Sacred Symbols of the Dogon

Download Sacred Symbols of the Dogon PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Simon and Schuster
ISBN 13 : 1594777535
Total Pages : 237 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (947 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Sacred Symbols of the Dogon by : Laird Scranton

Download or read book Sacred Symbols of the Dogon written by Laird Scranton and published by Simon and Schuster. This book was released on 2007-10-12 with total page 237 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Dogon cosmology provides a new Rosetta stone for reinterpreting Egyptian hieroglyphs • Provides a new understanding of Egyptian hieroglyphs as scientific symbols based on Dogon cosmological drawings • Use parallels between Dogon and Egyptian word meanings to identify relationships between Dogon myths and modern science In The Science of the Dogon, Laird Scranton demonstrated that the cosmological structure described in the myths and drawings of the Dogon runs parallel to modern science--atomic theory, quantum theory, and string theory--their drawings often taking the same form as accurate scientific diagrams that relate to the formation of matter. Scranton also pointed to the close resemblance between the keywords and component elements of Dogon cosmology and those of ancient Egypt, and the implication that ancient cosmology may also be about actual science. Sacred Symbols of the Dogon uses these parallels as the starting point for a new interpretation of the Egyptian hieroglyphic language. By substituting Dogon cosmological drawings for equivalent glyph-shapes in Egyptian words, a new way of reading and interpreting the Egyptian hieroglyphs emerges. Scranton shows how each hieroglyph constitutes an entire concept, and that their meanings are scientific in nature. Using the Dogon symbols as a “Rosetta stone,” he reveals references within the ancient Egyptian language that define the full range of scientific components of matter: from massless waves to the completed atom, even suggesting direct correlations to a fully realized unified field theory.

The Science of the Dogon

Download The Science of the Dogon PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Simon and Schuster
ISBN 13 : 1594777780
Total Pages : 252 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (947 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis The Science of the Dogon by : Laird Scranton

Download or read book The Science of the Dogon written by Laird Scranton and published by Simon and Schuster. This book was released on 2006-09-22 with total page 252 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A look at the close resemblance between the creation and structure of matter in both Dogon mythology and modern science • Reveals striking similarities between Dogon symbols and those used in both the Egyptian and Hebrew religions • Demonstrates the parallels between Dogon mythical narratives and scientific concepts from atomic theory to quantum theory and string theory The Dogon people of Mali, West Africa, are famous for their unique art and advanced cosmology. The Dogon’s creation story describes how the one true god, Amma, created all the matter of the universe. Interestingly, the myths that depict his creative efforts bear a striking resemblance to the modern scientific definitions of matter, beginning with the atom and continuing all the way to the vibrating threads of string theory. Furthermore, many of the Dogon words, symbols, and rituals used to describe the structure of matter are quite similar to those found in the myths of ancient Egypt and in the daily rituals of Judaism. For example, the modern scientific depiction of the informed universe as a black hole is identical to Amma’s Egg of the Dogon and the Egyptian Benben Stone. The Science of the Dogon offers a case-by-case comparison of Dogon descriptions and drawings to corresponding scientific definitions and diagrams from authors like Stephen Hawking and Brian Greene, then extends this analysis to the counterparts of these symbols in both the ancient Egyptian and Hebrew religions. What is ultimately revealed is the scientific basis for the language of the Egyptian hieroglyphs, which was deliberately encoded to prevent the knowledge of these concepts from falling into the hands of all but the highest members of the Egyptian priesthood. The Science of the Dogon also offers compelling new interpretations for many of the most familiar Egyptian symbols, such as the pyramid and the scarab, and presents new explanations for the origins of religiously charged words such as Jehovah and Satan.

Art of the Dogon

Download Art of the Dogon PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Metropolitan Museum of Art
ISBN 13 : 0810918749
Total Pages : 118 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (19 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Art of the Dogon by : Kate Ezra

Download or read book Art of the Dogon written by Kate Ezra and published by Metropolitan Museum of Art. This book was released on 1988 with total page 118 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

The Sirius Mystery

Download The Sirius Mystery PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Random House
ISBN 13 : 0099257440
Total Pages : 726 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (992 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis The Sirius Mystery by : Robert Temple

Download or read book The Sirius Mystery written by Robert Temple and published by Random House. This book was released on 1999 with total page 726 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The most academically credible case for alien visitation. Is the existance of civilisation on earth the result of contact from inhabitants of a planet in the system of the star Sirius prior to 3000BC? There are tribal cultures in present-day Africa whose most sacred and secret and traditions are based on this theory. Central to their cosmology is a body of knowledge concerning the system of the star Sirius that is astounding it in its accuracy of detail, including specific information only recently accessible to modern science. Robert Temple traces the traditions of the Dogon and three related tribes back 5, 000 years to the ancient Mediterranean cultures of Sumer and Egypt. He shows a knowledge dependent on physics and astrophysics, which they claimed was imported to them by visitors from Sirius.

Those We Throw Away Are Diamonds

Download Those We Throw Away Are Diamonds PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Penguin
ISBN 13 : 1984881302
Total Pages : 337 pages
Book Rating : 4.9/5 (848 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Those We Throw Away Are Diamonds by : Mondiant Dogon

Download or read book Those We Throw Away Are Diamonds written by Mondiant Dogon and published by Penguin. This book was released on 2022-10-11 with total page 337 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A New York Times Book Review Editors' Choice • Named a Best Nonfiction Book of 2021 by Kirkus • A New York Times Book Review Paperback Row Selection A stunning and heartbreaking lens on the global refugee crisis, from a man who faced the very worst of humanity and survived to advocate for displaced people around the world One day when Mondiant Dogon, a Bagogwe Tutsi born in the Democratic Republic of Congo, was only three years old, his father’s lifelong friend, a Hutu man, came to their home with a machete in his hand and warned the family they were to be killed within hours. Dogon’s family fled into the forest, initiating a long and dangerous journey into Rwanda. They made their way to the first of several UN tent cities in which they would spend decades. But their search for a safe haven had just begun. Hideous violence stalked them in the camps. Even though Rwanda famously has a former refugee for a president in Paul Kagame, refugees in that country face enormous prejudice and acute want. For much of his life, Dogon and his family ate barely enough to keep themselves from starving. He fled back to Congo in search of the better life that had been lost, but there he was imprisoned and left without any option but to become a child soldier. For most refugees, the camp starts as an oasis but soon becomes quicksand, impossible to leave. Yet Dogon managed to be one of the few refugees he knew to go to college. Though he hid his status from his fellow students out of shame, eventually he would emerge as an advocate for his people. Rarely do refugees get to tell their own stories. We see them only for a moment, if at all, in flight: Syrians winding through the desert; children searching a Greek shore for their parents; families gathered at the southern border of the United States. But through his writing, Dogon took control of his own narrative and spoke up for forever refugees everywhere. As Dogon once wrote in a poem, “Those we throw away are diamonds.”

The Cosmological Origins of Myth and Symbol

Download The Cosmological Origins of Myth and Symbol PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Simon and Schuster
ISBN 13 : 1594778892
Total Pages : 170 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (947 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis The Cosmological Origins of Myth and Symbol by : Laird Scranton

Download or read book The Cosmological Origins of Myth and Symbol written by Laird Scranton and published by Simon and Schuster. This book was released on 2010-09-24 with total page 170 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Reconstructs a theoretic parent cosmology that underlies ancient religion • Shows how this parent cosmology provided the conceptual origins of written language • Uses techniques of comparative cosmology to synchronize the creation traditions of the Dogon, ancient Egyptians, and ancient Buddhists • Applies the signature elements of this parent cosmology to explore and interpret the creation tradition of a present-day Tibetan/Chinese tribe called the Na-Khi--the keepers of the world’s last surviving hieroglyphic language Great thinkers and researchers such as Carl Jung have acknowledged the many broad similarities that exist between the myths and symbols of ancient cultures. One largely unexplored explanation for these similarities lies in the possibility that these systems of myth all descended from one common cosmological plan. Outlining the most significant aspects of cosmology found among the Dogon, ancient Egyptians, and ancient Buddhists, including the striking physical and cosmological parallels between the Dogon granary and the Buddhist stupa, Laird Scranton identifies the signature attributes of a theoretic ancient parent cosmology--a planned instructional system that may well have spawned these great ancient creation traditions. Examining the esoteric nature of cosmology itself, Scranton shows how this parent cosmology encompassed both a plan for the civilized instruction of humanity as well as the conceptual origins of language. The recurring shapes in all ancient religions were key elements of this plan, designed to give physical manifestation to the sacred and provide the means to conceptualize and compare earthly dimensions with those of the heavens. As a practical application of the plan, Scranton explores the myths and language of an obscure Chinese priestly tribe known as the Na-Khi--the keepers of the world’s last surviving hieroglyphic language. Suggesting that cosmology may have engendered civilization and not the other way around, Scranton reveals how this plan of cosmology provides the missing link between our macroscopic universe and the microscopic world of atoms.

Conversations with Ogotemmêli

Download Conversations with Ogotemmêli PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 262 pages
Book Rating : 4.F/5 ( download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Conversations with Ogotemmêli by : Marcel Griaule

Download or read book Conversations with Ogotemmêli written by Marcel Griaule and published by . This book was released on 1965 with total page 262 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Originally published in 1948 as Dieu d'Eau, this near-classic offers a unique and first-hand account of the myth, religion, and philosophy of the Dogan, A Sudanese people.

The Pale Fox (Paperback) Paperback

Download The Pale Fox (Paperback) Paperback PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Afrikan World Books
ISBN 13 : 9781602810051
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (1 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis The Pale Fox (Paperback) Paperback by : Marcel Griaule

Download or read book The Pale Fox (Paperback) Paperback written by Marcel Griaule and published by Afrikan World Books. This book was released on 1986-12 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Dogon Masks

Download Dogon Masks PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 202 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (11 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Dogon Masks by : Barbara DeMott

Download or read book Dogon Masks written by Barbara DeMott and published by . This book was released on 1988 with total page 202 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

The Mystery of Skara Brae

Download The Mystery of Skara Brae PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Simon and Schuster
ISBN 13 : 1620555743
Total Pages : 263 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (25 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis The Mystery of Skara Brae by : Laird Scranton

Download or read book The Mystery of Skara Brae written by Laird Scranton and published by Simon and Schuster. This book was released on 2016-11-15 with total page 263 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: An investigation of the origins of the Neolithic farming village on Orkney Island • Reveals the striking similarities between Skara Brae and the traditions of pre-dynastic ancient Egypt as preserved by the Dogon people of Mali • Explains how megalithic stone sites near Skara Brae conform to Dogon cosmology • Examines the similarities between Skara Brae and Gobekli Tepe and how Skara Brae may have been a secondary center of learning for the ancient world In 3200 BC, Orkney Island off the coast of Northern Scotland was home to a small farming village called Skara Brae. For reasons unknown, after nearly six centuries of continuous habitation, the village was abandoned around 2600 BC and its stone structures covered over--perhaps deliberately, like the structures at Gobekli Tepe. Although now well-excavated, very little is known about the peaceful people who lived at Skara Brae or their origins. Who were they and where did they go? Drawing on his in-depth knowledge of the connections between the cosmology and linguistics of Egyptian, Dogon, Chinese, and Vedic traditions, Laird Scranton reveals the striking similarities between Skara Brae and the Dogon of Mali, who still practice the same cosmology and traditions they once shared with pre-dynastic Egypt. He shows how the earliest Skara Brae houses match the typical Dogon stone house as well as Schwaller de Lubicz’s intrepretation of the Egyptian Temple of Man at Luxor. He explains how megalithic stone sites near Skara Brae conform to Dogon cosmology, each representing sequential stages of creation as described by Dogon priests, and he details how the houses at Skara Brae also represent a concept of creation. Citing a linguistic phenomenon known as “ultraconserved words,” the author compares words of the Faroese language at Skara Brae, a language with no known origin, with important cosmological words from Dogon and ancient Egyptian traditions, finding obvious connections and similarities. Scranton shows how the cultivated field alongside the village of Skara Brae corresponds to the “heavenly field” symbolism pervasive throughout many ancient cultures, such as the Field of Reeds of the ancient Egyptians and the Elysian Fields of ancient Greece. He demonstrates how Greek and Egyptian geographic descriptions of these fields are a consistent match with Orkney Island. Examining the similarities between Skara Brae and Gobekli Tepe, Scranton reveals that Skara Brae may have been a secondary center of initiation and civilizing knowledge, a long-lost Egyptian mystery school set up millennia after Gobekli Tepe was ritually buried, and given the timing of the site, is possibly the source of the first pharaohs and priests of ancient Egypt.

Primal Wisdom of the Ancients

Download Primal Wisdom of the Ancients PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Simon and Schuster
ISBN 13 : 1644110296
Total Pages : 254 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (441 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Primal Wisdom of the Ancients by : Laird Scranton

Download or read book Primal Wisdom of the Ancients written by Laird Scranton and published by Simon and Schuster. This book was released on 2020-07-07 with total page 254 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Examines how the similarities of symbols and wisdom across many cultures point to an ancient civilizing plan and system of ancient instruction • Reveals the shared cosmological knowledge of Dogon and Maori cultures, ancient Egypt, Gobekli Tepe, Vedic India, the pre-Indian Sakti civilization, Buddhism, the Tibetan Bon religion, and the kabbalistic tradition of the Hebrews • Explores symbols and techniques used to frame and preserve instructed knowledge as it was transmitted orally from generation to generation • Explains how this shared ancient knowledge relates to the precessional year and the cycles of time known as the yugas Exploring the mystery of why so many ancient cultures, separated by time and distance, share remarkably similar cosmological philosophies and religious symbolism, Laird Scranton reveals how this shared creation tradition upholds the idea that ancient instruction gave birth to the great civilizations, each of which preserves fragments of the original knowledge. Looking at the many manifestations of this shared cosmological knowledge, including in the Dogon and Maori cultures and in ancient Egypt, Gobekli Tepe, Vedic India, Buddhism, the Tibetan Bon religion, and the kabbalistic tradition of the Hebrews, Scranton explores the thought processes that went into formulating the archetype themes and metaphors of the ancient symbolic system. He examines how commonly shared principles of creational science are reflected in key terms of the ancient languages. He discusses how the primal cosmology also transmitted key components of sacred science, such as sacred geometry, knowledge of material creation, and the nature of a nonmaterial universe--evidence for which lies in the orientation of ancient temples, the drama of initiations and rituals, and countless traditional myths. He analyzes how this shared knowledge relates to the precessional year and the cycles of time known as the yugas. He also explores evidence of the concept of a nonmaterial twin universe to our own--the “above” to our “below” in the famous alchemical and hermetic maxim. Through his extensive research into the interconnected wisdom of the ancients, Scranton shows that the forgotten instructional tradition at the source of this knowledge was deliberately encoded to survive for countless generations. By piecing it back together, we can discover the ancient plan for guiding humanity forward toward greater enlightenment.

Beyond Words

Download Beyond Words PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : University of Chicago Press
ISBN 13 : 0226023524
Total Pages : 184 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (26 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Beyond Words by : Andrew Apter

Download or read book Beyond Words written by Andrew Apter and published by University of Chicago Press. This book was released on 2007-07 with total page 184 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Even within anthropology, a discipline that strives to overcome misrepresentations of peoples and cultures, colonialist depictions of the so-called Dark Continent run deep. The grand narratives, tribal tropes, distorted images, and “natural” histories that forged the foundations of discourse about Africa remain firmly entrenched. In Beyond Words, Andrew Apter explores how anthropology can come to terms with the “colonial library” and begin to develop an ethnographic practice that transcends the politics of Africa’s imperial past. The way out of the colonial library, Apter argues, is by listening to critical discourses in Africa that reframe the social and political contexts in which they are embedded. Apter develops a model of critical agency, focusing on a variety of language genres in Africa situated in rituals that transform sociopolitical relations by self-consciously deploying the power of language itself. To break the cycle of Western illusions in discursive constructions of Africa, he shows, we must listen to African voices in ways that are culturally and locally informed. In doing so, Apter brings forth what promises to be a powerful and influential theory in contemporary anthropology.

Point of Origin

Download Point of Origin PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Simon and Schuster
ISBN 13 : 1620554453
Total Pages : 187 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (25 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Point of Origin by : Laird Scranton

Download or read book Point of Origin written by Laird Scranton and published by Simon and Schuster. This book was released on 2015-02-22 with total page 187 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Reveals Gobekli Tepe as a center of civilizing knowledge for the ancient world • Details how symbolic elements at Gobekli Tepe link a pre-Vedic cult in India to cosmological myths and traditions in Africa, Egypt, Tibet, and China • Discusses how carved animal images at Gobekli Tepe relate to stages of creation and provide an archaic foundation for symbolic written language • Defines how classical elements of ancient Egyptian myth and religion characterize an archaic cosmological tradition that links ancestrally back to Gobekli Tepe How could multiple ancient cultures, spanning both years and geography, have strikingly similar creation myths and cosmologies? Why do the Dogon of Africa and the civilizations of ancient Egypt, India, Tibet, and China share sacred words and symbols? Revealing the existence of a long-forgotten primal culture and the world’s first center of higher learning, Laird Scranton shows how the sophisticated complex at Gobekli Tepe in Turkey is the definitive point of origin from which all the great civilizations of the past inherited their cosmology, esoteric teachings, and civilizing skills, such as agriculture, metallurgy, and stone masonry, fully developed. Scranton explains how the carved images on Gobekli Tepe’s stone pillars were the precursors to the sacred symbols of the Dogon, Egyptians, Tibetans, and Chinese as well as the matriarchal Sakti cult of ancient Iran and India. He identifies Gobekli Tepe as a remote mountain sanctuary of higher knowledge alluded to in Sakti myth, named like an important temple in Egypt, and defined in ancient Buddhist tradition as Vulture Peak. Scranton reveals how Gobekli Tepe’s enigmatic “H” carvings and animal symbolism, symbolic of stages of creation, was presented as a kind of prototype of written language accessible to the hunter-gathers who inhabited the region. He shows how the myths and deities of many ancient cultures are connected linguistically, extending even to the name of Gobekli Tepe and the Egyptian concept of Zep Tepi, the mythical age of the “First Time.” Identifying Gobekli Tepe not only as the first university but also as the first temple, perhaps built as a civilizing exercise, Scranton definitively places this enigmatic archaeological site at the point of origin of civilization, religion, and ancient science.

Affrilachia

Download Affrilachia PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Old Cove Press
ISBN 13 : 9780967542409
Total Pages : 136 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (424 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Affrilachia by : Frank X. Walker

Download or read book Affrilachia written by Frank X. Walker and published by Old Cove Press. This book was released on 2000 with total page 136 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Collects poems about the African American experience in such rural areas as the Appalachian region.

The Trickster in West Africa

Download The Trickster in West Africa PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Univ of California Press
ISBN 13 : 9780520067912
Total Pages : 334 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (679 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis The Trickster in West Africa by : Robert D. Pelton

Download or read book The Trickster in West Africa written by Robert D. Pelton and published by Univ of California Press. This book was released on 1989-09-21 with total page 334 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The trickster appears in the myths and folktales of nearly every traditional society. Robert Pelton examines Ashanti, Fon, Yoruba, and Dogon trickster-figures in their social and mythical contexts and in light of contemporary thought, exploring the way the trickster links animality and ritual transformation; culture, sex, and laughter; cosmic process and personal history; divination and social change.

Forbidden Science

Download Forbidden Science PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Simon and Schuster
ISBN 13 : 1591439973
Total Pages : 350 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (914 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Forbidden Science by : J. Douglas Kenyon

Download or read book Forbidden Science written by J. Douglas Kenyon and published by Simon and Schuster. This book was released on 2008-02-11 with total page 350 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Reveals the cutting edge of New Science and shows how established science disallows inquiry that challenges the status quo--even when it produces verifiable results • Contains 43 essays by 19 researchers denoting cutting-edge, heretical, or suppressed scientific research, including Immanuel Velikovsky, Nikola Tesla, Rupert Sheldrake, and Masaru Emoto • Edited by Atlantis Rising publisher, J. Douglas Kenyon Following the model of his bestselling Forbidden History and Forbidden Religion, J. Douglas Kenyon has assembled from his bimonthly journal, Atlantis Rising, material that explores science and technology that has been suppressed by the orthodox scientific community--from the true function of the Great Pyramid and the megaliths at Nabta Playa to Immanuel Velikovsky’s astronomical insights, free energy from space, cold fusion, and Rupert Sheldrake’s research into telepathy and ESP. There is an organized war going on in science between materialistic theory and anything that could be termed spiritual or metaphysical. For example, Masaru Emoto’s research into the energetics of water, although supported by photographic evidence, has been scoffed at by mainstream science because he has asserted that humans affect their surroundings with their thoughts. The materialism or absolute skepticism of the scientific establishment is detrimental to any scientific inquiry that thinks outside the box. This mentality is interested in preserving funding for its own projects, those that will not rock the establishment. From Tesla’s discovery of alternating current to Robert Schoch’s re-dating of the Sphinx, this book serves as a compelling introduction to the true history of alternative and New Science research.

Sirius

Download Sirius PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 038748941X
Total Pages : 263 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (874 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Sirius by : Jay B. Holberg

Download or read book Sirius written by Jay B. Holberg and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2007-02-22 with total page 263 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book tells two stories. The first and most obvious is why the star known as Sirius has been regarded as an important fixture of the night sky by many civilizations and cultures since the beginnings of history. A second, but related, narrative is the prominent part that Sirius has played in how we came to achieve our current scientific understanding of the nature and fate of the stars. This is the first book to integrate the cultural history of Sirius with modern astrophysics in a way which provides a realistic view of how science progresses over time.