The Routledge Handbook Of The Mongols And Central Eastern Europe

Download The Routledge Handbook Of The Mongols And Central Eastern Europe full books in PDF, epub, and Kindle. Read online The Routledge Handbook Of The Mongols And Central Eastern Europe ebook anywhere anytime directly on your device. Fast Download speed and no annoying ads. We cannot guarantee that every ebooks is available!

The Routledge Handbook of the Mongols and Central-Eastern Europe

Author : Alexander V. Maiorov
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 100041745X
Total Pages : 544 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (4 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis The Routledge Handbook of the Mongols and Central-Eastern Europe by : Alexander V. Maiorov

Download or read book The Routledge Handbook of the Mongols and Central-Eastern Europe written by Alexander V. Maiorov and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2021-08-25 with total page 544 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Routledge Handbook of the Mongols and Central-Eastern Europe offers a comprehensive overview of the Mongols’ military, political, socio-economic and cultural relations with Central and Eastern European nations between the thirteenth and fifteenth centuries. The Mongol Empire was the largest contiguous land empire in history, and one which contributed to the establishment of political, commercial and cultural contacts between all Eurasian regions. The Golden Horde, founded in Eastern Europe by Chinggis Khan’s grandson, Batu, in the thirteenth century, was the dominant power in the region. For two hundred years, all of the countries and peoples of Central and Eastern Europe had to reckon with a powerful centralized state with enormous military potential. Some chose to submit to the Mongols whilst others defended their independence, but none could avoid the influence of this powerful empire. In this book, twenty-five chapters examine this crucial period in Central-Eastern European history, including trade, confrontation, and cultural and religious exchange between the Mongols and their neighbours. This book will be an essential reference for scholars and students of the Mongols, as well those interested in the political, social and economic history of medieval Central-Eastern Europe.

The Routledge Handbook of the Mongols and Central-Eastern Europe

Author : Alexander V. Maiorov
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1000417506
Total Pages : 739 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (4 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis The Routledge Handbook of the Mongols and Central-Eastern Europe by : Alexander V. Maiorov

Download or read book The Routledge Handbook of the Mongols and Central-Eastern Europe written by Alexander V. Maiorov and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2021-08-25 with total page 739 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Routledge Handbook of the Mongols and Central-Eastern Europe offers a comprehensive overview of the Mongols’ military, political, socio-economic and cultural relations with Central and Eastern European nations between the thirteenth and fifteenth centuries. The Mongol Empire was the largest contiguous land empire in history, and one which contributed to the establishment of political, commercial and cultural contacts between all Eurasian regions. The Golden Horde, founded in Eastern Europe by Chinggis Khan’s grandson, Batu, in the thirteenth century, was the dominant power in the region. For two hundred years, all of the countries and peoples of Central and Eastern Europe had to reckon with a powerful centralized state with enormous military potential. Some chose to submit to the Mongols whilst others defended their independence, but none could avoid the influence of this powerful empire. In this book, twenty-five chapters examine this crucial period in Central-Eastern European history, including trade, confrontation, and cultural and religious exchange between the Mongols and their neighbours. This book will be an essential reference for scholars and students of the Mongols, as well those interested in the political, social and economic history of medieval Central-Eastern Europe.

The Routledge Handbook of East Central and Eastern Europe in the Middle Ages, 500-1300

Author : Florin Curta
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1000476243
Total Pages : 886 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (4 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis The Routledge Handbook of East Central and Eastern Europe in the Middle Ages, 500-1300 by : Florin Curta

Download or read book The Routledge Handbook of East Central and Eastern Europe in the Middle Ages, 500-1300 written by Florin Curta and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2021-11-29 with total page 886 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Routledge Handbook of East Central and Eastern Europe in the Middle Ages, 500–1300 is the first of its kind to provide a point of reference for the history of the whole of Eastern Europe during the Middle Ages. While historians have recognized the importance of integrating the eastern part of the European continent into surveys of the Middle Ages, few have actually paid attention to the region, its specific features, problems of chronology and historiography. This vast region represents more than two-thirds of the European continent, but its history in general—and its medieval history in particular—is poorly known. This book covers the history of the whole region, from the Balkans to the Carpathian Basin, and the Bohemian Forest to the Finnish Bay. It provides an overview of the current state of research and a route map for navigating an abundant historiography available in more than ten different languages. Chapters cover topics as diverse as religion, architecture, art, state formation, migration, law, trade and the experiences of women and children. This book is an essential reference for scholars and students of medieval history, as well as those interested in the history of Central and Eastern Europe.

The Routledge Handbook on Identity in Byzantium

Author : Michael Edward Stewart
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 0429633408
Total Pages : 468 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (296 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis The Routledge Handbook on Identity in Byzantium by : Michael Edward Stewart

Download or read book The Routledge Handbook on Identity in Byzantium written by Michael Edward Stewart and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2022-03-31 with total page 468 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume is the first to focus solely on how specific individuals and groups in Byzantium and its borderlands were defined and distinguished from other individuals and groups from the mid-fourth to the close of the fifteenth century. It gathers chapters from both established and emerging scholars from a wide range of disciplines across history, art, archaeology, and religion to provide an accurate representation of the state of the field both now and in its immediate future. The handbook is divided into four subtopics that examine concepts of group and specific individual identity which have been chosen to provide methodologically sophisticated and multidisciplinary perspectives on specific categories of group and individual identity. The topics are Imperial Identities; Romanitas in the Late Antique Mediterranean; Macro and Micro Identities: Religious, Regional, and Ethnic Identities, and Internal Others; and Gendered Identities: Literature, Memory, and Self in Early and Middle Byzantium. While no single volume could ever provide a comprehensive vision of identities on the vast variety of peoples within Byzantium over nearly a millennium of its history, this handbook represents a milestone in offering a survey of the vibrant surge of scholarship examining the numerous and oft-times fluctuating codes of identity that shaped and transformed Byzantium and its neighbours during the empire’s long life.

The Routledge Handbook of Memory Activism

Author : Yifat Gutman
Publisher : Taylor & Francis
ISBN 13 : 1000646297
Total Pages : 575 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (6 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis The Routledge Handbook of Memory Activism by : Yifat Gutman

Download or read book The Routledge Handbook of Memory Activism written by Yifat Gutman and published by Taylor & Francis. This book was released on 2023-02-15 with total page 575 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This Handbook is the first systematic effort to map the fast-growing phenomenon of memory activism and to delineate a new field of research that lies at the intersection of memory and social movement studies. From Charlottesville to Cape Town, from Santiago to Sydney, we have recently witnessed protesters demanding that symbols of racist or colonial pasts be dismantled and that we talk about histories that have long been silenced. But such events are only the most visible instances of grassroots efforts to influence the meaning of the past in the present. Made up of more than 80 chapters that encapsulate the rich diversity of scholarship and practice of memory activism by assembling different disciplinary traditions, methodological approaches, and empirical evidence from across the globe, this Handbook establishes important questions and their theoretical implications arising from the social, political, and economic reality of memory activism. Memory activism is multifaceted, takes place in a variety of settings, and has diverse outcomes – but it is always crucial to understanding the constitution and transformation of our societies, past and present. This volume will serve as a guide and establish new analytic frameworks for scholars, students, policymakers, journalists, and activists alike.

The Routledge Handbook of Medieval Rural Life

Author : Miriam Müller
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1000450732
Total Pages : 586 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (4 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis The Routledge Handbook of Medieval Rural Life by : Miriam Müller

Download or read book The Routledge Handbook of Medieval Rural Life written by Miriam Müller and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2021-10-26 with total page 586 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Routledge Handbook of Medieval Rural Life brings together the latest research on peasantry in medieval Europe. The aim is to place peasants – as small-scale agricultural producers – firmly at the centre of this volume, as people with agency, immense skill and resilience to shape their environments, cultures and societies. This volume examines the changes and evolutions within village societies across the medieval period, over a broad chronology and across a wide geography. Rural structures, families and hierarchies are examined alongside tool use and trade, as well as the impact of external factors such as famine and the Black Death. The contributions offer insights into multidisciplinary research, incorporating archaeological as well as landscape studies alongside traditional historical documentary approaches across widely differing local and regional contexts across medieval Europe. This book will be an essential reference for scholars and students of medieval history, as well those interested in rural, cultural and social history.

The Cambridge History of the Mongol Empire 2 Volumes

Author : Michal Biran
Publisher : Cambridge University Press
ISBN 13 : 1009301977
Total Pages : 1916 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (93 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis The Cambridge History of the Mongol Empire 2 Volumes by : Michal Biran

Download or read book The Cambridge History of the Mongol Empire 2 Volumes written by Michal Biran and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2023-07-31 with total page 1916 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries Chinggis Khan and his progeny ruled over two-thirds of Eurasia. Connecting East, West, North and South, the Mongols integrated most of the Old World, promoting unprecedented cross-cultural contacts and triggering the reshuffle of religious, ethnic, and geopolitical identities. The Cambridge History of the Mongol Empire studies the Empire holistically in its full Eurasian context, putting the Mongols and their nomadic culture at the center. Written by an international team of more than forty leading scholars, this two-volume set provides an authoritative and multifaceted history of 'the Mongol Moment' (1206–1368) in world history and includes an unprecedented survey of the various sources for its study, textual (written in sisteen languages), archaeological, and visual. This groundbreaking Cambridge History sets a new standard for future study of the Empire. It will serve as the fundamental reference work for those interested in Mongol, Eurasian, and world history.

The Routledge Handbook of the Byzantine City

Author : Nikolas Bakirtzis
Publisher : Taylor & Francis
ISBN 13 : 0429515758
Total Pages : 719 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (295 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis The Routledge Handbook of the Byzantine City by : Nikolas Bakirtzis

Download or read book The Routledge Handbook of the Byzantine City written by Nikolas Bakirtzis and published by Taylor & Francis. This book was released on 2024-01-31 with total page 719 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Byzantine world contained many important cities throughout its empire. Although it was not ‘urban’ in the sense of the word today, its cities played a far more fundamental role than those of its European neighbors. This book, through a collection of twenty-four chapters, discusses aspects of, and different approaches to, Byzantine urbanism from the early to late Byzantine periods. It provides both a chronological and thematic perspective to the study of Byzantine cities, bringing together literary, documentary, and archival sources with archaeological results, material culture, art, and architecture, resulting in a rich synthesis of the variety of regional and sub-regional transformations of Byzantine urban landscapes. Organized into four sections, this book covers: Theory and Historiography, Geography and Economy, Architecture and the Built Environment, and Daily Life and Material Culture. It includes more specialized accounts that address the centripetal role of Constantinople and its broader influence across the empire. Such new perspectives help to challenge the historiographical balance between ‘margins and metropolis,’ and also to include geographical areas often regarded as peripheral, like the coastal urban centers of the Byzantine Mediterranean as well as cities on islands, such as Crete, Cyprus, and Sicily which have more recently yielded well-excavated and stratigraphically sound urban sites. The Routledge Handbook of the Byzantine City provides both an overview and detailed study of the Byzantine city to specialist scholars, students, and enthusiasts alike and, therefore, will appeal to all those interested in Byzantine urbanism and society, as well as those studying medieval society in general.

The Routledge Handbook of Byzantine Visual Culture in the Danube Regions, 1300-1600

Author : Maria Alessia Rossi
Publisher : Taylor & Francis
ISBN 13 : 1003844898
Total Pages : 428 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (38 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis The Routledge Handbook of Byzantine Visual Culture in the Danube Regions, 1300-1600 by : Maria Alessia Rossi

Download or read book The Routledge Handbook of Byzantine Visual Culture in the Danube Regions, 1300-1600 written by Maria Alessia Rossi and published by Taylor & Francis. This book was released on 2024-02-22 with total page 428 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume aims to broaden and nuance knowledge about the history, art, culture, and heritage of Eastern Europe relative to Byzantium. From the thirteenth century to the decades after the fall of Constantinople in 1453, the regions of the Danube River stood at the intersection of different traditions, and the river itself has served as a marker of connection and division, as well as a site of cultural contact and negotiation. The Routledge Handbook of Byzantine Visual Culture in the Danube Regions, 1300–1600 brings to light the interconnectedness of this broad geographical area too often either studied in parts or neglected altogether, emphasizing its shared history and heritage of the regions of modern Greece, Croatia, Serbia, Bulgaria, Romania, Hungary, Slovakia, and Czechia. The aim is to challenge established perceptions of what constitutes ideological and historical facets of the past, as well as Byzantine and post-Byzantine cultural and artistic production in a region of the world that has yet to establish a firm footing on the map of art history. The 24 chapters offer a fresh and original approach to the history, literature, and art history of the Danube regions, thus being accessible to students thematically, chronologically, or by case study; each part can be read independently or explored as part of a whole.

Historical Dictionary of Medieval Russia

Author : Lawrence N. Langer
Publisher : Rowman & Littlefield
ISBN 13 : 1538119420
Total Pages : 323 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (381 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Historical Dictionary of Medieval Russia by : Lawrence N. Langer

Download or read book Historical Dictionary of Medieval Russia written by Lawrence N. Langer and published by Rowman & Littlefield. This book was released on 2021-09-15 with total page 323 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The emergence of Russia or Rus’, as it was known, from a group of scattered Slavic tribes into one of the most powerful states of medieval and modern European history is an extraordinary story. It is a story filled with much struggle as there were historical periods when Russia almost ceased to exist as it underwent invasion and conquest. Historical Dictionary of Medieval Russia, Second Edition contains a chronology, an introduction, and an extensive bibliography. The dictionary section has more than 300 cross-referenced entries on important personalities as well as aspects of the country’s politics, economy, foreign relations, religion, and culture. This book is an excellent resource for students, researchers, and anyone wanting to know more about medieval Russia.

The Mongol World

Author : Timothy May
Publisher : Taylor & Francis
ISBN 13 : 1351676318
Total Pages : 1332 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (516 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis The Mongol World by : Timothy May

Download or read book The Mongol World written by Timothy May and published by Taylor & Francis. This book was released on 2022-05-25 with total page 1332 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Drawing upon research carried out in several different languages and across a variety of disciplines, The Mongol World documents how Mongol rule shaped the trajectory of Eurasian history from Central Europe to the Korean Peninsula, from the thirteenth century to the fifteenth century. Contributing authors consider how intercontinental environmental, economic, and intellectual trends affected the Empire as a whole and, where appropriate, situate regional political, social, and religious shifts within the context of the broader Mongol Empire. Issues pertaining to the Mongols and their role within the societies that they conquered therefore take precedence over the historical narrative of the societies that they conquered. Alongside the formation, conquests, administration, and political structure of the Mongol Empire, the second section examines archaeology and art history, family and royal households, science and exploration, and religion, which provides greater insight into the social history of the Empire -- an aspect often neglected by traditional dynastic and political histories. With 58 chapters written by both senior and early-career scholars, the volume is an essential resource for all students and scholars who study the Mongol Empire from its origins to its disintegration and legacy.

Globalism in the Middle Ages and the Early Modern Age

Author : Albrecht Classen
Publisher : Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG
ISBN 13 : 3111190609
Total Pages : 628 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (111 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Globalism in the Middle Ages and the Early Modern Age by : Albrecht Classen

Download or read book Globalism in the Middle Ages and the Early Modern Age written by Albrecht Classen and published by Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. This book was released on 2023-09-05 with total page 628 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Although it is fashionable among modernists to claim that globalism emerged only since ca. 1800, the opposite can well be documented through careful comparative and transdisciplinary studies, as this volume demonstrates, offering a wide range of innovative perspectives on often neglected literary, philosophical, historical, or medical documents. Texts, images, ideas, knowledge, and objects migrated throughout the world already in the pre-modern world, even if the quantitative level compared to the modern world might have been different. In fact, by means of translations and trade, for instance, global connections were established and maintained over the centuries. Archetypal motifs developed in many literatures indicate how much pre-modern people actually shared. But we also discover hard-core facts of global economic exchange, import of exotic medicine, and, on another level, intensive intellectual debates on religious issues. Literary evidence serves best to expose the extent to which contacts with people in foreign countries were imaginable, often desirable, and at times feared, of course. The pre-modern world was much more on the move and reached out to distant lands out of curiosity, economic interests, and political and military concerns. Diplomats crisscrossed the continents, and artists, poets, and craftsmen traveled widely. We can identify, for instance, both the Vikings and the Arabs as global players long before the rise of modern globalism, so this volume promises to rewrite many of our traditional notions about pre-modern worldviews, economic conditions, and the literary sharing on a global level, as perhaps best expressed by the genre of the fable.

From the Khitans to the Jurchens & Mongols

Author : Hong Yuan
Publisher : iUniverse
ISBN 13 : 1663242585
Total Pages : 1440 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (632 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis From the Khitans to the Jurchens & Mongols by : Hong Yuan

Download or read book From the Khitans to the Jurchens & Mongols written by Hong Yuan and published by iUniverse. This book was released on 2022-11-14 with total page 1440 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: From the Khitans to the Jurchens & Mongols, A History of Barbarians in Triangle Wars & Quartet Conflicts is the third book of The Scourge of God Tetralogy. This is a book with comprehensive writeup of the barbarians’ history spanning more than one thousand years, from before the anno domini eras and inclusive of the expulsion of the Mongols from China. The subtitle about the barbarians in triangle wars & quartet conflicts is self-explanatory for the historical environment of different groups of barbarians successively rising up on the steppes to overpower the former with more savagery. This third book, while carrying a title with emphasis on the Khitans, the Jurchens and Mongols, also covered the Hsiung-nu (Huns), Hsien-pi (Xianbei), Tavghach (Tuoba), Juan-juan (Ruruans), Tu-chueh (Turks), Uygurs (Huihe), Kirghiz, Tibetans, Tanguts and southern barbarians. This book, being not merely about the barbarians, chronicled, without omission, an annalistic history of China’s dynasties including the Sui and Tang dynasties, the Five Dynasties, and the two Soong dynasties, with the interwoven theme of a civilization’s good fight against barbarism. There are many unique and groundbreaking contents, such as collation of the missing one-year history of the Mongols’ Central Asia campaigns and restitution of the unheard-of Mongol campaign in North Africa. This kind of discoveries is similar to this author’s trailblazing work done in other areas of sinology like rectifying the Huns’ war with the first Han dynasty emperor to 201 B.C. and correcting one year error in the Zhou dynasty’s interregnum (841-828 B.C. per Shi-ji/840-827 per Zhang Wenyu) in the duology The Sinitic Civilization.

The Mongol World

Author : Timothy Michael May
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9781032244839
Total Pages : pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (448 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis The Mongol World by : Timothy Michael May

Download or read book The Mongol World written by Timothy Michael May and published by . This book was released on 2022 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "Drawing upon research carried out in several different languages and across a variety of disciplines, The Mongol World documents how Mongol rule shaped the trajectory of Eurasian history from Central Europe to the Korean Peninsula, from the thirteenth century to the fifteenth century. With 58 chapters written by both senior and early-career scholars, the volume is an essential resource for all students and scholars who study the Mongol Empire from its origins to its disintegration and legacy"--

The Mongols and the West

Author : Peter Jackson
Publisher : Medieval World
ISBN 13 : 9781138837270
Total Pages : 448 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (372 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis The Mongols and the West by : Peter Jackson

Download or read book The Mongols and the West written by Peter Jackson and published by Medieval World. This book was released on 2014-10-21 with total page 448 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Mongols had a huge impact on medieval Europe and the Islamic world. This book provides a comprehensive survey of contacts between the Catholic West and the Mongol world-empire from the first appearance of Chinggis Khan's armies in 1221 down to the death of Tamerlane (1405) and the battle of Tannenberg (1410). This book considers the Mongols as allies as well as conquerors; the perception of them in the West; the papal response to the threat (and opportunity) they presented; the fate of the Frankish principalities in the Holy Land in the path of the Mongol onslaught; Western European embassies and missions to the East; and the impact of the Mongols on the expanding world view of the maturing Middle Ages. For courses in crusading history and medieval European history.

The Mongols and the West

Author : Peter Jackson
Publisher : Routledge is
ISBN 13 : 9781138848429
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (484 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis The Mongols and the West by : Peter Jackson

Download or read book The Mongols and the West written by Peter Jackson and published by Routledge is. This book was released on 2018 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Mongols and the West provides a comprehensive survey of contacts between the Catholic West and the Mongol Empire from 1221 to 1410. This book considers the Mongols as allies as well as conquerors; the perception of them in the West; the papal response to the threat (and opportunity) they presented and the impact of the Mongols on the expanding world view of the maturing Middle Ages. This new edition contains the latest research on the 'steppe background', discussing the character of Mongol governance including keshig (the imperial guard) and the yasa (Mongol law). Now with illustrations and additional maps, this book is ideal for students of medieval European history and the crusades.

Routledge Handbook of Asian Regionalism

Author : Mark Beeson
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1136634738
Total Pages : 512 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (366 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Routledge Handbook of Asian Regionalism by : Mark Beeson

Download or read book Routledge Handbook of Asian Regionalism written by Mark Beeson and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2012-03-15 with total page 512 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Routledge Handbook of Asian Regionalism is a definitive introduction to, and analysis of, the development of regionalism in Asia, including coverage of East Asia, Southeast Asia and South Asia. The contributors engage in a comprehensive exploration of what is arguably the most dynamic and important region in the world. Significantly, this volume addresses the multiple manifestations of regionalism in Asia and is consequently organised thematically under the headings of: conceptualizing the region economic issues political issues strategic issues regional organizations As such, the Handbook presents some of the key elements of the competing interpretations of this important and highly contested topic, giving the reader a chance to evaluate not just where Asian regionalism is going but also how the scholarship on Asian regionalism is analysing these trends and events. This book will be an indispensable resource for students and scholars of Asian politics, international relations and regionalism.