The Relationship Between Knowledge And Certainty

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The Relationship Between Knowledge and Certainty

Author : Valery Berthoud
Publisher : GRIN Verlag
ISBN 13 : 3668839468
Total Pages : 20 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (688 download)

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Book Synopsis The Relationship Between Knowledge and Certainty by : Valery Berthoud

Download or read book The Relationship Between Knowledge and Certainty written by Valery Berthoud and published by GRIN Verlag. This book was released on 2018-11-21 with total page 20 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Academic Paper from the year 2018 in the subject Philosophy - Miscellaneous, grade: 2,3, Humboldt-University of Berlin, course: Wittgenstein’s Über Gewissheit, language: English, abstract: The relationship between knowledge and certainty varies according to conception. I argue that knowledge and certainty are usually equivalent, but there are cases in which certainty is possible without knowledge and knowledge is possible without certainty. The connection between knowledge and certainty does not change much when considering René Descartes’ philosophy because methodological skepticism consists of doubting beliefs that are uncertain. That there exist external objects is uncertain because a malicious demon could be deceiving us by creating the illusion of an external world. Although Descartes suggests that we can doubt all of our beliefs, his conception of science consists of secure insight: “Omnis scientia est cognitio certa et evidens” (Descartes 1907). This means that all science is certain and evident knowledge, or a high degree of certainty. Three centuries later, G. E.Moore had another reasoning when writing “A Defense of Common Sense” and “Proof of an External World.” He suggests that doubting that the world exists is unnecessary; we must trust that the universe exists. He is against George Berkeley’s suggestion that matter does not exist; everything is just ideas of the mind of God, and to be is to perceive. This is similar to propositions from Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz, who was an idealist because he claimed that all possible worlds lie in God, and we are substances observing the best alternative (Leibniz 2014, §43-46). Moore suggests that it is irrational to believe such premises. He held intuitions that a person has in everyday life, the common sense philosophy. We cannot be certain yet we claim to know many things. Moore also purports that the external world is real and he tried to prove it (Moore 1993a). His argument goes as follows: P1: Here is one hand. P2: Here is another. C1: There are at least two external objects in the world. C2: Therefore, an external world exists. He argues that he had the experience of observing his hands and reiterates that at least his hands offer the sum of two objects, which at a specified time existed (Ibid.).

The Relationship Between Knowledge, Belief, and Certainty

Author : Joseph Y. Halpern
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 20 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (24 download)

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Book Synopsis The Relationship Between Knowledge, Belief, and Certainty by : Joseph Y. Halpern

Download or read book The Relationship Between Knowledge, Belief, and Certainty written by Joseph Y. Halpern and published by . This book was released on 1989 with total page 20 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

On Certainty

Author : Ludwig Wittgenstein
Publisher : Wiley-Blackwell
ISBN 13 : 9780631120001
Total Pages : 180 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (2 download)

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Book Synopsis On Certainty by : Ludwig Wittgenstein

Download or read book On Certainty written by Ludwig Wittgenstein and published by Wiley-Blackwell. This book was released on 1969-01 with total page 180 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The volume is full of thought-provoking insight which will prove a stimulus both to further study and to scholarly disagreement.

Knowledge and Certainty

Author : Norman Malcolm
Publisher : Cornell University Press
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 264 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (91 download)

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Book Synopsis Knowledge and Certainty by : Norman Malcolm

Download or read book Knowledge and Certainty written by Norman Malcolm and published by Cornell University Press. This book was released on 1963 with total page 264 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

After Certainty

Author : Robert Pasnau
Publisher : Oxford University Press
ISBN 13 : 0192521934
Total Pages : 400 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (925 download)

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Book Synopsis After Certainty by : Robert Pasnau

Download or read book After Certainty written by Robert Pasnau and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2017-11-10 with total page 400 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: No part of philosophy is as disconnected from its history as is epistemology. After Certainty offers a reconstruction of that history, understood as a series of changing expectations about the cognitive ideal that beings such as us might hope to achieve in a world such as this. The story begins with Aristotle and then looks at how his epistemic program was developed through later antiquity and into the Middle Ages, before being dramatically reformulated in the seventeenth century. In watching these debates unfold over the centuries, one sees why epistemology has traditionally been embedded within a much larger sphere of concerns about human nature and the reality of the world we live in. It ultimately becomes clear why epistemology today has become a much narrower and specialized field, concerned with the conditions under which it is true to say, that someone knows something. Based on a series of lectures given at Oxford University, Robert Pasnau's book ranges widely over the history of philosophy, and examines in some detail the rise of science as an autonomous discipline. Ultimately Pasnau argues that we may have no good reasons to suppose ourselves capable of achieving even the most minimal standards for knowledge, and the final chapter concludes with a discussion of faith and hope.

Meditations on First Philosophy

Author : René Descartes
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9780941736121
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (361 download)

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Book Synopsis Meditations on First Philosophy by : René Descartes

Download or read book Meditations on First Philosophy written by René Descartes and published by . This book was released on 2000 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

The Likelihood of Knowledge

Author : R.G. Meyers
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 9400929056
Total Pages : 199 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (9 download)

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Book Synopsis The Likelihood of Knowledge by : R.G. Meyers

Download or read book The Likelihood of Knowledge written by R.G. Meyers and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 199 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: It is convenient to divide the theory of knowledge into three sets of problems: 1. the nature of knowledge, certainty and related notions, 2. the nature and validi ty of the sources of knowledge, and 3. answers to skeptical arguments. The first set includes questions such as: What is it to know that something is the case? Does knowledge imply certainty? If not, how do they differ? What are the con ditions of knowledge? What is it to be justified in accepting something? The sec ond deals with the ways in which knowledge can be acquired. Traditional sources have included sources of premisses such as perception, memory, in trospection, innateness, revelation, testimony, and methods for drawing conclu sions such as induction and deduction, among others. Under this heading, philosophers have asked: Does innateness provide knowledge? Under what con ditions are beliefs from perception, testimony and memory justified? When does induction yield justified belief? Can induction itself be justified? Debates in this area have sometimes led philosophers to question sources (e. g. , revela tion, innateness) but usually the aim has been to clarify and increase our understanding of the notion of knowledge. The third class includes the peren nial puzzles taught to beginning students: the existence of other minds, the problem of the external world (along with questions about idealism and phenomenalism), and more general skeptical problems such as the problem of the criterion. These sets of questions are related.

The Island of Knowledge

Author : Marcelo Gleiser
Publisher : Civitas Books
ISBN 13 : 0465031714
Total Pages : 370 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (65 download)

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Book Synopsis The Island of Knowledge by : Marcelo Gleiser

Download or read book The Island of Knowledge written by Marcelo Gleiser and published by Civitas Books. This book was released on 2014-06-03 with total page 370 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A natural philosophy expert who is also a physics and astronomy professor discusses the limits of scientific explanations and how our knowledge of the universe and its nature will always remain necessarily incomplete. 15,000 first printing.

Wittgenstein and Pragmatism

Author : Anna Boncompagni
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 1137588470
Total Pages : 311 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (375 download)

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Book Synopsis Wittgenstein and Pragmatism by : Anna Boncompagni

Download or read book Wittgenstein and Pragmatism written by Anna Boncompagni and published by Springer. This book was released on 2016-12-20 with total page 311 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book investigates the conflicts concerning pragmatism in Wittgenstein’s work On Certainty, through a comparison with the pragmatist tradition as expressed by its founding fathers Charles S. Peirce and William James. It also describes Wittgenstein’s first encounters with pragmatism in the 1930s and shows the relevance of Frank Ramsey in the development of his thought. Offering a balanced, critical and theoretical examination the author discusses issues such as doubt, certainty, common sense, forms of life, action and the pragmatic maxim. While highlighting the objective convergences and divergences between the two approaches, the volume makes links to ongoing debates on relativism, foundationalism, scepticism and objectivity. It will be of interest to anyone searching for new perspectives on Wittgenstein’s philosophy.

Metaphysical Themes 1274-1671

Author : Robert Pasnau
Publisher : OUP Oxford
ISBN 13 : 0191501794
Total Pages : 811 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (915 download)

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Book Synopsis Metaphysical Themes 1274-1671 by : Robert Pasnau

Download or read book Metaphysical Themes 1274-1671 written by Robert Pasnau and published by OUP Oxford. This book was released on 2013-02-07 with total page 811 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Robert Pasnau traces the developments of metaphysical thinking through four rich but for the most part neglected centuries of philosophy, running from the thirteenth century through to the seventeenth. At no period in the history of philosophy, other than perhaps our own, have metaphysical problems received the sort of sustained attention they received during the later Middle Ages, and never has a whole philosophical tradition come crashing down as quickly and completely as did scholastic philosophy in the seventeenth century. The thirty chapters work through various fundamental metaphysical issues, sometimes focusing more on scholastic thought, sometimes on the seventeenth century. Pasnau begins with the first challenges to the classical scholasticism of Bonaventure and Thomas Aquinas, runs through prominent figures like John Duns Scotus and William Ockham, and ends in the seventeenth century, with the end of the first stage of developments in post-scholastic philosophy: on the continent, with Descartes and Gassendi, and in England, with Boyle and Locke.

Wittgenstein & Knowledge

Author : Thomas Morawetz
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9780855279578
Total Pages : 159 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (795 download)

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Book Synopsis Wittgenstein & Knowledge by : Thomas Morawetz

Download or read book Wittgenstein & Knowledge written by Thomas Morawetz and published by . This book was released on 1978 with total page 159 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Epistemology of Ordinary Knowledge

Author : Paolo Piccari
Publisher : Cambridge Scholars Publishing
ISBN 13 : 1443886270
Total Pages : 321 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (438 download)

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Book Synopsis Epistemology of Ordinary Knowledge by : Paolo Piccari

Download or read book Epistemology of Ordinary Knowledge written by Paolo Piccari and published by Cambridge Scholars Publishing. This book was released on 2015-11-25 with total page 321 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Many philosophers reduce ordinary knowledge to sensory or, more generally, to perceptual knowledge, which refers to entities belonging to the phenomenic world. However, ordinary knowledge is not only the result of sensory-perceptual processes, but also of non-perceptual (noetic) contents that are present in any mind. From an epistemological point of view, ordinary knowledge is a form of knowledge that not only allows epistemic access to the world, but also enables the formulation of models of it with different degrees of reliability. Usually epistemologists focus their attention on scientific knowledge, believing that ordinary knowledge does not, or cannot, have an epistemology for it is not in any way rigorous. The papers collected in this volume analyse different aspects of ordinary knowledge and of its epistemology.

Knowledge and the Norm of Assertion

Author : John Turri
Publisher : Open Book Publishers
ISBN 13 : 1783741864
Total Pages : 126 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (837 download)

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Book Synopsis Knowledge and the Norm of Assertion by : John Turri

Download or read book Knowledge and the Norm of Assertion written by John Turri and published by Open Book Publishers. This book was released on 2016-02-26 with total page 126 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Language is a human universal reflecting our deeply social nature. Among its essential functions, language enables us to quickly and efficiently share information. We tell each other that many things are true—that is, we routinely make assertions. Information shared this way plays a critical role in the decisions and plans we make. In Knowledge and the Norm of Assertion, a distinguished philosopher and cognitive scientist investigates the rules or norms that structure our social practice of assertion. Combining evidence from philosophy, psychology, and biology, John Turri shows that knowledge is the central norm of assertion and explains why knowledge plays this role. Concise, comprehensive, non-technical, and thoroughly accessible, this volume quickly brings readers to the cutting edge of a major research program at the intersection of philosophy and science. It presupposes no philosophical or scientific training. It will be of interest to philosophers and scientists, is suitable for use in graduate and undergraduate courses, and will appeal to general readers interested in human nature, social cognition, and communication.

The Certainty of Uncertainty

Author : Mark Schaefer
Publisher : Wipf and Stock Publishers
ISBN 13 : 1532653433
Total Pages : 277 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (326 download)

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Book Synopsis The Certainty of Uncertainty by : Mark Schaefer

Download or read book The Certainty of Uncertainty written by Mark Schaefer and published by Wipf and Stock Publishers. This book was released on 2018-08-23 with total page 277 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The world is full of people who are very certain—in politics, in religion, in all manner of things. In addition, political, religious, and social organizations are marketing certainty as a cure all to all life’s problems. But is such certainty possible? Or even good? The Certainty of Uncertainty explores the question of certainty by looking at the reasons human beings crave certainty and the religious responses we frequently fashion to help meet that need. The book takes an in-depth view of religion, language, our senses, our science, and our world to explore the inescapable uncertainties they reveal. We find that the certainty we crave does not exist. As we reflect on the unavoidable uncertainties in our world, we come to understand that letting go of certainty is not only necessary, it’s beneficial. For, in embracing doubt and uncertainty, we find a more meaningful and courageous religious faith, a deeper encounter with mystery, and a way to build strong relationships across religious and philosophical lines. In The Certainty of Uncertainty, we see that embracing our belief systems with humility and uncertainty can be transformative for ourselves and for our world.

Descartes' Philosophy of Science

Author : Desmond M. Clarke
Publisher : Manchester University Press
ISBN 13 : 9780719008689
Total Pages : 272 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (86 download)

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Book Synopsis Descartes' Philosophy of Science by : Desmond M. Clarke

Download or read book Descartes' Philosophy of Science written by Desmond M. Clarke and published by Manchester University Press. This book was released on 1982 with total page 272 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Incomprehensible Certainty

Author : Thomas Pfau
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9780268202484
Total Pages : 784 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (24 download)

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Book Synopsis Incomprehensible Certainty by : Thomas Pfau

Download or read book Incomprehensible Certainty written by Thomas Pfau and published by . This book was released on 2022-06 with total page 784 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Thomas Pfau's study of images and visual experience is a tour de force linking Platonic metaphysics to modern phenomenology and probing literary, philosophical, and theological accounts of visual experience from Plato to Rilke. Incomprehensible Certainty presents a sustained reflection on the nature of images and the phenomenology of visual experience. Taking the word "image" (eikōn) not only as the essential medium of art and literature but as foundational for the intuitive ways in which we make contact with our "lifeworld," Thomas Pfau draws in equal measure on Platonic metaphysics and modern phenomenology to advance a series of interlocking claims. First, Pfau shows that, beginning with Plato's later dialogues, being and appearance came to be understood as ontologically distinct from (but no longer opposed to) one another. Second, in contrast to the idol that is typically gazed at and visually consumed as an object of desire, this study positions the image (eikōn) as a medium whose intrinsic abundance and excess reveal to us its metaphysical function, namely, as the visible analogue of an invisible, numinous reality. Finally, the interpretations unfolded in this book (from Plato, Plotinus, pseudo-Dionysius, John Damascene via Bernard of Clairvaux, Bonaventure, Julian of Norwich, and Nicholas of Cusa to modern writers and artists such as Goethe, Ruskin, Turner, Hopkins, Cézanne, and Rilke) affirm the essential complementarity of image and word, visual intuition and hermeneutic practice, in theology, philosophy, and literature. Like Pfau's previous book, Minding the Modern, Incomprehensive Certainty is a major work. With over fifty illustrations, the book will interest students and scholars of philosophy, theology, literature, and art history.

Signs of Change

Author : International Association for Philosophy and Literature. Meeting
Publisher : SUNY Press
ISBN 13 : 9780791424339
Total Pages : 472 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (243 download)

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Book Synopsis Signs of Change by : International Association for Philosophy and Literature. Meeting

Download or read book Signs of Change written by International Association for Philosophy and Literature. Meeting and published by SUNY Press. This book was released on 1996-01-01 with total page 472 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This is a collection of essays focusing on conventions of change in the arts, philosophy, and literature.