Read Books Online and Download eBooks, EPub, PDF, Mobi, Kindle, Text Full Free.
The Relationship Of Years Of Experience And Level Of Education To Critical Thinking Skills Of Physical Therapists
Download The Relationship Of Years Of Experience And Level Of Education To Critical Thinking Skills Of Physical Therapists full books in PDF, epub, and Kindle. Read online The Relationship Of Years Of Experience And Level Of Education To Critical Thinking Skills Of Physical Therapists ebook anywhere anytime directly on your device. Fast Download speed and no annoying ads. We cannot guarantee that every ebooks is available!
Book Synopsis The Relationship of Years of Experience and Level of Education to Critical Thinking Skills of Physical Therapists by :
Download or read book The Relationship of Years of Experience and Level of Education to Critical Thinking Skills of Physical Therapists written by and published by . This book was released on 2005 with total page 89 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Commission of Accreditation of Physical Therapy Education (CAPTE) mandates the integration of critical thinking into physical therapy curriculum. However, it has been unclear what contributes to a physical therapist's critical thinking skills. The purpose of this study was to examine if years of experience and level of education affect critical thinking skills of physical therapists. Participants included 100 pre- and post-MPT graduates. Ages ranged from 20-60 years old with 40% of the participants holding a bachelor degree, 48% an entry-level masters degree in physical therapy (MPT), and 18% an advanced graduate degree in addition to the MPT. Years of experience ranged from 0-33 years. Participants were recruited through electronic mail. Accepted study participants completed both an online demographics questionnaire and the Watson-Glaser Critical Thinking Appraisal (WGCTA), a measure of critical thinking skills. The WGCTA has been shown to have both validity and reliability, in addition to being a widely used critical thinking appraisal tool. Two one-way ANOVA (analysis of variance) revealed a significant difference between critical thinking scores of those with less than one year experience compared to those with greater than 10 years of experience, and a significant difference between critical thinking scores of those with a bachelor degree compared to those with an MPT degree. A 3 x 3 ANOVA revealed no significant difference when looking at the interaction between participants with a bachelor degree and less than 10 years of experience compared to participants with a doctorate and greater than 10 years of experience. This suggests years of experience and level of education alone are not enough to affect critical thinking scores. Further, the WGCTA may not be an appropriate assessment tool when assessing critical thinking skills of persons with post graduate degrees.
Book Synopsis Experience, Education and Critical Thinking of Physical Therapists by : Renee Loftspring
Download or read book Experience, Education and Critical Thinking of Physical Therapists written by Renee Loftspring and published by . This book was released on 2010-01 with total page 76 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Clinical Reasoning and Decision Making in Physical Therapy by : Gina Musolino
Download or read book Clinical Reasoning and Decision Making in Physical Therapy written by Gina Musolino and published by Taylor & Francis. This book was released on 2024-06-01 with total page 665 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Clinical reasoning is an essential non-negotiable element for all health professionals. The ability of the health professional to demonstrate professional competence, compassion, and accountability depend on a foundation of sound clinical reasoning. The clinical reasoning process needs to bring together knowledge, experience, and understanding of people, the environment, and organizations along with a strong moral compass in making sound decisions and taking necessary actions. While clinical reasoning and the role of mentors has been a focus of the continued growth and development of residency programs in physical therapy, there is a critical need to have a broader, in-depth look at how educators across academic and clinical settings intentionally facilitate the development of clinical reasoning skills across one’s career. Clinical Reasoning and Decision Making in Physical Therapy: Facilitation, Assessment, and Implementation fills this need by providing a comprehensive and in-depth focus on development of the patient-client management skills of clinical reasoning and clinical decision-making. It takes into account teaching and learning strategies, assessment, and technological applications across the continuum from novice to residents/fellows-in-training, along with academic and clinical faculty for both entry-level and specialist practice. Drs. Gina Maria Musolino and Gail Jensen have designed this comprehensive resource with contributions from professional colleagues. The text centers on life-long learning by encouraging the development of clinical reasoning abilities from professional education through residency education. The aim and scope of the text is directed for physical therapy education, to enhance clinical reasoning and clinical decision-making for developing professionals and post-professionals in both clinical and academic realms, and for the development of clinical and academic faculty. Clinical Reasoning and Decision Making in Physical Therapy uniquely offers both evidence-based approaches and pragmatic consultation from award-winning authors with direct practice experiences developing and implementing clinical reasoning/clinical decision-making in practice applications for teaching students, residents, patients, and clinical/academic faculty in classrooms, clinics, and through simulation and telehealth. Clinical Reasoning and Decision Making in Physical Therapy is the first of its kind to address this foundational element for practice that is key for real-world practice and continuing competence as a health care professional. Physical therapy and physical therapist assistant students, faculty, and clinicians will find this to be an invaluable resource to enhance their clinical reasoning and decision making abilities.
Book Synopsis The Influence of Academic Achievement, Prior Clinical Experience and a Collaborative Clinic-based Learning Experience on Critical Thinking Ability in Physical Therapist Assistant Students by : Cynthia M. Lacouture
Download or read book The Influence of Academic Achievement, Prior Clinical Experience and a Collaborative Clinic-based Learning Experience on Critical Thinking Ability in Physical Therapist Assistant Students written by Cynthia M. Lacouture and published by . This book was released on 1999 with total page 100 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Handbook of Teaching for Physical Therapists - E-Book by : Gail M. Jensen
Download or read book Handbook of Teaching for Physical Therapists - E-Book written by Gail M. Jensen and published by Elsevier Health Sciences. This book was released on 2012-09-02 with total page 304 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Whether you are practicing in an in-patient or an out-patient facility, academic institution, or clinical residency program, this well-respected handbook gives you the background and guidance you need to effectively educate individuals across the continuum of physical therapy practice. Practical, real-life examples show you how to: incorporate health literacy and needs of the learner; assess and adapt to the various learning styles of patients; use simulations in education; facilitate the development of clinical reasoning skills; and assess learning outcomes and the effectiveness of your teaching. Plus, four all-new chapters and major revisions of all content throughout the book keep you on top of the latest research and best practices. Coverage of the theory and application of educational principles across the continuum of PT practice provides the information you need to improve your skills in the educational process both in academic and clinical settings. Two section format divides content into two parts: designing academic and clinical education programs and teaching students in academic and clinical settings; and teaching patients and families in clinical and community settings. Variety of teaching and teaching assessment methods expands your teaching, learning, and assessment repertoires. Case stories at the beginning of each chapter allow you to see the relevance of the information in the chapter. Threshold concepts highlight key ideas that are important to know. Annotated bibliography at end of each chapter provides resources for further study. NEW! Chapter on Authentic Assessment: Simulation-Based Education reflects the new ways to facilitate student learning through the use of human simulation models. NEW! Chapter on Strategies for Planning and Implementing Interprofessional Education covers the fundamental concepts of team-based care and interprofessional learning. NEW! Chapter on What Makes a Good Clinical Teacher? translates current research on clinical teaching into clinical education and practice. NEW! Chapter on Facilitating the Teaching and Learning of Clinical Reasoning helps you apply current research on clinical reasoning in rehabilitation to clinical education and teaching. NEW! Two combined chapters on Patient Education and Health Literacy (previously chapters 8 and 12) and Applied Behavioral Theory and Adherence: Models for Practice (previously chapters 9 and 10) provide focused presentations on current thinking and practical strategies for addressing health literacy issues in the clinical environment. NEW! Expanded chapter on Post-Professional Clinical Residency and Fellowship Education offers more information on models and trends in residency education and mentoring.
Book Synopsis A Comparison of Instructional Methods on Clinical Reasoning in Entry-level Physical Therapy Students by : Kara L. Kobal
Download or read book A Comparison of Instructional Methods on Clinical Reasoning in Entry-level Physical Therapy Students written by Kara L. Kobal and published by . This book was released on 2019 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Introduction: Developing clinical reasoning in entry-level physical therapy students is of increasing interest to physical therapist education programs in the United States. Despite this, many physical therapist education programs lack tools and pedagogical approaches for developing and assessing clinical reasoning across the continuum of didactic education. There is a need for evidence-based approaches to develop and assess clinical reasoning in entry-level physical therapy students. The primary aim of this study was to provide a comparison of the effects of two commonly used pedagogical approaches (paper-based case studies versus authentic patient experiences) on clinical reasoning and critical thinking of second year entry-level physical therapy students. It was hypothesized that students who received authentic patient experiences would demonstrate improved critical thinking and clinical reasoning when compared with students who received paper-based case studies or students assigned to a control group. The secondary aim of this study was to explore associations between characteristics of physical therapy students and their performance on (1) a standardized measure of critical thinking and (2) their self-reported reflection and clinical reasoning ability. Methods: A total of 23 students in their second year of a Doctor of Physical Therapy degree program at a small, rural university participated in this study. Participants were randomly assigned to a control group or to receive one of two supplemental learning activities (paper-based case studies or authentic patient experiences). Five one-hour sessions were completed over 5 weeks. Outcomes measured pre- and post- intervention included the Health Science Reasoning Test with Numeracy (HSRT-N) and the Self Assessment of Clinical Reasoning and Reflection (SACRR). Total time between pre- and post-testing was 7 weeks. Data analysis included a comparison of effect sizes of change scores between groups and correlational analysis of pre-test scores and student factors. Results: When compared with paper-based case studies, authentic patient experiences demonstrated a moderate to large effect size for improved HSRT-N scores on 5/8 subscales. The addition of 5 hours of authentic case instruction resulted in moderate to large effect size improvements to the HSRT-N scores for 2/8 subscales and improved SACRR scores when compared with the control group. A strong positive correlation existed between grade point average and pre-test HSRT-N scores. Discussion and Conclusion: When compared with paper-based case studies, the use of authentic patient experiences in an entry- level DPT curriculum may be more effective for improving critical thinking and clinical reasoning. Furthermore, the addition of five hours of paper-based case studies did not show benefits using the outcome tools utilized. The selection of pedagogical approaches to improve critical thinking and clinical reasoning based on sound evidence gained from randomized controlled trials is lacking in physical therapy education. The knowledge gained as a result of this study is significant because it provides a scientific premise for the selection of teaching methodologies as they relate to developing clinical reasoning in physical therapy students. Key Words: clinical reasoning, critical thinking, teaching methods, student outcomes, teaching and learning
Book Synopsis Educating Physical Therapists by : Gail Jensen
Download or read book Educating Physical Therapists written by Gail Jensen and published by Taylor & Francis. This book was released on 2024-06-01 with total page 318 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Preparation for the Professions Program by the Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching focused on education in five professions (clergy, law, engineering, nursing, and medicine), but its influence has been felt throughout higher education and has inspired other professions to turn a critical eye to their own pedagogy. Modeled after the Carnegie Foundation’s example, Drs. Gail Jensen, Elizabeth Mostrom, Laurita Hack, Terrence Nordstrom, and Jan Gwyer began an examination of the state of physical therapist education in the United States in their study, Physical Therapist Education for the Twenty First Century (PTE-21): Innovation and Excellence in Physical Therapist Academic and Clinical Education. With the same team of authors, Educating Physical Therapists documents this examination, detailing the key findings of the study and expanding on its implications. The text begins by looking at the current state of physical therapist education across the continuum, from professional education through residency, then continues by describing exemplars of excellence and best practices that were observed in academic and clinical settings. Through this survey of the profession, a conceptual model of excellence in physical therapist education is derived and presented with practical recommendations. Areas addressed: Elements that promote a culture of excellence Critical needs for advancing learning and the learning sciences Academic and clinical organizational imperatives The critical need for system-based reform Finally, after looking at the current state of physical therapy education, Educating Physical Therapists looks to the future, providing a reimagined vision for what professional education and the profession could be. These recommendations for growth come with commentary by international experts in physical therapy education, providing a wide range of perspectives. After an intensive examination of physical therapist education, Educating Physical Therapists is designed to change the way educators and administrators across academic and clinical settings prepare physical therapists for the future. From the Foreword... "The authors of this volume have much to teach us, and they have taught us well. We can accept their recommendations, or we can argue with them. To ignore them is impossible." - Lee S. Shulman, PhD, President Emeritus, The Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching
Book Synopsis Critical and Higher Order Thinking Skills Required For Admission To Physical Therapist Education Programs: A Modified E-Delphi Study by : Emily Shannon Hughes
Download or read book Critical and Higher Order Thinking Skills Required For Admission To Physical Therapist Education Programs: A Modified E-Delphi Study written by Emily Shannon Hughes and published by . This book was released on 2017 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Physical therapy has changed from its humble beginnings as informal classes for reconstruction aides (RAs) educated in gymnasiums to the professional education programs for students graduating with an entry-level Doctor of Physical Therapy. The occupation, now a profession, complete with autonomy, direct access, and great responsibility for decision-making for those we care for has changed; however, the need for physical therapists to care for those with physical disabilities has not changed. In order for physical therapists to manage care, responsibility, and autonomy in the ever-changing economic and healthcare environment, physical therapist education programs need, as part of the admission process, some standardization to help them select the best students who have the potential to succeed academically, as well as, pass the national licensure examination. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to determine which critical thinking skills and higher order constructs would be essential to assess on an admission examination for entrance into physical therapist education programs. A modified e-Delphi was used to answer this question by surveying a group of experts determined by the criteria of being a licensed physical therapist who has been published for their research on critical thinking and higher order thinking, as well as, program directors of physical therapist education programs. The critical thinking skills of clarifying meaning, assessing claims, assessing arguments, stating results, self-examination, and self-correction, and the higher order thinking constructs of critical thinking and logical thinking emerged as the consensus items to be assessed in a discipline-specific examination prior to entrance into a physical therapist education program.
Book Synopsis Dissertation Abstracts International by :
Download or read book Dissertation Abstracts International written by and published by . This book was released on 2009-04 with total page 564 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Clinical Education in Physical Therapy by : Debra F Stern
Download or read book Clinical Education in Physical Therapy written by Debra F Stern and published by Jones & Bartlett Learning. This book was released on 2019-04-26 with total page 312 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Written in adherence with the Commission on Accreditation in Physical Therapy Education's (CAPTE) standards, Clinical Education in Physical Therapy explores the evolution from student to Clinical Instructor while serving as an essential educational resource for entry-level Physical Therapy students. This exciting new resource presents an overview on the rewards and challenges of becoming a Clinical Instructor, the legal issues involved for the academic institution and the clinical sites, clinical education models, student characteristics, establishing a clinical education program, and much more! Clinical Education in Physical Therapy includes a dedicated chapter on leadership and professionalism both of which have been stressed in recent years by both the APTA and CAPTE. Key Points at the beginning of each chapter establish the primary take-aways for readers, while case studies in select chapters reinforce practical application of the material.
Book Synopsis Critical Thinking Skills Development by : Donna Cech
Download or read book Critical Thinking Skills Development written by Donna Cech and published by . This book was released on 2008 with total page 190 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Clinical Education in Physical Therapy: The Evolution from Student to Clinical Instructor and Beyond by : Debra F Stern
Download or read book Clinical Education in Physical Therapy: The Evolution from Student to Clinical Instructor and Beyond written by Debra F Stern and published by Jones & Bartlett Learning. This book was released on 2019-04-18 with total page 312 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Written in adherence with the Commission on Accreditation in Physical Therapy Education’s (CAPTE) standards, Clinical Education in Physical Therapy explores the evolution from student to Clinical Instructor while serving as an essential educational resource for entry-level Physical Therapy students. This exciting new resource presents an overview on the rewards and challenges of becoming a Clinical Instructor, the legal issues involved for the academic institution and the clinical sites, clinical education models, student characteristics, establishing a clinical education program, and much more! Clinical Education in Physical Therapy includes a dedicated chapter on leadership and professionalism both of which have been stressed in recent years by both the APTA and CAPTE. Key Points at the beginning of each chapter establish the primary take-aways for readers, while case studies in select chapters reinforce practical application of the material.
Book Synopsis Clinical Methods in Medical Family Therapy by : Tai Mendenhall
Download or read book Clinical Methods in Medical Family Therapy written by Tai Mendenhall and published by Springer. This book was released on 2018-03-24 with total page 630 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This landmark text describes research-informed practices and applications of Medical Family Therapy (MedFT) across a range of care environments and clinical populations (e.g., family medicine, obstetrics and gynecology, psychiatry, alcohol and drug treatment, community health centers, and military and veteran health systems). It is a timely release for a rapidly growing field. It includes the work of some of MedFT’s most innovative leaders, who expertly: illustrate MedFT in action across primary, secondary, tertiary, and other unique health contexts describe the make-up of healthcare teams tailored to each chapter’s distinct environment(s) highlight fundamental knowledge and critical skillsets across diverse healthcare contexts detail research-informed practices for MedFTs who treat patients, couples, families, and communities Clinical Methods in Medical Family Therapy is a comprehensive source for any behavioral health student, trainee, or professional looking to understand the necessary skills for MedFTs entering the healthcare workforce. It is also an essential read for trainers and instructors who are covering the fundamental MedFT knowledge and skills across diverse healthcare contexts. This text was written to be applicable for a wide variety of healthcare disciplines, including family therapy, counseling nursing, medicine, psychology and social work.
Book Synopsis The Complete Book of Colleges, 2012 Edition by : Princeton Review (Firm)
Download or read book The Complete Book of Colleges, 2012 Edition written by Princeton Review (Firm) and published by Princeton Review. This book was released on 2011-08-15 with total page 1442 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Presents a comprehensive guide to 1,571 colleges and universities, and includes information on academic programs, admissions requirements, tuition costs, housing, financial aid, campus life, organizations, athletic programs, and student services.
Book Synopsis A Comparison of the Critical Thinking Skills of Physical Therapist Students by : Connie R. Matheny
Download or read book A Comparison of the Critical Thinking Skills of Physical Therapist Students written by Connie R. Matheny and published by . This book was released on 2004 with total page 152 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis The Complete Book of Colleges, 2013 Edition by : Princeton Review
Download or read book The Complete Book of Colleges, 2013 Edition written by Princeton Review and published by Princeton Review. This book was released on 2012-08-07 with total page 1418 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Profiles every four-year college in the United States, providing detailed information on academic programs, admissions requirements, financial aid, services, housing, athletics, contact names, and campus life.
Book Synopsis Research-teaching Linkages by : Jennifer Murphy
Download or read book Research-teaching Linkages written by Jennifer Murphy and published by NAIRTL. This book was released on 2010 with total page 103 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Research Skills Among Undergraduate Students: Case Studies from the Humanities and Sciences at Dublin City University (Francoise Blin and Sheelagh Wickham); (24) Untying the Accountancy Knot: The Design, Development and Implementation of Interactive Animations and Simulations to Support Underperforming 1st Year Accountancy Students, Including Those with Dyslexia (Frances Boylan, Pauline Rooney, Fionnghuala Kelly, Jennifer McConnell, Alice Luby, Elaine Mooney, Rebecca Maughan, Dan Shanahan, Daniel King and Tony Kiely); (25) Using Prediction Markets to Create an Active Learning Environment in Large Groups (Patrick Buckley and John Garvey); (26) Crossing Borders through Cyberspace: A Social Work Education Electronic Exchange Project across the Atlantic (Janet Carter Anand and Kris Clarke); (27) Enhancing Rural Development through Graduate Programmes--An Ethiopian Case Study (Nick Chisholm, Mike FitzGibbon, Una Murray, Stephen Thornhill, Tsega Gebrakirstos, Anteneh Belachew); (28) Integrative Learning: Learners Design and Reflect on their "Economic" Behaviour to Coursework Assessment (John Considine); (29) Supporting Therapists' Engagement in Evidence Based Practice through an Interprofessional Post-Qualification Master's Programme (Janice Crausaz, Gill Chard and Clare O'Sullivan); (30) Problem Based Learning in Graduate Nursing Education (Caroline Dalton, Elaine Drummond, Lynne Marsh and Maria Caples); (31) Fostering Interpersonal Skill Development in Online Programmes (Kay Dennis); (32) A National Doctoral Programme for Structured PhD Training (Oonagh Dwane and Martina Prendergast); (33) Cognitive Level of First Year University Science Students (Odilla E. Finlayson, Lorraine McCormack and Thomas J.J. McCloughlin); (34) Multi-Disciplinary Graduate Education at Tyndall (Jim Greer and Orla Slattery); (35) How We Use Values-Exchange in NUI Galway (Barbara L. Griffin, Martin Power and Jane Sixsmith); (36) A Blended Learning Enquiry Based Module: Best Practice of Evaluation Skills in Health Promotion (Barbara L. Griffin, Verna McKenna and Lisa Pursell); (37) Formal PhD Training Experienced by National University of Ireland Maynooth Geography Students (Adrienne Hobbs, Elaine Burroughs and Jackie S. McGloughlin); (38) The Implementation and Evaluation of Peer Learning Programmes in Third Level Science Modules (Jennifer Johnston and Maeve Liston); (39) Focus on Patient Safety: How Lifelong Learning begins between Pharmacy and Medical Students at UCC (Aislinn Joy and Laura Sahm); (40) Nursing Students Design "Glossy" Magazine (Jacinta Kelly); (41) Teaching Historical Research--A Thing of the Past (Jacinta Kelly); (42) DCU Business School Next Generation Management (Theo Lynn, John Connolly, Gerry Conyngham, Aoife McDermott and Caroline McMullan); (43) Preparing Students for Postgraduate Research? Techniques for Improving the Quality of the Undergraduate Dissertation (Kay McKeogh and Proinnsias Breathnach); (44) Promoting Integrative Learning through Student Assignments (Kevin McCarthy); (45) Teaching and Learning Education for Sustainable Development (Amanda McCloat and Helen Maguire); (46) Research Awareness and Readiness Evaluation (RARE) of Undergraduate Chemistry Students at DIT (Claire McDonnell, Christine O'Connor, Sarah Rawe, Michael Seery and David Kett);(47) An Assessment of Ultrasound Scanning Competencies of Radiology Residents: Is There a Role for Improved Sonography Training? (Claire Moran, Patrick C. Brennan, Dermot Malone and Louise A. Rainford); (48) Post Graduate Students Experience Thematic Review (Anne Morrissey, Joseph Stokes and Gary Murphy); (49) Development of a Structured MD Research Curriculum (Shanthi Muttukrishna, Geraldine Boylan and Ray Noble); (50) A Focus Group Investigation of the Learning Opportunities Available in a 1:1 and a 2:1 Model of Clinical Education (Aileen O'Brien and Anne O'Connor); (51) Development of an Online Data Handling Module for Postgraduate Life Science Students (Sandra O'Brien, John Kelly, Ambrose O'Halloran, Fiona Concannon); (52) Enhancing Student Learning on Placement through the Implementation of a Case Based Interprofessional Model of Education: Perspectives of Students, Therapists and Regional Placement Facilitators (Marie O'Donnell, Alison Warren, Mairead Cahill and Olive Gowen);(53) Student Research Skills Development on a Level 9 Taught Programme in Engineering: Experiences and Reflections (Aidan O'Dwyer);(54) The Transfer of the Seven Principles of Universal Design to Diverse Domains (Ciaran O'Leary, Damian Gordon and Deirdre Lawless); (55) Ranking Graduate Competences: Perspectives from Employers and Academia (Catherine O'Mahony); (56) Supporting the Supervisors of Research Students in Higher Education (Catherine O'Mahony, Alan Kelly, Niall Smith, Pat Morgan, Carol O'Sullivan and Willie Donnelly); (57) Professional Attitudes among Final Medical Students in Cork: An International Comparison (Eoin O'Sullivan and Anthony Ryan); and (58) Application of the Teaching for Understanding Framework in Topographical Anatomy (Deniz Yilmazer-Hanke). Individual papers contain tables, figures, references and appendices.
