehzangi
Publisher : Springer Nature
ISBN 13 : 9811626219
Total Pages : 215 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (116 download)

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Book Synopsis China's Sustainability Transitions by : Ali Cheshmehzangi

Download or read book China's Sustainability Transitions written by Ali Cheshmehzangi and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2021-05-26 with total page 215 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book considers the impact of global climate change, advocating to promote sustainable development from the perspective of low carbon and climate resilience, by reducing carbon emissions in different aspects of urban and regional development. As the world's largest emitter of carbon dioxide, China is continuously exploring a sustainable path to achieve the momentous goal of 2060 carbon neutrality. In addition, this book reviews and summarizes China's green development and predicts the transformation of China's carbon emission and energy structure before and after the peak of carbon emission in 2030. It examines the role of governance in decarbonization efforts, focusing on decision making processes, policies and regulations, as well as the significance of regions, cities, and communities. This book highlights typical methods of implementing and achieving low carbon development in light of China's practical situation, which helps to resolve some of the problems that may arise in achieving the carbon neutral goal. Therefore, this book is suitable for the reference of scholars in low-carbon environment science, sustainable urban development, and other related fields. It also provides inspiration for China's medium and long-term sustainable development plans in the future.

America's Climate Choices

Author : National Research Council
Publisher : National Academies Press
ISBN 13 : 0309145856
Total Pages : 134 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (91 download)

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Book Synopsis America's Climate Choices by : National Research Council

Download or read book America's Climate Choices written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2011-06-11 with total page 134 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Climate change is occurring. It is very likely caused by the emission of greenhouse gases from human activities, and poses significant risks for a range of human and natural systems. And these emissions continue to increase, which will result in further change and greater risks. America's Climate Choices makes the case that the environmental, economic, and humanitarian risks posed by climate change indicate a pressing need for substantial action now to limit the magnitude of climate change and to prepare for adapting to its impacts. Although there is some uncertainty about future risk, acting now will reduce the risks posed by climate change and the pressure to make larger, more rapid, and potentially more expensive reductions later. Most actions taken to reduce vulnerability to climate change impacts are common sense investments that will offer protection against natural climate variations and extreme events. In addition, crucial investment decisions made now about equipment and infrastructure can "lock in" commitments to greenhouse gas emissions for decades to come. Finally, while it may be possible to scale back or reverse many responses to climate change, it is difficult or impossible to "undo" climate change, once manifested. Current efforts of local, state, and private-sector actors are important, but not likely to yield progress comparable to what could be achieved with the addition of strong federal policies that establish coherent national goals and incentives, and that promote strong U.S. engagement in international-level response efforts. The inherent complexities and uncertainties of climate change are best met by applying an iterative risk management framework and making efforts to significantly reduce greenhouse gas emissions; prepare for adapting to impacts; invest in scientific research, technology development, and information systems; and facilitate engagement between scientific and technical experts and the many types of stakeholders making America's climate choices.