The Royal Hungarian Army, 1920-1945: Organization and history

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Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9781891227196
Total Pages : 313 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (271 download)

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Book Synopsis The Royal Hungarian Army, 1920-1945: Organization and history by : Leo W. G. Niehorster

Download or read book The Royal Hungarian Army, 1920-1945: Organization and history written by Leo W. G. Niehorster and published by . This book was released on 1998 with total page 313 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

The Royal Hungarian Army 1920-1945

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Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9781891227356
Total Pages : 115 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (273 download)

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Book Synopsis The Royal Hungarian Army 1920-1945 by : Péter Mujzer

Download or read book The Royal Hungarian Army 1920-1945 written by Péter Mujzer and published by . This book was released on 2000 with total page 115 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Magyar Warriors

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Publisher : Helion and Company
ISBN 13 : 1912174499
Total Pages : 405 pages
Book Rating : 4.9/5 (121 download)

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Book Synopsis Magyar Warriors by : Dénes Bernád

Download or read book Magyar Warriors written by Dénes Bernád and published by Helion and Company. This book was released on 2015-02-19 with total page 405 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The first book in the comprehensive, two-volume reference covering all aspects of the Hungarian military from the interwar period through WWII. During the First World War, Hungary lost territories containing sizable Magyar ethnic populations. In the years following the war—and especially in the 1930s—the country attempted to regain portions of these territories through a series of border wars. The corresponding buildup of armed forces, with assistance from Italy and Germany, positioned Hungary as a valuable, if secondary, member of the Axis powers. This comprehensive reference provides a complete picture of the Hungarian armed forces between the years 1919–1945. It starts with a brief history of the Magyars, describes the political situation in Hungary before and during WWII, the building of the armed forces, the growth of domestic arms manufacturers, the organization of the armed forces units, and how they changed during the war. The various campaigns of the war are described in great detail, illustrated with more than 500 photographs, as well as numerous tables and maps.

Magyar Warriors

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Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9781910777923
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (779 download)

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Book Synopsis Magyar Warriors by : Dénes Bernád

Download or read book Magyar Warriors written by Dénes Bernád and published by . This book was released on 2017 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Hungarian armed forces (known as the Honvédség) were built up from the 1920s, their expansion gaining momentum once Hungary became free of the strict post-First World War Trianon treaty limitations in August 1938. Politically, Hungary was looking for a strong ally, who would help it to recover at least some of the territories containing sizable Magyar ethnic populations that had been lost after the First World War. Initially, in the mid-1930s, Italy gave political assistance and supplied military material; then - on the eve of the Second World War - Germany also lent some support. In November 1938, Hungary managed to peacefully recover a chunk of its former territory from Czechoslovakia, followed by the Sub-Carpathian area during a brief border war in March 1939, and then the northern part of Transylvania from Rumania in August 1940. Later, in April 1941, the Bachka region and parts of Baranya were also taken back from the dismembered Yugoslavia, in a swift military action. The rub is that Hungary was sucked into the cauldron of the Eastern Front, and soon the Honvéds (Hungarian soldiers) found themselves deep in Soviet territory, outgunned and outnumbered by the Red Army. Later on, from August 1944, the beleaguered Honvédség had to fight in defense of its own territory. Alongside tiny Croatia, Hungary remained the last German ally up to the bitter end, and paid the price accordingly. This comprehensive reference, to be published in three volumes - the fruit of over twenty years of meticulous research - strives to provide a complete picture of the Hungarian armed forces between the years 1919 and 1945. Volume 1 (published in 2015) presents a brief history of the Magyars up until the end of the Second World War, as well as the building of the armed forces, and details the armored formations and their equipment. Volume 2 covers in great details the activity of the air force (Chapter 4), the river flotilla (Chapter 5), as well as the combat operations of the Honvédség (Chapter 6). The final volume will contain type sheets of every weapon and vehicle used by the Army, as well as all aircraft types in service with the Air Force. The discussed topics are described in great details, and illustrated with over 500 photographs, several maps and many tables.

The Royal Hungarian Armed Forces 1919-1945

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Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9789463380386
Total Pages : 352 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (83 download)

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Book Synopsis The Royal Hungarian Armed Forces 1919-1945 by : Andris J. Kursietis

Download or read book The Royal Hungarian Armed Forces 1919-1945 written by Andris J. Kursietis and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page 352 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In het westen is relatief weinig bekend over het Hongaarse leger. Maar als onderdeel van het keizerlijke en koninklijke leger van de Habsburgers was de Honved reeds een fenomeen. Een van de vleugeladjudanten van de keizer was ook altijd een Hongaar. Met veel gevoel voor traditie maakten de strijdkrachten onderdeel uit van het volk. Na de Eerste Wereldoorlog werd het Hongaarse leger meegezogen in de Tweede Wereldoorlog. Bij Stalingrad betaalden de Honved net als het Duitse leger een groot bloedoffer. Tot het najaar van 1944 streed het leger mee aan Duitse zijde. Militair-kenner Kursietis brengt de belangrijkste eenheden en commandanten tot leven.

Magyar Warriors. Volume 1

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Publisher : Helion
ISBN 13 : 9781912174164
Total Pages : pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (741 download)

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Book Synopsis Magyar Warriors. Volume 1 by : Denes Bernad

Download or read book Magyar Warriors. Volume 1 written by Denes Bernad and published by Helion. This book was released on 2018-02-19 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Hungarian armed forces (known as the Honv�ds�g) were built up in the 1930s, their expansion gaining momentum once Hungary became free of the strict post-WWI Trianon treaty limitations in August 1938. Politically, Hungary was looking for a strong ally, who would help it to recover at least some of the territories containing sizable Magyar ethnic populations that had been lost after the First World War. Initially, in the mid-1930s, Italy gave political assistance and supplied military material, then - on the eve of WWII - Germany also lent support.In November 1938, Hungary managed to peacefully recover a chunk of its former territory from Czechoslovakia, followed by the Sub-Carpathian area during a brief border war in March 1939, then the northern part of Transylvania from Rumania in August 1940. Later, in April 1941, the Bachka region and parts of Baranya were also taken back from the dismembered Yugoslavia, in a swift military action. The rub was that Hungary was sucked into the cauldron of the Eastern front, and soon the Honv�ds (Hungarian soldiers) found themselves deep in Soviet territory, outgunned and outnumbered by the Red Army. Later on, from August 1944, the beleaguered Honv�ds�g had to fight against the mighty Soviet army in defense of its own territory. Alongside tiny Croatia, Hungary remained the last German ally up to the bitter end.This comprehensive reference, to be published in two volumes, and the fruit of over twenty years of meticulous research, strives to provide a complete picture of the Hungarian armed forces between the years 1919-1945. It starts with a brief history of the Magyars, describes the political situation in Hungary before and during WWII, the building of the armed forces, the growth of domestic arms manufacturers, the organization of the armed forces units and how they changed during the war. The various campaigns of the war are described in great detail, illustrated with many photographs and maps.This, the first volume, contains approximately 550 photographs, many previously unpublished, as well as numerous tables and maps of the various campaigns. The authors drew on official Hungarian and German archives, and a multitude of private sources, both from individuals living in Hungary and Hungarian �migr�s from the Western Diaspora. The result of this Herculean effort is a two-volume series destined to be the reference work on the topic, a must for people fascinated by military history, or generally interested in the 1100-year-long rich history of Hungary and its Magyar Warriors. Volume 2, to be published in 2011, will cover all small arms, artillery, soft-skin and armored vehicles, motorcycles, as well as aircraft, the insignia, markings and camouflage of armored vehicles and aircraft, both of Hungarian indigenous design and those supplied by Germany and Italy, complete with technical data, production and delivery figures. An extensive selection of b/w photographs and color plates will be included.

Magyar Warriors Vol 2

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Publisher : Helion
ISBN 13 : 9781804513798
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (137 download)

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Book Synopsis Magyar Warriors Vol 2 by : Dénes Bernád

Download or read book Magyar Warriors Vol 2 written by Dénes Bernád and published by Helion. This book was released on 2023-08-30 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Hungarian armed forces (known as the Honvédség) were built up from the 1920s, their expansion gaining momentum once Hungary became free of the strict post-First World War Trianon treaty limitations in August 1938. Politically, Hungary was looking for a strong ally, who would help it to recover at least some of the territories containing sizeable Magyar ethnic populations that had been lost after the First World War. Initially, in the mid-1930s, Italy gave political assistance and supplied military materiel; then - on the eve of the Second World War - Germany also lent some support. In November 1938, Hungary managed to peacefully recover a chunk of its former territory from Czechoslovakia, followed by the Sub-Carpathian area during a brief border war in March 1939, and then the northern part of Transylvania from Rumania in August 1940. Later, in April 1941, the Bachka region and parts of Baranya were also taken back from the dismembered Yugoslavia, in a swift military action. The rub is that Hungary was sucked into the cauldron of the Eastern Front, and soon the Honvéds (Hungarian soldiers) found themselves deep in Soviet territory, outgunned and outnumbered by the Red Army. Later on, from August 1944, the beleaguered Honvédség had to fight in defense of its own territory. Alongside tiny Croatia, Hungary remained the last German ally up to the bitter end, and paid the price accordingly. This comprehensive reference, to be published in three volumes - the fruit of over twenty years of meticulous research - strives to provide a complete picture of the Hungarian armed forces between the years 1919 and 1945. Volume 1 (published in 2015) presents a brief history of the Magyars up until the end of the Second World War, as well as the building of the armed forces, and details the armored formations and their equipment. Volume 2 covers in great details the activity of the air force (Chapter 4), the river flotilla (Chapter 5), as well as the combat operations of the Honvédség (Chapter 6). The final volume will contain type sheets of every weapon and vehicle used by the Army, as well as all aircraft types in service with the Air Force. The discussed topics are described in great details, and illustrated with over 500 photographs, several maps and many tables.

The Royal Hungarian Army in World War II

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Publisher : Osprey Publishing
ISBN 13 : 9781846033247
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (332 download)

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Book Synopsis The Royal Hungarian Army in World War II by : Nigel Thomas

Download or read book The Royal Hungarian Army in World War II written by Nigel Thomas and published by Osprey Publishing. This book was released on 2008-10-21 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Royal Hungarian Army was Germany's largest ally on the Eastern Front during World War II (1939-1945), providing a vital contribution in terms of both men and equipment. Information about the Hungarian Army in English is rare, and in this book co-authors Nigel Thomas and Hungarian expert Laszlo Szabo fill in the gaps about an important German ally. Deployed in Ukraine at the beginning of the war, the Hungarian Army were involved in a number of brutal encounters with the Red Army, including stubborn resistance in Transylvania in the summer of 1944 and the brave defence of Budapest in the face of overwhelming odds. The Hungarian Army was a varied and colorful force, ranging from mountain troops and tank units to horse cavalry and specialist infantry. All of these are illustrated in full color artwork, and the text is full of details about the Hungarian Army's own, quite distinct uniforms and insignia as well as many of its own weapons and tanks. With so little of this information readily available outside of Hungary, this is an essential starter resource for war gamers, modelers, re-enactors and military historians.

Of Fire, Iron and Blood

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Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9781513615714
Total Pages : 200 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (157 download)

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Book Synopsis Of Fire, Iron and Blood by : Victor A. Falk

Download or read book Of Fire, Iron and Blood written by Victor A. Falk and published by . This book was released on 2016-10-01 with total page 200 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Hungarian Armored Forces in World War II

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Publisher : Photosniper
ISBN 13 : 9788365437655
Total Pages : 112 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (376 download)

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Book Synopsis Hungarian Armored Forces in World War II by : Peter Mujzer

Download or read book Hungarian Armored Forces in World War II written by Peter Mujzer and published by Photosniper. This book was released on 2018-01-23 with total page 112 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Since 1699, Hungary was part of the Austrian Empire, ruled by the Habsburg dynasty. In 1848/49, the Hungarians staged an uprising seeking their independence, and although the attempt was crushed by the Austrians, it resulted with Hungary being granted equal status with Austria in 1867. The empire became the dual monarchy of Austria and Hungary, and was known as the kaiserliche und königliche (k. und k.) Monarchy. The kaiserliche part referred to the Imperial throne of Austria, while the königliche part referred to the Royal throne of Hungary. At the end of the First World War, Hungary, as a member of the k. und k. Monarchy, ended up on the losing side. Her army disintegrated and her armaments were either taken over or destroyed by the victorious Allied nations. In the autumn of 1919, after the failure of a short-lived Soviet-style republic, a new Hungarian National Army was organized under French supervision. This army was led by a former k. und k. admiral, the highest-ranking native Hungarian military officer, Admiral Miklós Horthy, who later (in 1920) became Regent of Hungary, ruling in place of the deposed Habsburgs. Hungary never officially renounced its status as a monarchy, and the nation effectively remained a monarchy without a king until the end of the Second World War. After WWI, Hungary was in a very critical situation. In 1920 the Allied Powers gave the Hungarian delegation their conditions for peace. This agreement, the Treaty of Trianon, was very similar to the one already imposed on Germany at Versailles. The peace conditions for Hungary reduced the area of the country from 282,000 square kilometres to 93,000 square kilometres and the population from 18 million to 9.5 million. Thus 3,263,000 Hungarians became citizens of foreign countries under hostile administrations. The provisions of the Treaty of Trianon reduced Hungary's 1914 industrial base by about 80%. The Treaty of Trianon was a huge shock for the whole society. The Treaty has left a never ending scar on the Hungarian national consciousness. Everybody was affected, at least emotionally, by the harsh conditions of the Treaty. Hungary had lost his imperial status and was reduced to a small country surrounded by hostile states.

Hungarian Soldier vs Soviet Soldier

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Publisher : Bloomsbury Publishing
ISBN 13 : 1472845633
Total Pages : 81 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (728 download)

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Book Synopsis Hungarian Soldier vs Soviet Soldier by : Péter Mujzer

Download or read book Hungarian Soldier vs Soviet Soldier written by Péter Mujzer and published by Bloomsbury Publishing. This book was released on 2021-07-22 with total page 81 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: On 26 June 1941, unidentified bombers attacked the Hungarian town of Kassa, prompting Hungary to join its Axis partners in Operation Barbarossa, Hitler's invasion of the Soviet Union. Hungary's contribution to Barbarossa was designated the Carpathian Group, its most powerful component being the Mobile Corps, which fielded motorized rifle, cavalry, bicycle and light armoured troops. The Hungarians faced Soviet forces belonging to the Kiev Military District, deployed in four armies along a 940km-long front. On the defeated side in World War I, Hungary had seen its borders redrawn and its armed forces constrained by treaty, but was determined to recover territories lost to adjoining countries. When Hungary decided to participate in Operation Barbarossa, however, the Royal Hungarian Army was deployed in the Soviet Union and not against its neighbours. Meanwhile, the Red Army, while remaining among the most formidable armies of the era, had been seriously weakened by successive purges, its shortcomings exposed by the Winter War against Finland in 1939–40. During the opening battles (4–13 July), the Hungarian motorized rifle and armoured units clashed with the withdrawing Red Army forces. In the battle for Uman (15 July–8 August) the Hungarians blocked the Soviet troops' efforts to break out from encirclement. During the Hungarian defensive operation at the River Dniepr (30 August–6 October), counter-attacking Soviet units exerted heavy pressure on the defending Hungarians. Both sides would seek to draw lessons from these opening battles as the war in the East continued to rage into 1942. Fully illustrated, this book investigates the Hungarian and Soviet soldiers who fought in three battles of the Barbarossa campaign, casting new light on the role played by the forces of Nazi Germany's allies on the Eastern Front.

The Death of Hitler's War Machine

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Publisher : Regnery History
ISBN 13 : 1684511380
Total Pages : 386 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (845 download)

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Book Synopsis The Death of Hitler's War Machine by : Samuel W. Mitcham

Download or read book The Death of Hitler's War Machine written by Samuel W. Mitcham and published by Regnery History. This book was released on 2021-02-02 with total page 386 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: It was the endgame for Hitler's Reich. In the winter of 1944–45, Germany staked everything on its surprise campaign in the Ardennes, the “Battle of the Bulge.” But when American and Allied forces recovered from their initial shock, the German forces were left fighting for their very survival—especially on the Eastern Front, where the Soviet army was intent on matching, or even surpassing, Nazi atrocities. At the mercy of the Fuehrer, who refused to acknowledge reality and forbade German retreats, the Wehrmacht was slowly annihilated in horrific battles that have rarely been adequately covered in histories of the Second World War—especially the brutal Soviet siege of Budapest, which became known as the “Stalingrad of the Waffen-SS.” Capping a career that has produced more than forty books, Dr. Samuel W. Mitcham now tells the extraordinary tale of how Hitler’s once-dreaded war machine came to a cataclysmic end, from the Battle of the Bulge in December 1944 to the German surrender in May 1945. Making use of German wartime papers and memoirs—some rarely seen in English-language sources—Mitcham’s sweeping narrative deserves a place on the shelf of every student of World War II.

The Forts and Fortifications of Europe 1815-1945: The Central States

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Publisher : Pen and Sword
ISBN 13 : 1848848064
Total Pages : 271 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (488 download)

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Book Synopsis The Forts and Fortifications of Europe 1815-1945: The Central States by : J.E. Kaufmann

Download or read book The Forts and Fortifications of Europe 1815-1945: The Central States written by J.E. Kaufmann and published by Pen and Sword. This book was released on 2014-07-02 with total page 271 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: After the Napoleonic Wars the borders of Central Europe were redrawn and relative peace endured across the region, but the volatile politics of the late nineteenth century generated an atmosphere of fear and distrust, and it gave rise to a new era of fortress building, and this is the subject of this highly illustrated new study. The authors describe how defensive lines and structures on a massive scale were constructed along national frontiers to deter aggression. The Germans, Austro-Hungarians and Czechs all embarked on ambitious building programmes. Artillery positions, barbed-wire networks, casemates, concrete bunkers, trench lines, observation posts all sprang up in a vain attempt to keep the peace and to delay the invader. The strategic thinking that gave rise to these defensive schemes is described in detail in this study, as is the planning, design and construction of the lines themselves. Their operational history in wartime, in particular during the Second World War, is a key element of the account.

Broken Wings

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Publisher : Indiana University Press
ISBN 13 : 0253023394
Total Pages : 349 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (53 download)

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Book Synopsis Broken Wings by : Stephen L. Renner

Download or read book Broken Wings written by Stephen L. Renner and published by Indiana University Press. This book was released on 2016-11-14 with total page 349 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This “outstanding piece of research” on Hungary’s secret air force program “fills a critical gap in our understanding” of pre-WWII military advancement (John H. Morrow Jr., author of The Great War). In the aftermath of World War I, Hungary was officially banned from maintaining a military air service. Despite this mandate, however, the embattled nation was determined to rearm itself. Drawing upon a wealth of previously untranslated documents, this fascinating history reveals the story of how Hungary secretly built an entire air force during the interwar years. In the early 1920s, Hungarian officials managed to evade and obstruct Allied inspectors at every turn. Unable to pursue domestic manufacturing, the clandestine rearmament program secretly bought planes from Italy and Germany. Great efforts were made to stockpile equipment from the Great War, and the Hungarian government promoted the development of commercial aviation—partly as a front for military flight operations. During the late 1930s, the Hungarian air force went from a secret branch of the army to an independent modernizing force in its own right. But this success came at a heavy cost: increasing German support brought a growing Nazi influence over the country. Hungary entered the Second World War on the side of the Axis in 1941, with its air force soon becoming little more than a Luftwaffe auxiliary force. Besieged by Allied bombings, the Hungarian air force ended the Second World War much as they had the First—salvaging aircraft parts from downed invaders and fighting until they no longer had airfields from which to operate.

From the Realm of a Dying Sun

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Publisher : Casemate
ISBN 13 : 1612009573
Total Pages : 375 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (12 download)

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Book Synopsis From the Realm of a Dying Sun by : Douglas E. Nash

Download or read book From the Realm of a Dying Sun written by Douglas E. Nash and published by Casemate. This book was released on 2021-02-11 with total page 375 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: An “excellent and thought provoking” chronicle of the IV. SS-Panzerkorps in Hungary and Austria in the last months of World War II, with maps (Globe at War). In the closing months of World War II, with Budapest’s fall on February 12, 1945 and the breakout attempt by the IX SS-Gebirgskorps having failed, the only thing the IV. SS-Panzerkorps could do was fall back to a more defensible line and fortify the key city of Stuhlweissenburg. Exhausted after three relief attempts in January 1945 and outnumbered by the ever-increasing power of Marshal Tolbukhin’s Third Ukrainian Front, SS-Obergruppenführer Gille’s veterans dug in for a lengthy period of defensive warfare. However, Adolf Hitler had not forgotten about the Hungarian theater of operations nor the country’s rich oilfields and was sending help. To the detriment of the defense of Berlin, SS-Oberstgruppenführer Sepp Dietrich’s legendary 6. Panzerarmee was on its way, not to retake Budapest, but to encircle and destroy Tolbukhin’s forces and completely reverse the situation in southeastern Europe in Hitler’s favor. This overly ambitious offensive, known as Frühlingserwachen (Spring Awakening), was soon bogged down in the face of resolute Soviet defenses aided by the springtime thaw. Heralded as Nazi Germany’s last great offensive of World War II, it resulted in great losses to Hitler’s last armored reserve in exchange for only minor gains. Though it played a supporting role during the battle, the IV. SS-Panzerkorps was soon caught up in its aftermath, after the Red Army launched its Vienna Operation that nearly swept the armies of Heeresgruppe Süd from the battlefield. Withdrawing into Austria, Gille’s battered corps attempted to bar the route into Germany, while the Red Army bore down on Vienna. Forced to endure relentless Soviet attacks as well as the caustic leadership of the 6. Armee commander, General Hermann Balck, the men of the IV. SS-Panzerkorps fought their way through Austria to reach the safety of the demarcation line where it finally surrendered to U.S. forces on May 9, 1945 after nearly a year of relentless campaigning.

Enduring the Whirlwind

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Author :
Publisher : Helion and Company
ISBN 13 : 1911096877
Total Pages : 248 pages
Book Rating : 4.9/5 (11 download)

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Book Synopsis Enduring the Whirlwind by : Gregory Liedtke

Download or read book Enduring the Whirlwind written by Gregory Liedtke and published by Helion and Company. This book was released on 2016-09-19 with total page 248 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This work seeks to address the notion of German numerical-weakness in terms of Germany's ability to replace its losses and regenerate its military strength, and assess just how accurate this argument was during the crucial first half of the Russo-German War (June 1941-June 1943).

Historical Dictionary of World War II

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Publisher : Scarecrow Press
ISBN 13 : 0810879441
Total Pages : 567 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (18 download)

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Book Synopsis Historical Dictionary of World War II by : Anne Sharp Wells

Download or read book Historical Dictionary of World War II written by Anne Sharp Wells and published by Scarecrow Press. This book was released on 2013-12-24 with total page 567 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This dictionary covers the complex and costly conflict that began when Germany, ruled by Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party, invaded neighboring Poland on 1 September 1939; and concluded when Germany surrendered on 7–9 May 1945, leaving much of the European continent in ruins and its population devastated. The war against Germany, Italy, and the other European Axis members was fought primarily in Europe, the Mediterranean, the Middle East, East and North Africa, and the Atlantic Ocean. The Axis powers were defeated by the Allies, led by the “Grand Alliance” of Great Britain, the United States, and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. The Historical Dictionary of World War II: The War against Germany and Italy relates the history of this war through a chronology, an introductory essay, maps and photos, and an extensive bibliography. The dictionary section has more than 300 cross-referenced entries on the countries and geographical areas involved in the war, as well as the nations remaining neutral; wartime alliances and conferences; significant civilian and military leaders; and major ground, naval, and air operations. This book is an excellent access point for students, researchers, and anyone wanting to know more about World War II.