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The Relationship Of Weld Metal Hardness Residual Stress And Susceptibility To Stress Corrosion Cracking In A Hydrogen Sulphide Environment In A 516 Gr 70 Carbon Steel Shielded Metal Arc Welded Joints
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Book Synopsis The Relationship of Weld Metal Hardness, Residual Stress and Susceptibility to Stress-corrosion Cracking in a Hydrogen Sulphide Environment in A 516 GR 70 Carbon Steel Shielded Metal-arc Welded Joints by : Deon Johan De Beer
Download or read book The Relationship of Weld Metal Hardness, Residual Stress and Susceptibility to Stress-corrosion Cracking in a Hydrogen Sulphide Environment in A 516 GR 70 Carbon Steel Shielded Metal-arc Welded Joints written by Deon Johan De Beer and published by . This book was released on 2017 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In the petrochemical industry, carbon steels exposed to H2S environments may be susceptible to stress-corrosion cracking. A tensile residual stress and high hardness increases the risk of cracking in H2S environments. NACE SP 0472 limits weld metal hardness to 210 HV10 (200 HB) and heat-affected zone hardness to 250 HV10 to prevent stress-corrosion cracking of carbon steel welds in H2S. The hardness is controlled by the weld thermal cycle or by a post-weld heat treatment. In this project, the effect of hardness on the susceptibility to stress-corrosion cracking was investigated by increasing electrode strength systematically and measuring residual stress in the weld metal in the as-welded state. Samples were manufactured from SA 516 Gr 70, a carbon steel used extensively in the petrochemical industry. Heavily clamped plates were welded to minimise distortion and to maximise residual stress. The weld metal hardness was increased by using E6013, E7018-1, E8018-B2 and E9018-B3 electrodes without a post-weld heat treatment. Mechanical tests included all-weld and transverse tensile tests, impact strength and hardness testing. As the nominal strength of the weld metal increased, the all-weld tensile strength increased from 512 to 829 MPa, while the yield strength increased from 443 to 659 MPa. The average weld metal hardness increased from 177 to 317 HV10. The transverse tensile strength was between 511-517 MPa, while the yield strength (in the transverse direction) was between 360 and 382 MPa. Residual stresses of the welded joint were measured by neutron diffraction in the through-thickness, longitudinal and transverse direction. The Von Mises theorem evaluated the principle residual stress. Results indicate that the residual stress in the weld metal may be up to 99% of the yield strength. For stress-corrosion cracking, the samples were submerged in the standard TM0177-2005 test solution for 30 days. The only sample to crack was the E9018, with an average weld metal hardness of 317 HV10. The study results were consistent with the NACE SP0472 specification and earlier publications.
Book Synopsis Indications of Stress Corrosion Cracking Resistance in Alloy 82 Dissimilar Metal Welds in Simulated Primary Water Environments by : Suraj Persaud
Download or read book Indications of Stress Corrosion Cracking Resistance in Alloy 82 Dissimilar Metal Welds in Simulated Primary Water Environments written by Suraj Persaud and published by . This book was released on 2011 with total page 220 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Joints between carbon steel and Alloy 600, containing Alloy 82 weld metal, were exposed to two steam-hydrogen environments considered to simulate exposure to primary water conditions in a Pressurized Water Reactor (PWR) or Canada Deuterium Uranium (CANDU) reactor. The welds were found to have elevated and variable iron contents due to dilution by carbon steel during welding. This gave the Alloy 82 weld, near the inner surface of the component, an iron content approaching that of Alloy 800. A potentially protective external iron oxide film formed on the inner surface of the weld. However, the chromium content throughout the weld is below that which would form an external chromium oxide. The results indicate that low chromium content causes internal oxidation throughout the weld and potentially below the external iron oxide which could lead to Primary Water Stress Corrosion Cracking (PWSCC).
Book Synopsis Evaluation of the Susceptibility of Duplex Stainless Steel 2205 to Hydrogen Assisted Cracking in REAC System by : Mei He
Download or read book Evaluation of the Susceptibility of Duplex Stainless Steel 2205 to Hydrogen Assisted Cracking in REAC System written by Mei He and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page 107 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Approximately ten years ago, carbon steel was replaced by duplex stainless steel (DSS) to fabricate the reactor effluent air cooler (REAC) of hydrocracker units in order to improve the performance and service lifetime of these units. Unfortunately, several catastrophic failures from around the world have been reported in REAC units constructed of DSS, most within five years of service. Based on failure analysis reports, the failures were generally associated with welded joints and were caused by crevice/pitting corrosion and stress corrosion cracking. Given the condition of hydrogen-rich environment, high-pressure process fluid, and service temperature, this type of cracking is most likely a form of hydrogen assisted cracking (HAC). It is highly influenced by phase balance (ferrite/austenite) after welding and welding procedures, with high levels of ferrite in the weld metal or HAZ increasing the susceptibility to HAC. In this study, different weld metal phase balances were prepared by autogenous gas tungsten arc welding (GTAW) for using different welding parameters and shielding gases. The delayed hydrogen cracking test (DHCT) was used to evaluate the effects of the weld phase balance on the susceptibility to HAC in DSS 2205 welds. Using this approach, weld metal ferrite levels on the order of 90 vol% ferrite led to very rapid failure, while reducing the ferrite level to approximately 50-60 vol% greatly increased resistance to HAC. Fractography was performed using a scanning electron microscope (SEM) and showed that brittle fracture morphologies occurred in the higher ferrite pass of overlapping two pass welds for each DHCT sample. A mixture of quasi-cleavage and intergranular fracture modes occurred during the crack nucleation and propagation process, and final sample failure was caused by overload exhibiting a microvoid coalescence fracture mode. The failure mechanism closely reproduced the actual service failures in REAC welds. For different phase balances in HAZ, the HAZ samples were simulated over a range of cooling rates by Gleeble® 3800 system. It was found that the microstructure had significantly higher ferrite content with faster cooling rate controlled by different free span distances. The same approaches of DHCT and fractography to evaluate the susceptibility to HAC will be used for the simulated HAZ samples. The additional testing will be needed to examine the reproducibility of DHCT and to establish guidelines for the maximum ferrite content in 2205 weld metal and HAZ that will prevent service failures. In summary, the DHCT exhibited high sensitivity and good reproducibility in determining the effect of weld metal ferrite content on HAC susceptibility in autogenous GTA welds of DSS 2205, and it can be an effective method to evaluate the effect of ferrite/austenite balance on the susceptibility to HAC in both the weld metal and HAZ.
Book Synopsis Weldability of Steel by : K. G. Richards
Download or read book Weldability of Steel written by K. G. Richards and published by . This book was released on 1967 with total page 36 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Stress Corrosion Cracking of Austenitic Stainless Steel Core Internal Welds by :
Download or read book Stress Corrosion Cracking of Austenitic Stainless Steel Core Internal Welds written by and published by . This book was released on 1999 with total page 26 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Microstructural analyses by several advanced metallographic techniques were conducted on austenitic stainless steel mockup and core shroud welds that had cracked in boiling water reactors. Contrary to previous beliefs, heat-affected zones of the cracked Type 304L, as well as 304 SS core shroud welds and mockup shielded-metal-arc welds, were free of grain-boundary carbides, which shows that core shroud failure cannot be explained by classical intergranular stress corrosion cracking. Neither martensite nor delta-ferrite films were present on the grain boundaries. However, as a result of exposure to welding fumes, the heat-affected zones of the core shroud welds were significantly contaminated by oxygen and fluorine, which migrate to grain boundaries. Significant oxygen contamination seems to promote fluorine contamination and suppress thermal sensitization. Results of slow-strain-rate tensile tests also indicate that fluorine exacerbates the susceptibility of irradiated steels to intergranular stress corrosion cracking. These observations, combined with previous reports on the strong influence of weld flux, indicate that oxygen and fluorine contamination and fluorine-catalyzed stress corrosion play a major role in cracking of core shroud welds.
Book Synopsis The Effect of Weld Metal Diffusible Hydrogen on the Cracking Susceptibility of HY-80 Steel by : Richard J. Wong
Download or read book The Effect of Weld Metal Diffusible Hydrogen on the Cracking Susceptibility of HY-80 Steel written by Richard J. Wong and published by . This book was released on 1988 with total page 13 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: An investigation was conducted to characterize the influence of welding variables, such as weld metal diffusible hydrogen content, on the hydrogen cracking resistance of HY-80 steel. The moisture pickup characteristics of several shielded metal-arc welding products were measured by the standard combustion technique. The weld metal diffusible hydrogen level corresponding to the electrode coating moisture was measured by gas chromatography.
Book Synopsis Stress Corrosion Cracking of Pipelines by : Y. Frank Cheng
Download or read book Stress Corrosion Cracking of Pipelines written by Y. Frank Cheng and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2013-02-13 with total page 292 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Explains why pipeline stress corrosion cracking happens and how it can be prevented Pipelines sit at the heart of the global economy. When they are in good working order, they deliver fuel to meet the ever-growing demand for energy around the world. When they fail due to stress corrosion cracking, they can wreak environmental havoc. This book skillfully explains the fundamental science and engineering of pipeline stress corrosion cracking based on the latest research findings and actual case histories. The author explains how and why pipelines fall prey to stress corrosion cracking and then offers tested and proven strategies for preventing, detecting, and monitoring it in order to prevent pipeline failure. Stress Corrosion Cracking of Pipelines begins with a brief introduction and then explores general principals of stress corrosion cracking, including two detailed case studies of pipeline failure. Next, the author covers: Near-neutral pH stress corrosion cracking of pipelines High pH stress corrosion cracking of pipelines Stress corrosion cracking of pipelines in acidic soil environments Stress corrosion cracking at pipeline welds Stress corrosion cracking of high-strength pipeline steels The final chapter is dedicated to effective management and mitigation of pipeline stress corrosion cracking. Throughout the book, the author develops a number of theoretical models and concepts based on advanced microscopic electrochemical measurements to help readers better understand the occurrence of stress corrosion cracking. By examining all aspects of pipeline stress corrosion cracking—the causes, mechanisms, and management strategies—this book enables engineers to construct better pipelines and then maintain and monitor them to ensure safe, reliable energy supplies for the world.
Book Synopsis Factors Affecting the Susceptibility of Carbon-Manganese Steel Welds to Cracking in Sour Environments by : RJ. Pargeter
Download or read book Factors Affecting the Susceptibility of Carbon-Manganese Steel Welds to Cracking in Sour Environments written by RJ. Pargeter and published by . This book was released on 1990 with total page 71 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Weldments in structural and pipeline steels have been characterized in terms of hardness and microstructure (using light and electron microscopy) and resistance to stress corrosion cracking (SCC) in NACE TM-01-77 test solution. In addition, the propensities of the steels for pitting and hydrogen pickup in NACE solution have been determined, and stress corrosion fracture surfaces have been examined in the scanning electron microscope.
Book Synopsis Corrosion in the Petrochemical Industry, Second Edition by :
Download or read book Corrosion in the Petrochemical Industry, Second Edition written by and published by ASM International. This book was released on 2015-12-01 with total page 426 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Originally published in 1994, this second edition of Corrosion in the Petrochemical Industry collects peer-reviewed articles written by experts in the field of corrosion that were specifically chosen for this book because of their relevance to the petrochemical industry. This edition expands coverage of the different forms of corrosion, including the effects of metallurgical variables on the corrosion of several alloys. It discusses protection methods, including discussion of corrosion inhibitors and corrosion resistance of aluminum, magnesium, stainless steels, and nickels. It also includes a section devoted specifically to petroleum and petrochemical industry related issues.
Book Synopsis Corrosion Fatigue Crack-Growth Characteristics of Several HY-100 Steel Weldments with Cathodic Protection by :
Download or read book Corrosion Fatigue Crack-Growth Characteristics of Several HY-100 Steel Weldments with Cathodic Protection written by and published by . This book was released on 1982 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The corrosion fatigue crack-growth properties of several types of HY-100 steel weldments were studied, primarily in an environment of seawater with cathodic protection by zinc anode. Shielded metal-arc and gas metal-arc of both pulsed and spray-arc processes, and submerged-arc weldments were included. The fatigue crack growth tests were conducted using compact specimens removed from the weldments to confine the path of the growing crack in all weld metal. Constant amplitude, sinusoidal loads were applied at a frequency of 0.17 hertz with a load ratio (minimum-to-maximum) of 0.10. In general, fatigue crack growth in weldments was considerably slower than that in HY-100 plate under the same conditions of load and environment, where the applied potential accelerated crack-growth rate. The results showed minor differences among the weldments. It was suggested that the residual stress along the weld center line, the inhomogeneity of the weld metal with respect to the crack path, defects, and minor porosity all act to retard crack growth, especially at lower stress intensity levels. These factors tend to mask the environmental effects. However, weldments prepared with high heat input showed greater resistance to fatigue crack propagation than weldments prepared at low heat input.
Book Synopsis Weldability of Steels by : Robert Daniel Stout
Download or read book Weldability of Steels written by Robert Daniel Stout and published by . This book was released on 1953 with total page 402 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Process Variables And Post Weld Heat Treatment Effects On Steel Weld by : Oluyemi Olawale
Download or read book Process Variables And Post Weld Heat Treatment Effects On Steel Weld written by Oluyemi Olawale and published by LAP Lambert Academic Publishing. This book was released on 2012 with total page 76 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This monograph presents the outcome of our investigation that was conducted to correlate process variables in shielded metal-arc welding and post weld heat treatment on some mechanical properties of low carbon steel weld. From the results obtained we observed that welding current and post weld heat treatment temperatures influences the tensile strength, impact strength and hardness of welded low carbon steel. As the welding current increases the hardness and strength increases but impact strength reduces, while hardness and strength continuously reduces but impact strength increases as post weld heat treatment temperatures increases. This outcome will help to eliminate much of the "guess work" often employed by welders to specify welding parameters and help them to properly select them for a given task to provide a good weld quality. With this finding welder can now adequately select welding currents and post weld heat treatment temperatures for low carbon steel that will yield quality weld in shielded metal-arc welding without guess work.
Book Synopsis On the Relationship Between Microstructure Mechanical Properties and Weld Metal Hydrogen Assisted Cold Cracking by : Walter L. Costin
Download or read book On the Relationship Between Microstructure Mechanical Properties and Weld Metal Hydrogen Assisted Cold Cracking written by Walter L. Costin and published by . This book was released on 2017 with total page 342 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Hydrogen introduced during shielded metal arc welding with cellulosic welding consumables can severely degrade the fracture resistance of the deposited weld metal and promote Weld Metal Hydrogen Assisted Cold Cracking (WM HACC), which is a particular type of weld defect with distinctive characteristics. Failure typically occurs after the deposited weld has cooled down to temperatures below 200°C and can initiate within minutes to even days after welding. Due to its time-delayed nature the onset of WM HACC may be undetected and can result in catastrophic failure. Many important properties of weld metal such as strength, toughness and the resistance to WM HACC are a function of its microstructure, comprised of diverse constituents with characteristic features and different mechanical properties, which co-exist and interact at the smallest microstructural dimensions. Hence, conventional test methods used to determine the bulk material's properties are not suitable to evaluate the intrinsic properties of its individual microstructural constituents. Because of these experimental limitations, there is a lack of understanding of microstructural aspects that control the mechanical properties and the resistance to HACC at the micro-scale. Therefore, a major objective of the current work was to address these limitations by employing advanced characterisation and micro-mechanical testing techniques to evaluate the fundamental link between microstructure, mechanical properties and HACC susceptibility for individual weld metal microstructural constituents.
Book Synopsis Residual Stresses in Welded Construction and Their Effects by : Welding Institute
Download or read book Residual Stresses in Welded Construction and Their Effects written by Welding Institute and published by . This book was released on 1977 with total page 398 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis H2S Corrosion in Oil and Gas Production by : R. N. Tuttle
Download or read book H2S Corrosion in Oil and Gas Production written by R. N. Tuttle and published by . This book was released on 1981 with total page 1104 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Investigation of Residual Stresses in Steel Weldments by : Koichi Masubuchi
Download or read book Investigation of Residual Stresses in Steel Weldments written by Koichi Masubuchi and published by . This book was released on 1966 with total page 103 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Experimental hydrogen-induced-cracking tests were made on 45 weldments in mild steel, HY-80 steel, a commercial high-strength structural steel, and SAE 4340 steel. Extensive cracks were found in weldments made in SAE 4340 steel (oil quenched and tempered at 500 F) after hydrogen charging for relatively short times. Systematic crack patterns that could be related to residual stress distributions were obtained on various complex weldments. When steels of lower strengths were used, longer charging time was required to produce cracks, and crack patterns were less pronounced. The hydrogen-induced-cracking technique does not seem to work on mild-steel weldments. It has been found that hydrogen-induced cracking is stress sensitive rather than plastic-strain sensitive. This has been proved by hydrogen-induced-cracking tests on mechanically stress-relieved specimens and press-fit specimens in which residual stresses were produced by purely elastic deformation. It was found that distributions of residual stresses in mild-steel and SAE 4340 steel weldments were quite similar despite the considerable differences in the yield strengths of the two base plates and the weld metals. This was proved in butt joints up to 38 inches long and complex welded structures. (Author).
Book Synopsis Factors Affecting the Impact Toughness of Ultra Low Carbon Steel Weld Metal by : Mary Elizabeth Gwin
Download or read book Factors Affecting the Impact Toughness of Ultra Low Carbon Steel Weld Metal written by Mary Elizabeth Gwin and published by . This book was released on 1996-09-01 with total page 102 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The fundamental factors affecting the impact toughness of four gas metal arc welds (GMAW) made on HSLA-100 base plate using a newly developed steel weld wire were studied. The weld metal analysis included chemistry, mechanical testing (hardness, CVN/FATT), as well as optical, scanning and transmission electron microscopy. Studies of inclusion composition using energy dispersive x- ray (EDX), and electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS) in the transmission electron microscope were also performed. It was found that increasing oxygen content of the weld metal (due to increased oxygen in the shielding gas) led to increased non-metallic inclusion size and volume fraction; which in turn, led to both decreasing strength and toughness. The strength was lowered because increasing oxygen in the shielding gas led to increased 'consumption' of strengthening alloys such as carbon, manganese and silicon. The toughness was compromised by the increasing size and number of oxide inclusions as these provide sites for void formation and subsequent fracture.
