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The Relationship Between Vitamin D Status And Body Composition
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Book Synopsis The Relationship Between Vitamin D Status and Body Composition by : Sibelle Hayek
Download or read book The Relationship Between Vitamin D Status and Body Composition written by Sibelle Hayek and published by . This book was released on 2017 with total page 146 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In this respect, this thesis further looks at the implications of such measures on the consistency and preservation of the international legal system. It primarily argues, by using the concept of international rule of law as an analytical framework, that despite the unique nature, role and powers of the UNSC within the international system, in particular in light of Article 103 of the UN Charter, this body remains bound by certain norms of international law, namely peremptory norms. This is not only a result of the application of international law as a legal system, but also lies at the heart of the emerging notion of international rule of law.
Book Synopsis The Relationship of Bone Health to Vitamin D Status and Body Composition in Pre-adolescent Children (Pretoria, South Africa) by : Samantha White
Download or read book The Relationship of Bone Health to Vitamin D Status and Body Composition in Pre-adolescent Children (Pretoria, South Africa) written by Samantha White and published by . This book was released on 2017 with total page 220 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Bone health development and maintenance is important in children to reduce the risk for osteoporosis later in life. Knowledge on the vitamin D and bone health status of preadolescent children in South Africa is limited. Vitamin D and body composition both play important roles in bone health, but the relationship between adiposity and bone mass in children has been debated. The objective of this study was firstly, to describe the bone health status, body composition and vitamin D status of preadolescent children in Pretoria, South Africa. Secondly, the study examined bone health in relation to body composition and vitamin D status. Methods: A cross-sectional study, using conveniently sampled preadolescent black children aged 5-10, was conducted. Body weight was measured with the Seca medical body composition analyser and height using the Seca 274 stadiometer. Dual x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) was used for bone health (bone mineral content (BMC), areal bone mineral density (BMD) and bone area at the total body less the head (TBLH) and lumbar spine (LS) sites) and body composition (body fat percentage, fat mass and lean mass) assessments (n = 84). Vitamin D status (25(OH)D2 and 25(OH)D3) was determined from blood spot analysis (n = 59). To compare bone health means between vitamin D status groups, children were grouped as sufficient (25(OH)D ? 30 ng/ml), insufficient (25(OH)D = 21-29 ng/ml) or deficient (25(OH)D ? 20 ng/ml) accordingly. To compare bone health means between body composition groups, children were grouped as normal (BMIfor- age Z-score ? 1) or over-nourished (BMI-for-age Z-score > 1). Simple linear regression models were used in defining the relationship between bone health parameters and body composition components. Adjustments of bone health parameters for height-for-age, gender, age and body composition components was done using multiple linear regression. Comparison between adjusted bone health parameters of normal and over-nourished were made using the student’s two sample t-test. Results: The 59 children in the vitamin D study groups had a 24% prevalence of low BMD for chronological age and 7% presented with a low BMC for chronological age. A peculiar finding was that LS-BMAD differed significantly between the vitamin D insufficient and deficient groups. There was no relationship between any bone health parameters at all sites measured and serum levels of 25(OH)D (p > 0.05). Fat mass (FM) and body fat percentage least explained the observed variation in bone health parameters, whereas lean mass (LM) was the most important body composition component in explaining the variations observed in bone health parameters. The relationship between LS bone health parameters and body composition components was weaker than the relationship between TBLH bone health parameters and body composition components. Summary and / or Conclusion: In this population, 66% of preadolescents were vitamin D insufficient or deficient, but with a healthy bone health status and 40% of the preadolescents were over-nourished with greater crude BMD than those with healthy BMI Z-scores. Vitamin D status does not appear to be associated with parameters of bone health. Lean mass was the greatest body compositional determinant for variations observed in bone health parameters. Bone health parameters of healthy and over-nourished children did not differ after adjusting for body composition.
Book Synopsis Ethnic, Body Composition and Dietary Factors as Determinants of Vitamin D Status by : Asma Altasan
Download or read book Ethnic, Body Composition and Dietary Factors as Determinants of Vitamin D Status written by Asma Altasan and published by . This book was released on 2021 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Background: Vitamin D deficiency (VDD) is a worldwide problem that can take an essential part in developing many chronic diseases, including but not limited to type 2 diabetes, metabolic syndrome, and cardiovascular diseases (CVD). There are many factors that can contribute to VDD or make specific populations or individuals at higher risk to develop VDD and its related health consequences. These factors include and are not limited to the ethnic background, body composition, and dietary intake of nutrients. It has been found that South Asian Indians (SAIs) are at higher risk of developing CVD and metabolic syndrome compared to their Caucasian counterparts, and at a younger age. Also, there is a high prevalence of VDD among SAIs living in their countries or in European countries. In addition, SAIs found to have a higher deposition of fat in their visceral areas compared to Caucasians. Considering that many SAIs follow restricted diets (as many follow a vegan or a vegetarian diet), which may put them at higher risk for nutrients deficiencies; it was worthy to investigate the effect of SAI ethnicity, body composition, and micronutrients intake of calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), and their ratio on the vitamin D status. Vitamin D status can be assessed using serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (s25(OH)D), serum parathyroid hormone(sPTH), and serum vitamin D binding protein (sDBP). Both dietary intake of Ca and Mg were independently associated with s25(OH)D as their deficiencies were associated with VDD. Also, the intake of both is deficient among approximately half of the US population. Some studies' efforts focused on finding the optimal dietary Ca to Mg ratio for optimal health outcomes. Since both Ca and Mg share similarities in the absorption sites and functionality, and since both are independently associated with VDD, it was worth investigating if their dietary intake ratio is associated with vitamin D status among SAIs, Caucasians, and among both of them collectively. Our primary aims were to investigate if biomarkers of vitamin D statusØ+ body composition parameters, and dietary factors are different between SAIs and Caucasians and to understand the relationship between them. Methods: Healthy SAIs and Caucasian men between 22 to 60 years of age were enrolled. Anthropometric and body composition measurements, biochemical analyses for s25(OH)D, sPTH, and sDBP, and habitual dietary intakes of Ca and Mg were obtained. Independent t-test and Mann-Whitney u test were used to report the differences between groups in their vitamin D status, body composition, and dietary intakes. Pearson or Spearman correlations were used to identify the possible associations. A P value of less than 0.05 was considered significant. Results: 30 SAIs and 30 Caucasians completed the study. Both groups did not significantly differ in their age and BMI. SAIs, compared to the Caucasians, had significantly lower s25(OH)D (22.79 ℗ł 9.1 vs 31.24 ℗ł 9.1 ng/mL; P
Book Synopsis Vitamin D Status in Early Life and Body Composition by : Maryam Razaghi
Download or read book Vitamin D Status in Early Life and Body Composition written by Maryam Razaghi and published by . This book was released on 2022 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "Pregnancy cohort studies suggest that exposure to insufficient vitamin D status in utero associates with greater fat mass and lower lean mass in children. In Canada, 24-35 % of infants are born with insufficient vitamin D status. The role of maternal factors, such as adiposity, or vitamin D status, and postnatal vitamin D supplementation in relation to lean body mass is unknown. The objectives of this thesis research were: 1) to test the effects of vitamin D on body composition and growth-related hormones in weanling Sprague Dawley rats fed diets with varied vitamin D content (1, 2, or 4 IU/kg) from 4 to 12 weeks of age; 2) to explore the influential factors related to maternal and neonatal vitamin D status and the interrelationships among maternal and neonatal vitamin D status and body composition; and 3) to examine whether correction of insufficient vitamin D status with either 1000 IU/d or 400 IU/d of vitamin D supplementation is associated with body composition (lean and fat mass) across infancy from 1 to 12 months in a randomized controlled trial. Maternal adiposity and low maternal-fetal vitamin D transfer were associated with neonatal adiposity; infants of mothers with elevated BMI and insufficient vitamin D status had 28% higher fat mass versus those of mothers with elevated BMI, yet vitamin D sufficient (P=0.04). This reinforces the need for early strategies to enhance intake of vitamin D supplementation with high adherence for both mothers and infants. The trial in weanling rats indicated that moderate increases in dietary vitamin D attenuated the physiological decline in IGF-1 (P0.05) as a stimulus for lean mass accretion. The trials in human infants and rats, demonstrated that the achievement of higher vitamin D status (25(OH)D50 nmol/L) increases whole body lean mass (4.8-14.0% difference; P
Book Synopsis The Association Between Circulating Vitamin D Levels and Body Composition in Collegiate Female Athletes by : Laura McClure
Download or read book The Association Between Circulating Vitamin D Levels and Body Composition in Collegiate Female Athletes written by Laura McClure and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page 92 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The current study looked at the relationship between serum vitamin D concentrations, vitamin D intake, sunlight exposure, BMI, and body fat percentage in both indoor and outdoor female collegiate athletes during fall and spring seasons. Healthy collegiate female athletes, between the ages of 18-22, had BMI calculated from anthropometric measurements, body fat percentage assessments via dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) scans, serum vitamin D levels determined via fingerstick and dried blood spots, followed by liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). In addition, sunlight badges worn during a 24-hour period assessed sunlight exposure in fall and spring seasons. Estimated dietary vitamin D intake assessed via Vitamin D Food Frequency Questionnaire (VDFFQ), and sunlight habits were assessed via TWU Sunlight Habits Questionnaire (TSHQ).
Book Synopsis The Relationship Between Vitamin D Status and Metabolic Syndrome (MetS) by : Rachelle Mkhail Ghadieh
Download or read book The Relationship Between Vitamin D Status and Metabolic Syndrome (MetS) written by Rachelle Mkhail Ghadieh and published by . This book was released on 2017 with total page 154 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The odds of having MetS were found to be approximately 2.5 to 3 times higher among those with inadequate or suboptimal vitamin D status, respectively, than with adequate or optimal status while controlling for age, gender, education level, income, medical morbidity, smoking, alcohol drinking, body composition (body fat percentage), vitamin D status, CRP, use of oral contraceptive pills, and physical activity level. Conclusion: Better vitamin D status is associated with a lower prevalence of MetS and hypertriglycerdemia. Accordingly, improving vitamin D might assist in reducing the prevalence of MetS.
Book Synopsis Vitamin D Status and Body Composition of Female Collegiate Volleyball Players by : Haley Nagel
Download or read book Vitamin D Status and Body Composition of Female Collegiate Volleyball Players written by Haley Nagel and published by . This book was released on 2017 with total page 152 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This pilot cross-sectional study was conducted to assess vitamin D status and body composition of collegiate indoor female volleyball players at Rice University in Houston, TX. Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] concentrations and body composition was determined using air displacement plethysmography. Participants completed a 24-hour food record, vitamin D food frequency questionnaire, and sunlight habit questionnaire to assess dietary vitamin D intake and sunlight exposure habits. This study also piloted the use of La-Roche-Posay MyUV Patch to estimate ultraviolet light A (UVA) and ultraviolet light B (UVB) exposure. No significant relationship was found between vitamin D status, percent body fat, dietary vitamin D intake, or UVA and UVB exposure. However, the study did find that the majority of participants (64%) were vitamin D deficient or insufficient based on serum 25(OH)D. This study contributes to the knowledge of vitamin D status of indoor college athletes and can serve as a template for future studies.
Book Synopsis Calcium, Vitamin D and Health by : Luis Gracia-Marco
Download or read book Calcium, Vitamin D and Health written by Luis Gracia-Marco and published by MDPI. This book was released on 2021-01-21 with total page 196 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Calcium is the main mineral in the body, involved in a variety of structural and functional roles. The maintenance of calcium homeostasis is perhaps the most studied function of vitamin D. This Special Issue of Nutrients, “Calcium, Vitamin D and Health” contains 12 original publications and two reviews investigating the contribution of (mainly) vitamin D and calcium on relevant health outcomes in a variety of populations, which reflect the evolving and broad interest of researchers on this topic.
Book Synopsis Vitamin D Deficiency by : Julia Fedotova
Download or read book Vitamin D Deficiency written by Julia Fedotova and published by BoD – Books on Demand. This book was released on 2020-02-26 with total page 284 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Vitamin D is the topic for many discussions in the scientific community. Nowadays, a different interpretation of this secosteroid hormone is needed. Today the term "vitamin" may be considered outdated. This compound may be correctly be called a vitamin only when it is administered to humans or animals that suffer from its deficiency. This book attempts to clarify the role of Vitamin D deficiency in many pathological processes in the whole organism. Chapters in this book cover such issues as the earliest clinical and preclinical investigations of the consequences of Vitamin D deficiency for cognitive, cardiovascular, metabolic, immune, and renal disorders.
Download or read book Physical Status written by and published by . This book was released on 1995-01-01 with total page 452 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Handbook of Anthropometry by : Victor R. Preedy
Download or read book Handbook of Anthropometry written by Victor R. Preedy and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-02-02 with total page 3042 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Although its underlying concept is a relatively simple one—the measurement of the human body and its parts—anthropometry employs a myriad of methods and instruments, and is useful for a variety of purposes, from understanding the impact of disease on individuals to tracking changes in populations over time. The first interdisciplinary reference on the subject, the Handbook of Anthropometry brings this wide-ranging field together: basic theory and highly specialized topics in normal and abnormal anthropometry in terms of health, disease prevention, and intervention. Over 140 self-contained chapters cover up-to-date indices, the latest studies on computerized methods, shape-capturing systems, and bioelectrical impedance, data concerning single tissues and whole-body variables, and reports from different areas of the world. Chapters feature helpful charts and illustrations, cross-references to related chapters are included, and key points are presented in bullet form for ease of comprehension. Together, the Handbook’s thirteen sections entail all major aspects of anthropometrical practice and research, including: Tools and techniques. Developmental stages, from fetus to elder. Genetic diseases, metabolic diseases, and cancer. Exercise and nutrition. Ethnic, cultural, and geographic populations. Special conditions and circumstances. The Handbook of Anthropometry is an invaluable addition to the reference libraries of a broad spectrum of health professionals, among them health scientists, physicians, physiologists, nutritionists, dieticians, nurses, public health researchers, epidemiologists, exercise physiologists, and physical therapists. It is also useful to college-level students and faculty in the health disciplines, as well as to policymakers and ergonomists.
Book Synopsis Indices of Body Composition as Predictors of Immune and Inflammatory Responses and Implications for Health by : Laura Kirsty Forsythe
Download or read book Indices of Body Composition as Predictors of Immune and Inflammatory Responses and Implications for Health written by Laura Kirsty Forsythe and published by . This book was released on 2011 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The accurate measurement of body composition in humans is pivotal to understanding the links between excess adiposity and metabolic abnormalities. The potential mechanisms linking obesity to ill-health have been the focus of obesity research including the more recent investigations between obesity and both vitamin D status and inflammation. The aim of this thesis was to investigate a number of indices of body composition as predictors of immune and inflammatory responses, and their implications for health across different subgroups of the population. The effect of adiposity on vitamin D status was examined in healthy adults in a 22-wk randomised- controlled intervention. Vitamin D status was inversely associated with adiposity at baseline, however, only BMI was inversely associated with the change in vitamin D status following supplementation (151lg vitamin D3/d). These findings were only demonstrated in older adults ~64yrs), but not in younger adults (20 -40yrs). The associations between indices of body composition and metabolic parameters [lipid profile, insulin resistance (Ik) and inflammation] were investigated in two groups of healthy, young adults: men and women (20-40yrs) and men (18-30yrs). Body composition was a strong predictor of lipid profiles and glucose metabolism in these groups, however in terms of inflammation, it was only predictive of CRP and adiponectin. Although the strongest relationships were observed with fat mass index [FMI (kg/m2)], BMI proved in most cases to be almost as strong a predictor of metabolic risk factors in healthy individuals, and therefore remains a useful and appropriate surrogate measure of adiposity. The measurement of FM using more robust techniques should not be discounted, but, it is imperative that this is expressed relative to height, as FML as relying on the more commonly used indices of FM (kg/%) may attenuate results.
Book Synopsis The Association Between Vitamin D Status, Percent Body Fat and Cardiometabolic Risk Factors in Overweight and Normal Weight Lebanese Female Adolescents by : Chrystel Rony Haikal
Download or read book The Association Between Vitamin D Status, Percent Body Fat and Cardiometabolic Risk Factors in Overweight and Normal Weight Lebanese Female Adolescents written by Chrystel Rony Haikal and published by . This book was released on 2011 with total page 224 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Results: SBP, DBP, and CRP were significantly positively correlated with all adiposity indicators (%BF, BMI, and WC), while HDL-C showed a significant negative correlation with BMI and WC. Significantly lower serum vitamin D levels were observed in overweight and obese subjects as compared to their normal weight counterparts and regression analyses documented an inverse association between 25 (OH) D and BMI, even after adjustment for age and exercise duration. Dietary intakes of energy, fat and protein were positively associated with overweight in the study sample. --Conclusion: This study has documented a strong inverse relationship between vitamin D status and obesity among Lebanese female adolescents aged 14-19 years, and document a positive association between adiposity and cardiometabolic risk factors in the study population. These findings are of public health concern given that metabolic abnormalities track into adulthood and significantly increase CVD risk. The mechanisms underlying the association between adiposity, vitamin D and cardiometabolic risk warrant further investigations.
Book Synopsis Extraskeletal Effects of Vitamin D by : Emilia Pauline Liao
Download or read book Extraskeletal Effects of Vitamin D written by Emilia Pauline Liao and published by Humana Press. This book was released on 2018-04-23 with total page 258 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: While the skeletal effects of vitamin D are well-documented, the role and importance of vitamin D outside of bone health has not been well-established. Vitamin D receptors are located in nearly every tissue of the body, and low levels of vitamin D are associated with a range of various diseases. This book provides an in-depth examination of these extraskeletal effects of vitamin D and the associations between vitamin D deficiency and various disease states. Beginning with a review of the biochemistry and physiology of vitamin D, subsequent chapters investigate its relationship to autoimmune and infectious diseases, various forms of cancer, endocrine issues such as diabetes, obesity and reproductive function, cardiovascular disease and muscle weakness. Concluding chapters discuss the role of vitamin D in neurological disorders, including Alzheimer's Disease, and cognitive function. Focusing on extraskeletal effects only across a range of conditions, Extraskeletal Effects of Vitamin D will be an important resource for clinical endocrinologists and primary care physicians.
Book Synopsis The Fat-Soluble Vitamins by : H. DeLuca
Download or read book The Fat-Soluble Vitamins written by H. DeLuca and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 297 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The first demonstration of the existence of a vitamin and the full recognition of this fact are often attributed to the work of McCollum, who found that a sub stance in butterfat and cod-liver oil was necessary for growth and health of ani mals fed purified diets. It became obvious that an organic substance present in microconcentrations was vital to growth and reproduction of animals. Following the coining of the word vitamine by Funk, McCollum named this fat-soluble sub stance vitamin A. We can, therefore, state that vitamin A was certainly one of the first known vitamins, yet its function and the function of the other fat-soluble vitamins had remained largely unknown until recent years. However, there has been an explosion of investigation and new information in this field, which had remained quiescent for at least two or three decades. It is now obvious that the fat-soluble vitamins function quite differently from their water-soluble counter parts. We have learned that vitamin D functions by virtue of its being converted in the kidney to a hormone that functions to regulate calcium and phosphorus metabolism. This new endocrine system is in the process of being elucidated in detail, and in addition, the medical use of these hormonal forms of vitamin D in the treatment of a variety of metabolic bone diseases has excited the medical com munity.
Book Synopsis Changes in Vitamin D Status of Overweight and Obese 6 to 12- Year Old Children by : Kalliopi Kasvis
Download or read book Changes in Vitamin D Status of Overweight and Obese 6 to 12- Year Old Children written by Kalliopi Kasvis and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "Background: Vitamin D status is lower in Canadian children who are overweight or obese compared to children of healthy weights. Objective: The objectives of this study are 1) to determine the vitamin D status of overweight and obese children, 2) to examine the association between changes in fat mass (FM) and vitamin D status, and 3) to determine if there is a relationship between regional adiposity and blood concentrations of 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D).Methods: Data was collected at baseline, and then every 3 months for a one year period, from participants enrolled in the McGill Youth and Lifestyle Intervention with Food and Exercise (MYLIFE) study (NCT01290016); healthy children aged 6-12 y with body mass index (BMI)-for-age >85th percentile were included. Chemiluminescence immunoassay was used to measure plasma 25(OH)D. Standard measurements of weight, height and waist circumference (WC) were taken at each visit; BMI and BMI z-scores were calculated (WHO AnthroPlus, Geneva, Switzerland, 2009). Body composition was measured using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry to determine whole body and regional adiposity. Z-scores for adiposity indicators were calculated based on reference data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey; children were then separated into tertiles based on these z-scores. Constitutive and facultative skin pigmentation was measured using a hand-held spectrophotometer in order to determine Fitzpatrick skin types. Children were categorized according to cutaneous UVB synthesis period. Ethnicity was self-disclosed and pubertal status was reported at baseline and categorized according to Tanner stages. Differences in 25(OH)D among tertiles of each adiposity indicator (eg: % body fat (%BF), FM, WC) were tested using a mixed model ANOVA. Logistic regression was used to determine the odds ratio of not meeting recommended 25(OH)D cutoffs. Results: Data from 101 children (46 boys and 55 girls) were used in this study. The mean 25(OH)D concentration at baseline was 59.8 ± 1.3 nmol/L, with no significant difference between sexes (p=0.740). Boys had lower %BF (p=0.012), greater BMI z-scores (p=0.001) and greater WC (p=0.013) than girls. After one year, those who decreased FM appeared to have better plasma 25(OH)D than those who maintained or gained FM (59.2 vs. 55.3 nmol/L; p=0.310), although significance was not reached. Every kg increase in FM was associated to increased odds of not reaching plasma 25(OH)D cutoffs of 75 nmol/L (OR: 1.2, 95% CI: 1.1-1.4, p=0.006). Arm fat (OR: 2.6, 95% CI: 1.3-5.2, p=0.009) was associated to greater odds of missing the cutoff than leg fat (OR: 1.6, 95% CI: 1.1-2.3, p=0.009). Android:gynoid fat patterning was not significant (p=0.066). Conclusion: Adiposity in overweight and obese children, irrespective of location, has an inverse relationship with vitamin D status. Therefore, adiposity likely needs to be considered when establishing dietary intake recommendations to match population cutoffs for vitamin D status. Future large-scale longitudinal research is required to examine if a reduction in FM would lead to a significant increase in vitamin D status." --
Book Synopsis Obesity and Lipotoxicity by : Ayse Basak Engin
Download or read book Obesity and Lipotoxicity written by Ayse Basak Engin and published by Springer. This book was released on 2017-06-05 with total page 618 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Due to the resultant health consequences and considerable increase in prevalence, obesity has become a major worldwide health problem. “Obesity and Lipotoxicity” is a comprehensive review of the recent researches to provide a better understanding of the lipotoxicity-related mechanisms of obesity and the potential for the development of new treatment strategies. This book overviews the biochemical pathways leading to obesity-related metabolic disorders that occur subsequent to lipotoxicity. Chapters examine the deleterious effects of nutrient excess at molecular level including the cellular and molecular aspects of breast cancer, resistance to leptin, insulin, adiponectin, and interconnection between the circadian clock and metabolic pathways during high-fat feeding. “Lipotoxicity and Obesity” will be a useful resource for clinicians and basic science researchers, such as biochemists, toxicologists, immunologists, nutritionists, adult and pediatric endocrinologists, cardiologists, as well as students who are thought in this field.
