The Rise and Fall of Brazilian Inequality, 1981-2004

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Publisher : World Bank Publications
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 40 pages
Book Rating : 4./5 ( download)

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Book Synopsis The Rise and Fall of Brazilian Inequality, 1981-2004 by : Phillippe George Leite

Download or read book The Rise and Fall of Brazilian Inequality, 1981-2004 written by Phillippe George Leite and published by World Bank Publications. This book was released on 2006 with total page 40 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "Measured by the Gini coefficient, income inequality in Brazil rose from 0.57 in 1981 to 0.63 in 1989, before falling back to 0.56 in 2004. This latest figure would lower Brazil's world inequality rank from 2nd (in 1989) to 10th (in 2004). Poverty incidence also followed an inverted U-curve over the past quarter century, rising from 0.30 in 1981 to 0.33 in 1993, before falling to 0.22 in 2004. Using standard decomposition techniques, this paper presents a preliminary investigation of the determinants of Brazil's distributional reversal over this period. The rise in inequality in the 1980s appears to have been driven by increases in the educational attainment of the population in a context of convex returns, and by high and accelerating inflation. While the secular decline in inequality, which began in 1993, is associated with declining inflation, it also appears to have been driven by four structural and policy changes which have so far not attracted sufficient attention in the literature, namely sharp declines in the returns to education; pronounced rural-urban convergence; increases in social assistance transfers targeted to the poor; and a possible decline in racial inequality. Although poverty dynamics since the Real Plan of 1994 have been driven primarily by economic growth, the decline in inequality has also made a substantial contribution to poverty reduction. "--World Bank web site.

The Rise and Fall of Brazilian Inequality

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Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (931 download)

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Book Synopsis The Rise and Fall of Brazilian Inequality by : Francisco H. G. Ferreira

Download or read book The Rise and Fall of Brazilian Inequality written by Francisco H. G. Ferreira and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Measured by the Gini coefficient, income inequality in Brazil rose from 0.57 in 1981 to 0.63 in 1989, before falling back to 0.56 in 2004. This latest figure would lower Brazil's world inequality rank from 2nd (in 1989) to 10th (in 2004). Poverty incidence also followed an inverted U-curve over the past quarter century, rising from 0.30 in 1981 to 0.33 in 1993, before falling to 0.22 in 2004. Using standard decomposition techniques, this paper presents a preliminary investigation of the determinants of Brazil's distributional reversal over this period. The rise in inequality in the 1980s appears to have been driven by increases in the educational attainment of the population in a context of convex returns, and by high and accelerating inflation. While the secular decline in inequality, which began in 1993, is associated with declining inflation, it also appears to have been driven by four structural and policy changes which have so far not attracted sufficient attention in the literature, namely sharp declines in the returns to education; pronounced rural-urban convergence; increases in social assistance transfers targeted to the poor; and a possible decline in racial inequality. Although poverty dynamics since the Real Plan of 1994 have been driven primarily by economic growth, the decline in inequality has also made a substantial contribution to poverty reduction.

Poverty Reduction without Economic Growth? Explaining Brazil's Poverty Dynamics, 1985-2004

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Publisher : World Bank Publications
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 47 pages
Book Rating : 4./5 ( download)

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Book Synopsis Poverty Reduction without Economic Growth? Explaining Brazil's Poverty Dynamics, 1985-2004 by : Martin Ravallion

Download or read book Poverty Reduction without Economic Growth? Explaining Brazil's Poverty Dynamics, 1985-2004 written by Martin Ravallion and published by World Bank Publications. This book was released on 2007 with total page 47 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Abstract: Brazil's slow pace of poverty reduction over the last two decades reflects both low growth and a low growth elasticity of poverty reduction. Using GDP data disaggregated by state and sector for a twenty-year period, this paper finds considerable variation in the poverty-reducing effectiveness of growth-across sectors, across space, and over time. Growth in the services sector was substantially more poverty-reducing than was growth in either agriculture or industry. Growth in industry had very different effects on poverty across different states and its impact varied with initial conditions related to human development and worker empowerment. The determinants of poverty reduction changed around 1994: positive growth rates and a greater (absolute) elasticity with respect to agricultural growth contributed to faster poverty reduction. But because there was so little of it, economic growth played a relatively small role in accounting for Brazil's poverty reduction between 1985 and 2004. The taming of hyperinflation (in 1994) and substantial expansions in social security and social assistance transfers, beginning in 1988, accounted for a larger share of the overall reduction in poverty.

The Great Gap

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Publisher : Penn State Press
ISBN 13 : 0271073918
Total Pages : 418 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (71 download)

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Book Synopsis The Great Gap by : Merike Blofield

Download or read book The Great Gap written by Merike Blofield and published by Penn State Press. This book was released on 2015-08-21 with total page 418 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The relationship between socioeconomic inequality and democratic politics has been one of the central questions in the social sciences from Aristotle on. Recent waves of democratization, combined with deepened global inequalities, have made understanding this relationship ever more crucial. In The Great Gap, Merike Blofield seeks to contribute to this understanding by analyzing inequality and politics in the region with the highest socioeconomic inequalities in the world: Latin America. The chapters, written by prominent scholars in their fields, address the socioeconomic context and inequality of opportunities; elite culture, public opinion, and media framing; capital mobility, campaign financing, representation, and gender equality policies; and taxation and social policies. Aside from the editor, the contributors are Pablo Alegre, Maurício Bugarin, Daniela Campello, Anna Crespo, Francisco H. G. Ferreira, Fernando Filgueira, Liesl Haas, Sallie Hughes, Juan Pablo Luna, James E. Mahon Jr., Juliana Martínez Franzoni, Adriana Cuoco Portugal, Paola Prado, Elisa P. Reis, Luis Reygadas, Sergio Naruhiko Sakurai, and Koen Voorend.

Commitment to Equity Handbook

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Publisher : Brookings Institution Press
ISBN 13 : 0815740476
Total Pages : 1437 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (157 download)

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Book Synopsis Commitment to Equity Handbook by : Nora Lustig

Download or read book Commitment to Equity Handbook written by Nora Lustig and published by Brookings Institution Press. This book was released on 2023-05-01 with total page 1437 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Edited by Nora Lustig, the Commitment to Equity Handbook: Estimating the Impact of Fiscal Policy on Inequality and Poverty (Brookings Institution Press and CEQ Institute-Tulane University, 2nd edition, 2022) is a unique manual on the theory and practical methods to estimate the impact of taxation and public spending on inequality and poverty. In addition, the second edition covers frontier topics such as alternative approaches to measure the redistributive effect of education, health, and infrastructure spending. Policymakers, social planners, and economists are provided with a step-by-step guide to applying fiscal incidence analysis, illustrated by country studies. The 2nd edition of the Handbook has two volumes. Volume 1 is comprised of Part I, Methodology, describes what a CEQ Assessment© is and presents the theoretical underpinnings of fiscal incidence analysis and the indicators used to assess the distributive impact and effectiveness of fiscal policy. Part II, Implementation, presents the methodology on how taxes, subsidies, and social spending should be allocated. It includes a step-by step guide to completing the CEQ Master Workbook©, a multi-sheet Excel file that houses detailed information on the country’s fiscal system and the results used as inputs for policy discussions, academic papers, and policy reports. Part III, “Applications,” presents applications of the CEQ framework to low- and middle-income countries and includes simulations of policy reforms. In this 2nd edition, chapters 1, 6, and 8 have been significantly updated and two new country studies have been added to Part III. Parts IV (updated), V (new), and VI (new) are available online only. Part IV contains the CEQ Assessment’s main tools. Part V includes the databases housed in the CEQ Data Center on Fiscal Redistribution. Part VI contains the CEQ Institute’s microsimulation tools. Volume 2 (new) includes a collection of chapters whose purpose is to expand the knowledge and methodological frontiers to sharpen even further the analysis of fiscal policy’s redistributive impact. Topics include: alternative approaches to value in-kind education and health services; alternative methods to evaluate spending on infrastructure; corporate taxes and taxation on capital incomes; inter-temporal fiscal incidence and the redistributive consequences of social insurance pensions; fiscal redistribution, macroeconomic stability and growth; and, the political economy of fiscal redistribution.

Development under Conditions of Inequality and Distrust: Social Cohesion in Latin America

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Publisher : Intl Food Policy Res Inst
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 48 pages
Book Rating : 4./5 ( download)

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Book Synopsis Development under Conditions of Inequality and Distrust: Social Cohesion in Latin America by : Marco Ferroni, Mercedes Mateo, and Mark Payne

Download or read book Development under Conditions of Inequality and Distrust: Social Cohesion in Latin America written by Marco Ferroni, Mercedes Mateo, and Mark Payne and published by Intl Food Policy Res Inst. This book was released on with total page 48 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Economic Mobility and the Rise of the Latin American Middle Class

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Publisher : World Bank Publications
ISBN 13 : 0821397230
Total Pages : 203 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (213 download)

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Book Synopsis Economic Mobility and the Rise of the Latin American Middle Class by : Francisco H. G. Ferreira

Download or read book Economic Mobility and the Rise of the Latin American Middle Class written by Francisco H. G. Ferreira and published by World Bank Publications. This book was released on 2012-11-09 with total page 203 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: After decades of stagnation, the size of Latin America's middle class recently expanded to the point where, for the first time ever, the number of people in poverty is equal to the size of the middle class. This volume investigates the nature, determinants and possible consequences of this remarkable process of social transformation. We propose an original definition of the middle class, tailor-made for Latin America, centered on the concept of economic security and thus a low probability of falling into poverty. Given our definition of the middle class, there are four, not three, classes in Latin America. Sandwiched between the poor and the middle class there lies a large group of people who appear to make ends meet well enough, but do not enjoy the economic security that would be required for membership of the middle class. We call this group the 'vulnerable'. In an almost mechanical sense, these transformations in Latin America reflect both economic growth and declining inequality in over the period. We adopt a measure of mobility that decomposes the 'gainers' and 'losers' in society by social class of each household. The continent has experienced a large amount of churning over the last 15 years, at least 43% of all Latin Americans changed social classes between the mid 1990s and the end of the 2000s. Despite the upward mobility trend, intergenerational mobility, a better proxy for inequality of opportunity, remains stagnant. Educational achievement and attainment remain to be strongly dependent upon parental education levels. Despite the recent growth in pro-poor programs, the middle class has benefited disproportionally from social security transfers and are increasingly opting out from government services. Central to the region's prospects of continued progress will be its ability to harness the new middle class into a new, more inclusive social contract, where the better-off pay their fair share of taxes, and demand improved public services.

Success in Agricultural Transformation

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Publisher : Cambridge University Press
ISBN 13 : 1139500880
Total Pages : 423 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (395 download)

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Book Synopsis Success in Agricultural Transformation by : Isabelle Tsakok

Download or read book Success in Agricultural Transformation written by Isabelle Tsakok and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2011-08-01 with total page 423 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: To lift and keep millions out of poverty requires that smallholder agriculture be productive and profitable in the developing world. Do we know how to make this happen? Researchers and practitioners still debate how best to do so. The prevailing methodology, which claims causality from measures of statistical significance, is inductive and yields contradictory results. In this book, instead of correlations, Isabelle Tsakok looks for patterns common to cases of successful agricultural transformation and then tests them against other cases. She proposes a hypothesis that five sets of conditions are necessary to achieve success. She concludes that government investment in and delivery of public goods and services sustained over decades is essential to maintaining these conditions and thus successfully transform poverty-ridden agricultures. No amount of foreign aid can substitute for such sustained government commitment. The single most important threat to such government commitment is subservience to the rich and powerful minority.

Global Inequality

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Publisher : Harvard University Press
ISBN 13 : 0674969766
Total Pages : 312 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (749 download)

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Book Synopsis Global Inequality by : Branko Milanovic

Download or read book Global Inequality written by Branko Milanovic and published by Harvard University Press. This book was released on 2016-04-11 with total page 312 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Winner of the Bruno Kreisky Prize, Karl Renner Institut A Financial Times Best Economics Book of the Year An Economist Best Book of the Year A Livemint Best Book of the Year One of the world’s leading economists of inequality, Branko Milanovic presents a bold new account of the dynamics that drive inequality on a global scale. Drawing on vast data sets and cutting-edge research, he explains the benign and malign forces that make inequality rise and fall within and among nations. He also reveals who has been helped the most by globalization, who has been held back, and what policies might tilt the balance toward economic justice. “The data [Milanovic] provides offer a clearer picture of great economic puzzles, and his bold theorizing chips away at tired economic orthodoxies.” —The Economist “Milanovic has written an outstanding book...Informative, wide-ranging, scholarly, imaginative and commendably brief. As you would expect from one of the world’s leading experts on this topic, Milanovic has added significantly to important recent works by Thomas Piketty, Anthony Atkinson and François Bourguignon...Ever-rising inequality looks a highly unlikely combination with any genuine democracy. It is to the credit of Milanovic’s book that it brings out these dangers so clearly, along with the important global successes of the past few decades. —Martin Wolf, Financial Times

Remembering Inflation

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Publisher : Princeton University Press
ISBN 13 : 1400846447
Total Pages : 296 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (8 download)

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Book Synopsis Remembering Inflation by : Brigitte Granville

Download or read book Remembering Inflation written by Brigitte Granville and published by Princeton University Press. This book was released on 2013-07-28 with total page 296 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Why we need to heed the lessons of high inflation Today's global economy, with most developed nations experiencing very low inflation, seems a world apart from the "Great Inflation" that spanned the late 1960s to early 1980s. Yet, in this book, Brigitte Granville makes the case that monetary economists and policymakers need to keep the lessons learned during that period very much in mind, lest we return to them by making the same mistakes we made in the past. Granville details the advances in macroeconomic thinking that gave rise to the "Great Moderation"—a period of stable inflation and economic growth, which lasted from the mid-1980s through the most recent financial crisis. She makes the case that the central banks' management of monetary policy—hinging on expectations and credibility—brought about this period of stability, and traces the roots of this success back to the eighteenth-century foundations of modern monetary thought. Tackling fundamental questions such as the causes of inflation and its relation to unemployment and growth, the natural rate of inflation hypothesis, the fiscal theory of the price level, and the proper goals of central banks, the book aims above all to demonstrate the dangers of forgetting the role of credibility in establishing sound monetary policy. With the lessons of the past firmly in mind, Granville presents stimulating ideas and proposals about inflation-targeting principles, which provide tools for present-day monetary authorities dealing with the forces of globalization, mercantilism, and reserve accumulation.

The Poorest and Hungry

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Publisher : Intl Food Policy Res Inst
ISBN 13 : 0896296601
Total Pages : 595 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (962 download)

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Book Synopsis The Poorest and Hungry by : Joachim Von Braun

Download or read book The Poorest and Hungry written by Joachim Von Braun and published by Intl Food Policy Res Inst. This book was released on 2009 with total page 595 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Have the lives of the world's poorest, neediest people improved over the past few decades? What policies have lifted some people out of the worst forms of poverty, and what conditions keep others mired within it? The Poorest and Hungry: Assessment, Analyses, and Actions answers such questions, bringing together studies of both what causes and what reduces severe poverty from a diverse group of development specialists. The book focuses on the poorest and hungry in society and identifies areas for action. Stable economic growth; targeted social programs and insurance that invest in and protect nutrition, health, and education; and political and social inclusion of previously marginalized groups emerge as the essential requirements for poverty reduction, and this book's contributors identify strategies for promoting all three. The Poorest and Hungry is an important resource for policymakers, development specialists, and others concerned with helping the world's poorest people.

Addressing Inequality in South Asia

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Publisher : World Bank Publications
ISBN 13 : 1464800235
Total Pages : 197 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (648 download)

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Book Synopsis Addressing Inequality in South Asia by : The World Bank

Download or read book Addressing Inequality in South Asia written by The World Bank and published by World Bank Publications. This book was released on 2014-10-08 with total page 197 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Inequality in South Asia appears to be moderate when looking at standard indicators such as the Gini index, which are based on consumption expenditures per capita. But other pieces of evidence reveal enormous gaps, from extravagant wealth at one end to lack of access to the most basic services at the other. Which prompts the question: How bad is inequality in South Asia? And why would that matter? This book takes a comprehensive look at the extent, nature, and drivers of inequality in this very dynamic region of the world. It discusses how some dimensions of inequality, such as high returns to investments in human capital, contribute to economic growth while others, such as high payoffs to rent-seeking or broken aspirations, undermine it. Drawing upon a variety of data sources, it disentangles the contribution that opportunity in young age, mobility in adult years, and support throughout life make to inequality at any point in time. Equally important, the book sheds light on the prospects of escaping disadvantage over time. The analysis shows that South Asia performs poorly in terms of opportunity. Access to basic services is partial at best, and can be traced to characteristics at birth, including gender, location, and caste. Conversely, the region has had a robust performance in terms of geographical and occupational mobility despite its cluttered urbanization and widespread informality. Migration and jobs have served disadvantaged groups better than the rest, highlighting the importance of the urbanization and private sector development agendas. Support falls somewhere in between. Poverty alleviation programs are pervasive. But the mobilization of public resources is limited and much of it is wasted in regressive subsidies, while inter-government transfers do not do enough to mitigate spatial inequalities.

The Throes of Democracy

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Publisher : Zed Books Ltd.
ISBN 13 : 1848137915
Total Pages : 140 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (481 download)

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Book Synopsis The Throes of Democracy by : Doctor Bryan McCann

Download or read book The Throes of Democracy written by Doctor Bryan McCann and published by Zed Books Ltd.. This book was released on 2013-04-04 with total page 140 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In the 1980s, Brazil emerged from two decades of military dictatorship and embarked on an experiment in full democracy for the first time in the nation's history Since then, Brazilians have sought to live up to the ideals of this experiment while negotiating dramatic economic and cultural transformations. In The Throes of Democracy Bryan McCann gives a panoramic view of this process, exploring the relationships between the rise of the political left, the escalation of urban violence, the agribusiness boom and the spread of pentecostal evangelization. Brazil remains a land marked by deep inequality, but in the last two decades the structure of that inequality has changed substantially. This is a country which remains an endlessly vital source of popular culture, now bubbling forth from different corners of the map. In explaining these transformations, this book provides a fascinating introduction to one of the 21st century's most significant countries.

The Oxford Handbook of Latin American Economics

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Publisher : Oxford University Press
ISBN 13 : 019957104X
Total Pages : 959 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (995 download)

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Book Synopsis The Oxford Handbook of Latin American Economics by : José Antonio Ocampo

Download or read book The Oxford Handbook of Latin American Economics written by José Antonio Ocampo and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2011-07-28 with total page 959 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A comprehensive overview of the key factors affecting the development of Latin American economies that examines long-term growth performance, macroeconomic issues, Latin American economies in the global context, technological and agricultural policies, and the evolution of labour markets, the education sector, and social security programmes.

Earnings Inequality

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Publisher : American Enterprise Institute
ISBN 13 : 9780844770765
Total Pages : 68 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (77 download)

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Book Synopsis Earnings Inequality by : Robert H. Haveman

Download or read book Earnings Inequality written by Robert H. Haveman and published by American Enterprise Institute. This book was released on 1996 with total page 68 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Analyses changes in men's earnings from the mid-1970s to 1991.

Annual Review of Development Effectiveness 2006

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Publisher : World Bank Publications
ISBN 13 : 0821369075
Total Pages : 120 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (213 download)

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Book Synopsis Annual Review of Development Effectiveness 2006 by : Monika Huppi

Download or read book Annual Review of Development Effectiveness 2006 written by Monika Huppi and published by World Bank Publications. This book was released on 2006 with total page 120 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The "results agenda" adopted by the World Bank and other donors aims to ensure that development assistance yields sustainable poverty reduction. Effective poverty reduction results from three main factors: sustained and inclusive growth, effective service delivery to the poor, and capable public sector institutions that are accountable to stakeholders for the results they achieve. The Annual Review of Development Effectiveness 2006 assembles evaluative evidence around three questions central to poverty reduction: - How effectively has economic growth translated into poverty reduction in Bank-assisted countries and what factors have affected these results? - What factors have led to high-quality results in areas that deliver services to the poor? - What measures help raise the accountability of public institutions responsible for delivering and sustaining these results? The report identifies three key areas where the World Bank can further strengthen its effectiveness in helping countries reduce poverty. - Economic growth has improved in many Bank client countries but a stronger focus on the nature of growth is needed to ensure that such growth leads to jobs for the poor and productivity increases in poorer regions and sectors where the poor earn their incomes. - Consistent use of a clearly articulated results chain helps ensure that Bank country assistance programs and individual projects set realistic objectives, that key cross-sectoral constraints to achieving them are adequately considered and that due attention is given to building capacity. - A realistic assessment of the political economy of governance-related reforms is needed to tailor efforts to increase the accountability ofpublic sector institutions to local conditions.

The Economics of Poverty

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Publisher : Oxford University Press
ISBN 13 : 0190212764
Total Pages : 737 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (92 download)

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Book Synopsis The Economics of Poverty by : Martin Ravallion

Download or read book The Economics of Poverty written by Martin Ravallion and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2016 with total page 737 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "An overview of the economic development of and policies intended to combat poverty around the world"--Provided by publisher.